Low Nitrification Rates in Acid Scots Pine Forest Soils Are Due to pH-Related Factors

In a previous study, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)-like sequences were detected in the fragmentation layer of acid Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest soils (pH 2.9–3.4) with high nitrification rates (>11.0 μg g⁻¹ dry soil week⁻¹), but were not detected in soils with low nitrification rates (<0.5 μg g⁻¹ dry soil week⁻¹). In the present study, we investigated whether this low nitrification rate has a biotic cause (complete absence of AOB) or an abiotic cause (unfavorable environmental conditions). Therefore, two soils strongly differing in net nitrification were compared: one soil with a low nitrification rate (location Schoorl) and another soil with a high nitrification rate (location Wekerom) were subjected to liming and/or ammonium amendment treatments. Nitrification was assessed by analysis of dynamics in NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ⁻-N concentrations, whereas the presence and composition of AOB communities were assessed by polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing of the ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene. Liming, rather than ammonium amendment, stimulated the growth of AOB and their nitrifying activity in Schoorl soil. The retrieved amoA sequences from limed (without and with N amendment) Schoorl and Wekerom soils exclusively belong to Nitrosospira cluster 2. Our study suggests that low nitrification rates in acidic Scots pine forest soils are due to pH-related factors. Nitrosospira cluster 2 detected in these soils is presumably a urease-positive cluster type of AOB.     

Responses of Nitrification and Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria to Reciprocal Transfers of Soil between Adjacent Coniferous Forest and Meadow Vegetation in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon

Despite the critical position of nitrification in N cycling in coniferous forest soils of western North America, little information exists on the composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in these soils, or their response to treatments that promote or reduce nitrification. To this end, an experiment was conducted in which a set of soil cores was reciprocally transplanted between adjacent forest (low nitrification potential) and meadow (high nitrification potential) environments, at two high-elevation (~1500 m) sites in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest located in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Half of the cores were placed in screened PVC pipe (closed) to prevent new root colonization, large litter debris inputs, and animal disturbance; the other cores were placed in open mesh bags. A duplicate set of open and closed soil cores was not transferred between sites and was incubated in place. Over the 2-year experiment, net nitrification increased in both open and closed cores transferred from forest to meadow, and to a lesser extent in cores remaining in the forest. In three of four forest soil treatments, net nitrification increases were accompanied by increases in nitrification potential rates (NPR) and 10- to 100-fold increases in AOB populations. In open cores remaining in the forests, however, increases in net nitrification were not accompanied by significant increases in either NPR or AOB populations. Although some meadow soil treatments reduced both net nitrification and nitrification potential rates, significant changes were not detected in most probable number (MPN)-based estimates of AOB population densities. Terminal restriction fragment profiles (T-RFs) of a PCR-amplified 491-bp fragment of the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A gene (amoA) changed significantly in response to some soil treatments, and treatment effects differed among locations and between years. A T-RF previously shown to be a specific biomarker of Nitrosospira cluster 4 (Alu390) was widespread and dominant in the majority of soil samples. Despite some treatments causing substantial increases in AOB population densities and nitrification potential rates, nitrosomonads remained undetectable, and the nitrosospirad AOB community composition did not change radically following treatment.     

High abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in acidified subtropical forest soils in southern China after long-term N deposition

Nitrification has been believed to be performed only by autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) until the recent discovery of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). Meanwhile, it has been questioned whether AOB are significantly responsible for NH(3) oxidation in acidic forest soils. Here, we investigated nitrifying communities and their activity in highly acidified soils of three subtropical forests in southern China that had received chronic high atmospheric N deposition. Nitrifying communities were analyzed using PCR- and culture (most probable number)-based approaches. Nitrification activity was analyzed by measuring gross soil nitrification rates using a (15) N isotope dilution technique. AOB were not detected in the three forest soils: neither via PCR of 16S rRNA and ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes nor via culture-based approaches. In contrast, an extraordinary abundance of the putative archaeal amoA was detected (3.2?×?10(8) -1.2?×?10(9) g?soil(-1) ). Moreover, this abundance was correlated with gross soil nitrification rates. This indicates that amoA-possessing archaea rather than bacteria were predominantly responsible for nitrification of the soils. Furthermore, sequences of the genus Nitrospira, a dominant group of soil NOB, were detected. Thus, nitrification of acidified subtropical forest soils in southern China could be performed by a combination of AOA and NOB.     

Links between ammonia oxidizer community structure, abundance, and nitrification potential in acidic soils

Ammonia oxidation is the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification and is performed by both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB). However, the environmental drivers controlling the abundance, composition, and activity of AOA and AOB communities are not well characterized, and the relative importance of these two groups in soil nitrification is still debated. Chinese tea orchard soils provide an excellent system for investigating the long-term effects of low pH and nitrogen fertilization strategies. AOA and AOB abundance and community composition were therefore investigated in tea soils and adjacent pine forest soils, using quantitative PCR (qPCR), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and sequence analysis of respective ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes. There was strong evidence that soil pH was an important factor controlling AOB but not AOA abundance, and the ratio of AOA to AOB amoA gene abundance increased with decreasing soil pH in the tea orchard soils. In contrast, T-RFLP analysis suggested that soil pH was a key explanatory variable for both AOA and AOB community structure, but a significant relationship between community abundance and nitrification potential was observed only for AOA. High potential nitrification rates indicated that nitrification was mainly driven by AOA in these acidic soils. Dominant AOA amoA sequences in the highly acidic tea soils were all placed within a specific clade, and one AOA genotype appears to be well adapted to growth in highly acidic soils. Specific AOA and AOB populations dominated in soils at particular pH values and N content, suggesting adaptation to specific niches.     

Rapid and dissimilar response of ammonia oxidizing archaea and bacteria to nitrogen and water amendment in two temperate forest soils

Biochemical processes relevant to soil nitrogen (N) cycling are performed by soil microorganisms affiliated with diverse phylogenetic groups. For example, the oxidation of ammonia, representing the first step of nitrification, can be performed by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and, as recently reported, also by ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA). However, the contribution to ammonia oxidation of the phylogenetically separated AOA versus AOB and their respective responsiveness to environmental factors are still poorly understood. The present study aims at comparing the capacity of AOA and AOB to momentarily respond to N input and increased soil moisture in two contrasting forest soils. Soils from the pristine Rothwald forest and the managed Schottenwald forest were amended with either NH(4)(+)-N or NO(3)(-)-N and were incubated at 40% and 70% water-filled pore space (WFPS) for four days. Nitrification rates were measured and AOA and AOB abundance and community composition were determined via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and terminal restriction length fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of bacterial and archaeal amoA genes. Our study reports rapid and distinct changes in AOA and AOB abundances in the two forest soils in response to N input and increased soil moisture but no significant effects on net nitrification rates. Functional microbial communities differed significantly in the two soils and responded specifically to the treatments during the short-term incubation. In the Rothwald soil the abundance and community composition of AOA were affected by the water content, whereas AOB communities responded to N amendment. In the Schottenwald soil, by contrast, AOA responded to N addition. These results suggest that AOA and AOB may be selectively influenced by soil and management factors.     

Community structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria under long-term application of mineral fertilizer and organic manure in a sandy loam soil

The effects of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure on the community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was investigated in a long-term (16-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included seven treatments: organic manure, half organic manure N plus half fertilizer N, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK, and the control (without fertilization). N fertilization greatly increased soil nitrification potential, and mineral N fertilizer had a greater impact than organic manure, while N deficiency treatment (PK) had no significant effect. AOB community structure was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of the amoA gene, which encodes the alpha subunit of ammonia monooxygenase. DGGE profiles showed that the AOB community was more diverse in N-fertilized treatments than in the PK-fertilized treatment or the control, while one dominant band observed in the control could not be detected in any of the fertilized treatments. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the DGGE bands derived from N-fertilized treatments belonged to Nitrosospira cluster 3, indicating that N fertilization resulted in the dominance of Nitrosospira cluster 3 in soil. These results demonstrate that long-term application of N fertilizers could result in increased soil nitrification potential and the AOB community shifts in soil. Our results also showed the different effects of mineral fertilizer N versus organic manure N; the effects of P and K on the soil AOB community; and the importance of balanced fertilization with N, P, and K in promoting nitrification functions in arable soils.     

Community Structure of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria under Long-Term Application of Mineral Fertilizer and Organic Manure in a Sandy Loam Soil

The effects of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure on the community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was investigated in a long-term (16-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included seven treatments: organic manure, half organic manure N plus half fertilizer N, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK, and the control (without fertilization). N fertilization greatly increased soil nitrification potential, and mineral N fertilizer had a greater impact than organic manure, while N deficiency treatment (PK) had no significant effect. AOB community structure was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of the amoA gene, which encodes the α subunit of ammonia monooxygenase. DGGE profiles showed that the AOB community was more diverse in N-fertilized treatments than in the PK-fertilized treatment or the control, while one dominant band observed in the control could not be detected in any of the fertilized treatments. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the DGGE bands derived from N-fertilized treatments belonged to Nitrosospira cluster 3, indicating that N fertilization resulted in the dominance of Nitrosospira cluster 3 in soil. These results demonstrate that long-term application of N fertilizers could result in increased soil nitrification potential and the AOB community shifts in soil. Our results also showed the different effects of mineral fertilizer N versus organic manure N; the effects of P and K on the soil AOB community; and the importance of balanced fertilization with N, P, and K in promoting nitrification functions in arable soils.     

Net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification rates in soils following deforestation for pasture across the southwestern Brazilian Amazon Basin landscape

Previous studies of the effect of tropical forest conversion to cattle pasture on soil N dynamics showed that rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification were lower in pastures compared with the original forest. In this study, we sought to determine the generality of these patterns by examining soil inorganic N concentrations, net mineralization and nitrification rates in 6 forests and 11 pastures 3 years old or older on ultisols and oxisols that encompassed a wide variety of soil textures and spanned a 700-km geographical range in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon Basin state of Rondônia. We sampled each site during October-November and April-May. Forest soils had higher extractable NO₃ ^?-N and total inorganic N concentrations than pasture soils, but substantial NO₃ ^?-N occurred in both forest and pasture soils. Rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification were higher in forest soils. Greater concentrations of soil organic matter in finer textured soils were associated with greater rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification, but this relationship was true only under native forest vegetation; rates were uniformly low in pastures, regardless of soil type or texture. Net N mineralization and net nitrification rates per unit of total soil organic matter showed no pattern across the different forest sites, suggesting that controls of net N mineralization may be broadly similar across a wide range of soil types. Similar reductions in rates of net N transformations in pastures 3 years old or older across a range of textures on these soils suggest that changes to soil N cycling caused by deforestation for pasture may be Basin-wide in extent. Lower net N mineralization and net nitrification rates in established pastures suggest that annual N losses from largely deforested landscapes may be lower than losses from the original forest. Total ecosystem N losses since deforestation are likely to depend on the balance between lower N loss rates from established pastures and the magnitude and duration of N losses that occur in the years immediately following forest clearing.     

Community composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in soils under stands of red alder and Douglas fir in Oregon

This study determined nitrification activity and nitrifier community composition in soils under stands of red alder (Alnus rubra) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) at two sites in Oregon. The H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, located in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, has low net N mineralization and gross nitrification rates. Cascade Head Experimental Forest, in the Coast Range, has higher net N mineralization and nitrification rates and soil pH is lower. Communities of putative bacterial [ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)] and archaeal [ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA)] ammonia oxidizers were examined by targeting the gene amoA, which codes for subunit A of ammonia monooxygenase. Nitrification potential was significantly higher in red alder compared with Douglas-fir soil and greater at Cascade Head than H.J. Andrews. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria amoA genes were amplified from all soils, but AOA amoA genes could only be amplified at Cascade Head. Gene copy numbers of AOB and AOA amoA were similar at Cascade Head regardless of tree type (2.3-6.0 x 10(6)amoA gene copies g(-1) of soil). DNA sequences of amoA revealed that AOB were members of Nitrosospira clusters 1, 2 and 4. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria community composition, determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiles, varied among sites and between tree types. Many of the AOA amoA sequences clustered with environmental clones previously obtained from soil; however, several sequences were more similar to clones previously recovered from marine and estuarine sediments. As with AOB, the AOA community composition differed between red alder and Douglas-fir soils.     

Nitrification rates in Arctic soils are associated with functionally distinct populations of ammonia-oxidizing archaea

The functioning of Arctic soil ecosystems is crucially important for global climate, and basic knowledge regarding their biogeochemical processes is lacking. Nitrogen (N) is the major limiting nutrient in these environments, and its availability is strongly dependent on nitrification. However, microbial communities driving this process remain largely uncharacterized in Arctic soils, namely those catalyzing the rate-limiting step of ammonia (NH₃) oxidation. Eleven Arctic soils were analyzed through a polyphasic approach, integrating determination of gross nitrification rates, qualitative and quantitative marker gene analyses of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) and enrichment of AOA in laboratory cultures. AOA were the only NH₃ oxidizers detected in five out of 11 soils and outnumbered AOB in four of the remaining six soils. The AOA identified showed great phylogenetic diversity and a multifactorial association with the soil properties, reflecting an overall distribution associated with tundra type and with several physico-chemical parameters combined. Remarkably, the different gross nitrification rates between soils were associated with five distinct AOA clades, representing the great majority of known AOA diversity in soils, which suggests differences in their nitrifying potential. This was supported by selective enrichment of two of these clades in cultures with different NH₃ oxidation rates. In addition, the enrichments provided the first direct evidence for NH₃ oxidation by an AOA from an uncharacterized Thaumarchaeota–AOA lineage. Our results indicate that AOA are functionally heterogeneous and that the selection of distinct AOA populations by the environment can be a determinant for nitrification activity and N availability in soils.     

基于BP神经网络模型的全球森林土壤异养硝化过程N2O排放通量估算

N₂O作为重要的温室气体之一,对地球和人类都有很大的影响。为了深入探究对有机氮异养硝化作用及其产生N₂O过程的影响机制,完善全球N₂O通量估算模型,本研究采用Pearson相关性分析与广义可加模型(GAM)对全球135个样点有机氮异养硝化速率及其产生N₂O速率的影响因子进行分析,然后将主要影响因子作为BP神经网络的输入层来模拟全球森林土壤有机氮异养硝化速率及其产生N₂O速率的空间分布。结果显示,土壤pH和土壤C/N是影响有机氮异养硝化速率的主要因素,土壤C/N、土壤孔隙含水量(WFPS)以及土壤温度是影响有机氮异养硝化产生N₂O速率的主要因素。全球森林土壤异养硝化速率平均为0.4241(0.0014～0.689)μg N·g^-1·d^-1,异养硝化产生N₂O速率平均为0.2936(0.21～1.103)μg N₂O·kg^-1·d^-1     

Does long-term fertilization treatment affect the response of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacterial communities to Zn contamination?

Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of long-term fertilization and acute Zn toxicity on the size, nitrification activity and community structure of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing populations of the β-subgroup of the class Proteobacteria in arable soils. Plots under different long-term fertilization regimes were sampled, and then different concentrations of ZnCl₂ were spiked into soil samples for 8 weeks. It was found that long-term fertilization significantly increased nitrification rates and population size, and there was a positive correlation between them. A shift in the composition of AOB was also detected in samples fertilized with mineral N fertilizer (NPK) and organic matter (OM) as compared to unfertilized sample. EC50 values suggested that there was no significant difference in Zn toxicity to nitrification rates among the three fertilization treatments. Long-term fertilization did not improve the resilience of AOB activity to Zn toxicity.     

Nitrification in coniferous forest soils

Net nitrification rates tend to be low or negligible in the forest floor of many coniferous forests of North-East Scotland. The most likely process controls are substrate availability, pH, allelopathy, water potential, nutrient status and temperature. These are discussed in relation to field and laboratory studies of net and potential rates of nitrification.Fungi make up by far the largest part of the nitrifier community in the coniferous forest floor. Very little is known about the distribution and activity of autotrophs in these systems, although it is certain that in vitro evidence suggesting autotrophs cannot nitrify at pH levels characteristic of coniferous forest soils is unrealistic.Because of the metabolic diversity of nitrifying fungi, a variety of organic and inorganic nitrification pathways may exist in coniferous forests. The possible involvement of free radicles in fungal nitrification in coniferous forest soils is also suggested.A complete understanding of nitrification in coniferous forest soils can only result from field characterisation of N flux such as through the use of ¹⁵N. This must be combined with ecophysiological characterisation of the organisms involved in order that the complexity of nitrification in coniferous forest soils can be resolved.     

变性梯度凝胶电泳法研究我国不同土壤氨氧化细菌群落组成及活性

实验选用了我国3种不同土壤研究土壤硝化活性、硝化细菌数量,并使用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)的方法研究了不同土壤中氨氧化细菌(AOB)区系变化。通过28d的土壤培养实验研究发现,潮土具有最强的硝化势,几乎100%的铵态氮转化为硝态氮;而红壤中的硝化势最弱,只有4.9%的铵态氮转化为硝态氮。对这3种土壤硝化细菌进行计数发现,3种土壤氨氧化菌数量差异显著,而3种土壤亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)处于一个数量级。采用氨氧化菌功能基因amoA(氨单加氧酶ammoniamonooxygenase)特异PCR结合DGGE的方法对土壤氨氧化菌区系进行分析。红壤有4个氨氧化菌种属,与潮土和黄泥土没有共同的氨氧化菌种属。4个种属中两个是与潮土和黄泥土亲源性比较远的,特有的氨氧化菌种属,这两个种属与已知的Nitrosospira属的cluster3bz97838和Nitrosospira属的cluster3aAF353263亲源性比较近。潮土有5个氨氧化菌种属,潮土与黄泥土有两个共同的氨氧化菌种属,这两个种属中的一个是潮土和黄泥土特有的,与其他氨氧化菌种属亲源性比较远的氨氧化菌种属,这个种属与已知的Nitrosospira属的cluster3bZ97849亲源性比较近。黄泥土有4个氨氧化菌种属,除了与潮土共有的一个种属是两种土壤特有的氨氧化菌种属外,黄泥土还有一个与其他氨氧化菌种属亲源性比较远的,黄泥土特有的种属,与Nitrosospira属的cluster3aAF353263亲源性很近。3种土壤中分离到的硝化细菌表现出不同的硝化能力。实验结果表明,以amoA基因为目标的PCR-DGGE是比以16SrDNA为目标的PCR-DGGE更有效的研究氨氧化菌种群的方法;3种土壤的氨氧化菌种群差异显著,尤其是红壤的氨氧化菌种群与另外两种土壤差异明显,这种差异可能与红壤的低pH条件对氨氧化菌种群的长期选择有关;3种土壤中的硝化活性与土壤中的硝化细菌数量没有显著相关,可能由于3种土壤差异显著的土壤环境对硝化活性的影响造成。因此在对不同土壤硝化细菌进行研究时不仅需要对硝化细菌数量进行研究,还需要研究不同土壤中硝化细菌的种属及不同土壤环境条件对硝化细菌硝化活性的影响。     

Nitrification of archaeal ammonia oxidizers in acid soils is supported by hydrolysis of urea

The hydrolysis of urea as a source of ammonia has been proposed as a mechanism for the nitrification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in acidic soil. The growth of Nitrososphaera viennensis on urea suggests that the ureolysis of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) might occur in natural environments. In this study, ¹⁵N isotope tracing indicates that ammonia oxidation occurred upon the addition of urea at a concentration similar to the in situ ammonium content of tea orchard soil (pH 3.75) and forest soil (pH 5.4) and was inhibited by acetylene. Nitrification activity was significantly stimulated by urea fertilization and coupled well with abundance changes in archaeal amoA genes in acidic soils. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes at whole microbial community level demonstrates the active growth of AOA in urea-amended soils. Molecular fingerprinting further shows that changes in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprint patterns of archaeal amoA genes are paralleled by nitrification activity changes. However, bacterial amoA and 16S rRNA genes of AOB were not detected. The results strongly suggest that archaeal ammonia oxidation is supported by hydrolysis of urea and that AOA, from the marine Group 1.1a-associated lineage, dominate nitrification in two acidic soils tested.     

Influence of Land Use Intensity on the Diversity of Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea in Soils from Grassland Ecosystems

In the present study, the influence of the land use intensity on the diversity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) in soils from different grassland ecosystems has been investigated in spring and summer of the season (April and July). Diversity of AOA and AOB was studied by TRFLP fingerprinting of amoA amplicons. The diversity from AOB was low and dominated by a peak that could be assigned to Nitrosospira. The obtained profiles for AOB were very stable and neither influenced by the land use intensity nor by the time point of sampling. In contrast, the obtained patterns for AOA were more complex although one peak that could be assigned to Nitrosopumilus was dominating all profiles independent from the land use intensity and the sampling time point. Overall, the AOA profiles were much more dynamic than those of AOB and responded clearly to the land use intensity. An influence of the sampling time point was again not visible. Whereas AOB profiles were clearly linked to potential nitrification rates in soil, major TRFs from AOA were negatively correlated to DOC and ammonium availability and not related to potential nitrification rates.     

Investigation of nitrification in forest soils with soil percolation columns

Soil percolation columns in which a pF of 2 could be maintained were developed to study nitrification in soils and litter of an acid and a calcareous forest soil location. High nitrification rates were observed in the calcareous soil. In the acid soil nitrification was much slower. A column filled with leaf litter gave a low nitrification rate at the start of the experiment, but a high rate was found after 60 days of percolation with an ammonium-containing medium of pH 4. In this leaf litter high numbers of autotrophic bacteria were just present at the beginning of the experiment, whereas at the end only low numbers were detected. Results indicate that autotrophic bacteria from acid soils are sensitive to a pH increase.     

川西亚高山针叶林不同恢复阶段土壤的硝化和反硝化作用

 采用气压过程分离(Barometric process separation, BaPS)技术对川西亚高山针叶林不同恢复 阶段土壤的总硝化和反硝化作用速率进行了测定,结果表明：川西亚高山针叶林不同恢复阶段土壤的总硝化和反硝化速率差异不显著(p<0.05),不同恢复阶段土壤总硝化作用的 Q10值 差异不显著(p<0.05);总硝化作用速率与土壤含水量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),与土 壤pH值、 土壤有机质、全氮及C/N相关不显著;不同恢复阶段土壤反硝化速率均维持在一个较低的水 平,反硝化速率与土壤中的C/N显著正相关(p<0.05),与土壤含水量、pH值、有机质及全氮相关不显著。与反硝化作用相比,硝化作用对亚高山针叶林土壤氮损失的影响可能更大     

Use of Aliphatic n-Alkynes To Discriminate Soil Nitrification Activities of Ammonia-Oxidizing Thaumarchaea and Bacteria

Ammonia (NH₃)-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and thaumarchaea (AOA) co-occupy most soils, yet no short-term growth-independent method exists to determine their relative contributions to nitrification in situ. Microbial monooxygenases differ in their vulnerability to inactivation by aliphatic n-alkynes, and we found that NH₃ oxidation by the marine thaumarchaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus was unaffected during a 24-h exposure to ≤20 μM concentrations of 1-alkynes C₈ and C₉. In contrast, NH₃ oxidation by two AOB (Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosospira multiformis) was quickly and irreversibly inactivated by 1 μM C₈ (octyne). Evidence that nitrification carried out by soilborne AOA was also insensitive to octyne was obtained. In incubations (21 or 28 days) of two different whole soils, both acetylene and octyne effectively prevented NH₄⁺-stimulated increases in AOB population densities, but octyne did not prevent increases in AOA population densities that were prevented by acetylene. Furthermore, octyne-resistant, NH₄⁺-stimulated net nitrification rates of 2 and 7 μg N/g soil/day persisted throughout the incubation of the two soils. Other evidence that octyne-resistant nitrification was due to AOA included (i) a positive correlation of octyne-resistant nitrification in soil slurries of cropped and noncropped soils with allylthiourea-resistant activity (100 μM) and (ii) the finding that the fraction of octyne-resistant nitrification in soil slurries correlated with the fraction of nitrification that recovered from irreversible acetylene inactivation in the presence of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors and with the octyne-resistant fraction of NH₄⁺-saturated net nitrification measured in whole soils. Octyne can be useful in short-term assays to discriminate AOA and AOB contributions to soil nitrification.