从多角度分析SARS-CoV-2和SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)差异

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)在全球范围内持续肆虐,感染人数与日俱增.COVID-19的病毒SARS-CoV-2与2003年发生的严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒(SARS coronavirus,SARS-CoV)同属冠状病毒.本研究就COVID-19与SARS冠状病毒的差异以及两种冠状病毒的中间宿主进行分析和探...     

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒诊断标志物动态变化及检测方法的研究进展

2019-冠状病毒病(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19)在全球范围内流行,患者出现严重急性呼吸系统疾病,传染性高于2003年暴发的严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS)。COVID-19严重影响了人类的健康,同时引起了人们的恐慌。因此,快速、精准地诊断COVID-19患者,阻断病毒快速传播至关重要,但是在COVID-19诊断中存在早期漏检和后期复阳等情况。现综述严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV)感染后各标志物的动态变化及检测意义,并将其与严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)进行比较,以期为SARS-CoV-2等冠状病毒的高效诊断提供借鉴。     

新型冠状病毒疫苗研究策略分析

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)是一种可引起人新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的新发呼吸道病原体,与重症急性呼吸道综合症冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)同属于β-冠状病毒,具有较高的传染性和一定的致死率。2019年12月在我国武汉被发现,随后蔓延到我国大部分省份,给我国人民健康和经济发展造成巨大损失。疫苗接种是预防和控制传染病的常规和有效手段,国内外多个机构已启动COVID-19疫苗研究工作。文中基于SARS和MERS疫苗研究的经验和教训,对COVID-19疫苗的研究策略和需要注意的关键问题进行了阐述,为相关研究人员提供参考。     

新冠疫情下野生动物资源保护与利用的生物安全问题思考

自2019年底以来,全球范围内爆发了新型冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2引起的COVID-19大流行。SARS-CoV-2与蝙蝠来源的严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)样冠状病毒高度同源,且穿山甲等野生动物中也鉴定出了同源性高的SARS样冠状病毒,提示SARS-CoV-2的源头与野生动物有关,野生动物资源利用与保护相关的生物安全问题凸显。在此背景下,本文介绍了常见的人畜共患病毒,提出了人类在利用野生生物资源时如何预防此类病毒的建议和思考。呼吁全社会应高度重视野生动物资源生物安全问题,形成"动物的健康即人类的健康、坚决不吃野味"的全民共识。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎的诊断、治疗和预防

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)是一种由严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)引发的传染病.此种病毒传染性强,患者感染后会出现严重的急性呼吸道感染症状,...     

新型冠状病毒致病机理及其疫苗的研发进展

新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2)是一种可引起人新型冠状病毒肺炎(novel coronavirus pneumonia, NCP;亦称为COVID-19)的新发呼吸道病原体,与中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS-CoV)和严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV)同属β-冠状病毒,其受体与SARS-CoV的受体相同,均利用血管紧张素转化酶2(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2)受体入侵人体细胞。SARS-CoV-2主要通过呼吸系统和消化系统感染,具有较高的传染性和致死率。目前,新冠病毒引起的肺炎已在全球范围内大规模蔓延,接种疫苗是根除病毒性传染病最有效的方法,国内外各大科研机构已快速展开COVID-19疫苗的研制工作,这是有效控制疫情的重点和难点。现就新冠病毒的致病机理、感染途径及疫苗研发作一综述,旨在为相关研究人员提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒的结构基础与新型冠状病毒肺炎的临床药物治疗

新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019, COVID-19)是指由新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2, SARS-CoV-2)感染导致的肺炎。SARS-CoV-2结合细胞表面受体——血管紧张素转化酶2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,ACE2)感染肺部细胞,导致白细胞浸润,血管和肺泡壁通透性增加,肺表面活性物质减少,引起呼吸系统症状。局部的炎症加重引起细胞因子风暴,造成全身性炎症反应综合征。2019年12月,武汉市卫生健康委员会报告了多例新型肺炎,分离并确定了病原体SARS-CoV-2。截至2020年9月13日,全世界216个国家或地区受累,2 860余万人确诊COVID-19,90余万人死于该疾病,病死率高达3.20%。到目前为止,尚无特效药物可治疗COVID-19,因此解析病毒结构,探索治疗药物显得尤其重要。本文总结了SARS-CoV-2的病毒结构和COVID-19的临床药物治疗,并分析了他们之间可能的相关性。     

新型冠状病毒与系统损伤研究

自2019年12月全国及世界范围爆发了新型冠状病毒性肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19),给中国和全球公共卫生安全带来了极大的挑战.研究发现,新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)不仅损...     

孕期新型冠状病毒感染妊娠结局的研究综述

病毒性肺炎是世界范围内人类常见病之一,而近年由新型冠状病毒暴发引起的急性呼吸系统疾病严重威胁人类的健康。2019年12月以来,暴发于中国武汉的2019新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)再一次引起全世界的高度关注,被世界卫生组织(WHO)定为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件(PHEIC)。目前已经发现的可感染人的冠状病毒有7种,其中4种冠状病毒在人群中比较常见,致病性较低,另外3种[严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒SARS-CoV(2002)、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒MERS-CoV(2012)和SARS-CoV-2(2019)]所致疾病症状较重。孕妇作为特殊的易感人群,一旦妊娠合并新型冠状病毒肺炎,可能会对母胎造成影响,但目前国内外对这方面的研究有限。为了尽可能地减少其对母胎产生不良后果,我们应增加对这方面的研究。本文旨在通过对患有严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)、中东呼吸综合征(MERS)和新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的妊娠妇女的妊娠结局进行综述,为今后其他相关新型冠状病毒感染孕妇的监督和管理做出指导,为减少母胎死亡率及做好预防工作提供临床依据。     

新型冠状病毒Wuhan-Hu-1株Np空间结构及其B细胞抗原表位的预测

新型冠状病毒(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)是最新发现的一种可侵染人体的β属冠状病毒,该病毒入侵机体可引发新型冠状病毒肺炎(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19),该疫情的暴发在国内甚至国际上造成了严重...     

Exercise, dobutamine, and combined atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine compared

We compared the cardiovascular effects evoked in conscious dogs by 1) submaximal exercise; 2) infusion of dobutamine (40 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1); and 3) infusion of a combination of atropine (0.15 mg/kg), norepinephrine (0.19 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), and epinephrine (0.05 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1). Myocardial O2 demand, as estimated by the double product (heart rate X systolic blood pressure), was similar during all three interventions. Cardiac output and heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during each of the three interventions. Arteriovenous O2 difference and total body O2 consumption, however, increased only during submaximal exercise. Although myocardial blood flow increased similarly during each of the three interventions, blood flow to skeletal muscle and the tongue increased only during exercise. Exercise and the combined infusion of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine produced similar increases in blood flow to the diaphragm and similar decreases in blood flow to the stomach. These changes in blood flow were associated with appropriate changes in vascular resistance. Additionally, blood flow to the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, liver, and intestine did not change during any of the three interventions. Thus, in dogs, submaximal exercise, infusion of dobutamine, and infusion of a combination of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine to evoke a given level of estimated myocardial O2 consumption produce similar increases in cardiac output, heart rate, and myocardial blood flow. In contrast, the changes in total body O2 consumption, arteriovenous O2 difference, regional blood flow, and regional vascular resistance that occur during each of these three interventions are different.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis. Ricardo A. Godoy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 274 pp.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Lipid,lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein models: past,present, and future

Mones Berman's untimely death on 12 August 1982 put an end to his work in the development of theoretical biology. Arguments are examined, and it is concluded that a formal theory of lipoprotein metabolism flourished and expanded under the guidance of Dr. Berman. Not many scientists in the field of biology spend a major portion of their energies on theoretical work xxx was outstanding because of his early decision to follow the theoretical path.     

Pericytes: developmental, physiological, and pathological perspectives, problems, and promises

Pericytes, the mural cells of blood microvessels, have recently come into focus as regulators of vascular morphogenesis and function during development, cardiovascular homeostasis, and disease. Pericytes are implicated in the development of diabetic retinopathy and tissue fibrosis, and they are potential stromal targets for cancer therapy. Some pericytes are probably mesenchymal stem or progenitor cells, which give rise to adipocytes, cartilage, bone, and muscle. However, there is still confusion about the identity, ontogeny, and progeny of pericytes. Here, we review the history of these investigations, indicate emerging concepts, and point out problems and promise in the field of pericyte biology.