中国流行性乙型脑炎病毒分子生物学特性研究

为了从分子水平了解中国流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒与国外分离株的差异,对1949年以来在中国乙脑主要流行地区分离的19株乙脑病毒的PrM-C区及E蛋白基因区的核苷酸序列进行了对比研究,以期了解不同时间不同地区在中国流行的乙脑病毒的分子差异.结果显示:病毒生物学初步鉴定显示,病毒感染BHK细胞后56h所有细胞均发生病变,约50%以上细胞脱落(CPE( ));3日龄乳鼠接种病毒72h之内死亡;所有病毒均与乙脑病毒(A2株)抗血清发生阳性反应,但反应强度不同,提示所有病毒均为乙脑病毒.病毒PrM-C(456～695)区核苷酸序列与各个国家及地区、各个基因型以及各个年代的73株乙脑病毒相应序列,用Woan-Ru Chen建立的方法进行基因分型分析,结果显示,所有19株中国分离的病毒均属于基因型Ⅲ型,与国外相关文献所报道的乙型脑炎病毒中国分离株的基因型相符.以乙型脑炎病毒疫苗株P3株为标准,对各病毒E蛋白500个氨基酸序列进行分析.各毒株核苷酸差异在0和4.2%之间,氨基酸差异在0和4.0%之间.所有核苷酸差异均为碱基的替换,无论核苷酸或氨基酸均无插入或丢失.大多数核苷酸变异在氨基酸编码的第三位,属于沉默突变,不引起氨基酸变化.18株病毒E蛋白活性结构域与疫苗株P3株相比共有247个氨基酸的差异,平均每株病毒有12.35个氨基酸的差异,有11株病毒(SA14、TLA、CZX、CBH、G35、GSS、LYZ、SH-3、YLG、YN、ZMT)在该区的差异数低于这个平均值.而在超过这一平均数的7个病毒株(A2、HA-3、47、CH-13、CTS、LFM、ZSZ)中,LFM、ZSZ、47与疫苗株相比较分别有16～20个氨基酸的差异,相对其它17株病毒而言,差异较为明显.以上线索提示,现有的乙型脑炎灭活疫苗在理论上可以覆盖包括现存病毒在内的毒株.     

豆鼠对流行性乙型脑炎病毒和圣路易脑炎病毒感受性的比较研究

圣路易脑炎与流行性乙型脑炎(以下简称乙型脑炎),在临床、传播媒介、流行季节和病毒性质上都很类似。在免疫血清学上虽有一定区别,但对实验室常用的动物中,主要只有小白鼠有高度的易感性,而在易感程度、感受途径和症状上,两者都没有显著区别。在免疫血清学方面,不仅操作比较麻烦,并且二者的抗原构造也有相似的部分,出现某种程度的交叉反应。因此,我们认为进一步寻找对这两型病毒在易感性上有区别的动物种,对病毒生物学性质的研究以及实际应用都是必要的。     

利用流行性乙型脑炎病毒减毒株脑细胞吸附特征快速筛选减毒株的初步研究

实验证明,流行性乙型脑炎病毒减毒株的脑细胞吸附能力明显低于强毒株。据此,我们发展建立了一种从强毒SA14株中快速、简便地筛选减毒株的新方法。将3周鼠脑细胞37℃吸附SA14株1小时,从未吸附的病毒颗粒中挑出3个减毒株(C4、C5和B1)。将C5株再次吸附筛选,得到C563株。C563株已完全丧失对3周鼠的脑内毒力和皮下毒力,免疫小鼠一针即能诱导良好的抗体反应和保护力,经BHK21细胞盲传5代或乳鼠脑传一代,毒力没有明显回升。     

我国流行性乙型脑炎病毒毒力和抗原性的研究

流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒的毒力,多与毒株的大小空斑数的比例有关;同株内大斑小斑的特征各异。60年代和80年代的乙脑毒株,其毒力无明显差异。单克隆抗体(McAb)51～8对15株乙脑病毒的中和指数(log10)为:6.05～6.25者3株,5.08～5.67者5株,4.0～4.67者4株,1.95～3.83者3株。这种差别与毒株的分离年份和地区无关。多克隆抗体(PcAb)的中和指数(log10):5.0～5.33者11株,4.0～4.73者4株。可见McAb能较好地反映乙脑毒株的抗原性差别。文中讨论了毒力检查和McAb抗原分析的流行病学和免疫学意义。     

流行性乙型脑炎病毒在Vero细胞上传代适应的研究

通过乙脑病毒Ｐ＿３株以不同方式在鼠脑和Ｖｃｒｏ细胞间传代适应的研究,培育出适于工业化大生产制备乙脑疫苗的生产毒种。其毒力可达７．０±０．５ｌｇＬＤ５０／０．０４ｍｌ,空斑滴度为７．５±０．５ＰＦＵ／ｍｌ,免疫原性ＩＤ５０值为０．００００１６－０．００００２３ｍｌ;在含有适量人白蛋白的１９９营养液内,该毒种于－３０℃至少可稳定一年;与鼠脑组织毒种相比,传代细胞毒种的毒力、免疫原性及稳定性均与其相当。然而,后者不含脑组织,至少降低了一种过敏的危险。另外,细胞毒种的制备无需手工解剖鼠脑,易于控制外源因子污染,易于标准化。对于大规模生产疫苗、提高疫苗产量和质量,传代细胞毒种比鼠脑组织悬液毒种具有明显的优点。     

流行性乙型脑炎病毒SA14-14-2弱毒株某些体外特征的研究

本文研究了流行性乙型脑炎病毒弱毒14-2株及5-3株的某些体外特征,发现:1.在地鼠肾细胞内弱毒株的病变较强毒株晚;在C6/36细胞内,弱毒株仅出现细胞圆缩、松散、脱落,而强毒株产生类似细胞融合型病变;在LLC-MK2和原代鸡胚细胞内,弱毒株出现模糊不清的针点状小蚀斑,而强毒株则出现清晰的3～5mm大蚀斑。2.在50℃加温条件下,14-2与SA14的热稳定性相同,但5-3的热稳定性明显地较差;两株弱毒株均能在40℃培养条件下繁殖良好,与37℃培养无明显差别,并均能在小鼠巨噬细胞内良好繁殖,但生长速度较强毒株慢,病变也较差。 本文并对弱毒株的免疫原性和ret及T50特征的关系进行了讨论。     

流行性乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)全长感染性克隆的制备及恢复病毒的获得

根据JEV病毒减毒株SA14—14—2基因组序列,设计覆盖全长的4对重叠引物,以提取的活疫苗病毒RNA为模板,RT—PCR扩增出4个片段,并克隆到质粒载体中,进一步构建两个半端分子克隆,然后将全长cDNA序列克隆到一个新改造的低拷贝质粒载体pBR—kpn中,构建我国流行性乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)基因组全长cDNA克隆。经过体外转录后得到的转录子转染BHK-21细胞,重新获得JEV的恢复病毒,通过生物学特性、分子生物学水平、蛋白水平等几个方面对恢复病毒进行鉴定。结果获得了稳定的全长cDNA克隆,转录子转染BHK-21细胞后,第4天开始出现细胞病变(CPE),第6～7天时CPE为 ,经过Vero细胞进一步放大培养后,间接免疫荧光实验和RT—PCR实验均为阳性。证实了构建的JEV的全长cDNA克隆有感染性,为进一步的研究奠定了基础。     

流行性乙型脑炎病毒减毒株和野毒株在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳上的表现

乙型脑炎病毒减毒株(2-8株)和野毒株(SA14株)在生物学性质上有明显的不同,特别是嗜神经毒力方面,2-8株已丧失了对小白鼠、马,猴等敏感动物的脑内致病力。为了探讨这些生物学性质变化的物质基础,我们开展了乙脑强、弱毒株聚丙烯酰胺凝胶     

乙型脑炎病毒研究进展

从病毒的分类地位、病毒的生物学特性、病毒粒子的形态结构、病毒基因组结构与功能、病毒感染与复制、病毒致病机制及病毒引起的疾病诸方面对乙型脑炎病毒的研究进展作了综合评述,并对该领域的研究热点和方向作了探讨。     

Molecular Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Okinawa

In order to elucidate the molecular characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in Okinawa, 23 strains of JE virus isolated in a 25-year span were sequenced for the 240 nucleotides of the C-preM junction region and 111 nucleotides of the E gene region and compared with those of reference strains isolated in mainland Japan. The results of phylogenic analysis showed that although all the Okinawan isolates showed more than 96% homology in the nucleotide sequence in each region, they were chronologically divided into two groups: the old group (nine strains) and a new group (14 strains). On the other hand, in a comparison with reference strains in mainland Japan, the Okinawan isolates showed more than 94% nucleotide sequence homology in both regions, indicating that the Okinawan strains belong to the same genotype as that of JE strains in mainland Japan. The nucleotide homology of the old group was relatively higher than that of the new group. Among the 14 strains in the new group, 13 strains were isolated from mosquitoes collected from a pig farm from 1986 through 1992. These strains showed higher nucleotide divergence than the old group strains, isolated from mosquitoes and swine sera collected at several sites, in both regions. A nucleotide substitution at the position 1920 in the E gene was identified in three isolates. This substitution generated an asparagine-proline-threonine sequence capable of serving as an attachment site of carbohydrate.     

Sero-Molecular Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in Zhejiang,an Eastern Province of China

BackgroundSporadic Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases still have been reported in Zhejiang Province in recent years, and concerns about vaccine cross-protection and population-level immunity have been raised off and on within the public health sphere. Genotype I (GI) has replaced GIII as the dominant genotype in Asian countries during the past few decades, which caused considerable concerns about the potential change of epidemiology characteristics and the vaccine effectiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of JE neutralizing antibody and its waning antibody trend after live attenuated JE vaccine immunization. Additionally, this study analyzed the molecular characteristics of the E gene of Zhejiang Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains, and established genetic relationships with other JEV strains.Conclusion/SignificancesJE neutralizing antibody positive rates increase in age ≥10 years old population, likely reflecting natural infection or natural boosting of immunity through exposure to wild virus. JE seropositivity rates were quite low in <35 years old age groups in Zhejiang Province. Waning of neutralizing antibody after live attenuated vaccine immunization was observed, but the clinical significance should be further investigated. Both the peripheral antibody response and genetic characterization indicate that current live attenuated JE vaccine conferred equal neutralizing potency against GI or GIII of wild strains. GI has replaced GIII as the dominant genotype in Zhejiang in the past few decades. Although the chance of exposure to wild JE virus has reduced, the virus still circulates in nature; therefore, it is necessary to implement immunization program for children continually and to conduct surveillance activity periodically.     

从云南省蝙蝠脑组织中分离出乙型脑炎病毒

为进一步阐明蝙蝠在保存乙脑病毒中的作用,于1997年7月,在云南省耿马县捕捉蝙蝠64只,取脑组织作病毒分离,从一只金管鼻蝠脑组织中分离出1株病毒。该毒株能引起BHK21细胞病变和乳鼠发病死亡,在pH5.75～7.4时能凝集鸽红血球,经用单克隆抗体血凝抑制和免疫荧光试验鉴定,证实为乙型脑炎病毒。进一步证明蝙蝠在乙型脑炎病毒保存和扩散中具有重要作用。从金管鼻蝠体内分离出乙型脑炎病毒属国内外首次报道。     

从云南省蝙蝠脑组织中分离出乙型脑炎病毒

为进一步阐明蝙蝠在保存乙脑病毒中的作用,于1997年7月,在云南省耿马县捕捉蝙蝠64只,取脑组织作病毒分离,从一只金管鼻蝠脑组织中分离出1株病毒,该毒株能引起BHK21细胞病变和乳鼠发病死亡,在pH5.75-7.4时能凝集鸽红血球,经用单克隆抗体血凝抑制和免疫荧光试验鉴定,证明为乙型脑炎病毒。进一步证明蝙蝠在乙型脑炎病毒保存和扩散中具有重要作用。从金管鼻蝠体内分离出乙型脑炎病毒属国内外首次报道。     

Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Pigs and Mosquito Vectors within Can Tho City,Vietnam

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne, zoonotic flavivirus causing encephalitis in humans and reproductive disorder in pigs. JEV is present in large parts of Asia, where urbanization is high. Households within and outside Can Tho city, South Vietnam, were selected to monitor circulation of JEV. A nested RT-PCR was established to detect the presence of JEV in mosquitoes whereas sera from pigs belonging to households within the province were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to JEV. A total of 7885 mosquitoes were collected and divided into 352 pools whereof seven were JEV-positive, six of which were collected within the city. Fragments from four pools clustered with JEV genotype III and three with genotype I. Of the 43 pigs sampled inside the city 100% had JEV antibodies. Our study demonstrates exposure to JEV in pigs, and co-circulation of JEV genotype I and III in mosquitoes within an urban environment in South Vietnam. Thus, although JEV has mainly been considered a rural disease, the potential for transmission in urban areas cannot be ignored.     

云南省4种伊蚊的乙型脑炎病毒分离物的研究

在云南省西南边境9县市捕获伊蚊属雌性成蚊16种19367只,用细胞法和乳鼠法分离病毒.从185批6491只白纹伊蚊中分离到病毒2株,从50批1605只剌扰伊蚊中分离到病毒2株,从23批772只窄翅伊蚊中分离到病毒2株,从4批103只阿萨姆伊蚊中分离到病毒1株.其它12种共10396只伊蚊的病毒分离物为阴性.分离到的7株病毒经免疫荧光、酶免疫、血凝抑制和中和试验鉴定,均为乙型脑炎病毒(JE virus).白纹伊蚊是野外竹林的优势蚊种.分析认为白纹伊蚊在当地乙型脑炎病毒保存和传播中起重要作用,刺扰伊蚊、窄翅伊蚊和阿萨姆伊蚊亦可参与该病毒的传播.     

乙型脑炎病毒及其疫苗的研究进展

流行性乙型脑炎是由乙型脑炎病毒引起的、经蚊虫传播的严重危害中枢神经系统的人畜共患急性传染病,其重症病死率高,易造成永久性的神经系统后遗症,严重威胁着人类的健康。目前尚无特效的治疗流行性乙型脑炎的方法,控制蚊虫传播和免疫接种是当前的主要防御手段。简要综述了乙型脑炎病毒的基因组结构、结构蛋白与非结构蛋白功能、基因分型,以及流行性乙型脑炎疫苗的研究进展。