Light versus Dark Carbon Metabolism in Cherry Tomato Fruits: II. Relationship Between Malate Metabolism and Photosynthetic Activity

The possible relationship between malate metabolism and photosynthetic activity in green tomato fruit tissues (Lycopersicum esculentum var. cerasiforme Dun A. Gray) was investigated. Initial experiments consisted of vacuum-infiltrating ¹⁴C-3 or ¹⁴C-4-malate into isolated tissues in darkness and then incubating the tissues under photosynthetic conditions. Other experiments involved a short pulse with ¹⁴C-bicarbonate in darkness to label the malate pool(s), followed by a chase in the light in the presence of nonradioactive bicarbonate. Both series of experiments were followed by the separation and identification of labeled metabolic intermediates.     

不同光质LED弱光对樱桃番茄植株形态和光合性能的影响

基于新型LED光源研究了不同光质弱光对樱桃番茄植株形态和光合性能的影响.结果显示:(1)红蓝光(RB)的基础上添加不同的光色处理,对植株的形态没有显著影响,但对植株生物量有显著影响,能调节生物量的分配.除红蓝黄绿紫复合光处理(Z)外,其他复合光处理的单株总生物量都大于RB处理,添加绿光、黄光、紫光和黄紫光有利于植株地上部的生长,而添加绿光和紫光却抑制植株地下部的生长.(2)除红蓝黄紫复合光(RBYP)和红蓝紫复合光(RBP)处理外,所有处理的光合色素含量都比RB处理高,并以Z处理光合色素含量最高.(3)叶片的光补偿点和表观量子效率以及净光合速率受光质的调控.RBYP处理的最大净光合速率和表观量子效率显著大于其他处理,光补偿点在红蓝绿复合光(RBG)和红蓝黄复合光(RBY)下较大,而在白光(CK)和Z处理下较小.(4)各处理光系统Ⅱ的光能分配存在差异,RB处理光化学淬灭系数较其他处理小,而Z和RBP的非光化学淬灭系数较小,各处理间最大光化学效率及电子传递速率无显著差异.研究发现,复合光质的光色间对植株生长发育的影响是相互协同、相互制约的关系;红蓝黄紫复合光处理植株光合潜能较大,能够在一定程度上缓解红蓝弱光胁迫,促进植株幼苗生长;在红蓝光基础上添加其他光色有利于植株光合色素的积累并促进光合,同时可提高植株光化学效率.     

Limitation of Photosynthesis by Carbon Metabolism : I. Evidence for Excess Electron Transport Capacity in Leaves Carrying Out Photosynthesis in Saturating Light and CO(2)

It has been investigated how far electron transport or carbon metabolism limit the maximal rates of photosynthesis achieved by spinach leaves in saturating light and CO₂. Leaf discs were illuminated with high light until a steady state rate of O₂ evolution was attained, and then subjected to a 30 second interruption in low light, to generate an increased demand for the products of electron transport. Upon returning to high light there is a temporary enhancement of photosynthesis which lasts 15 to 30 seconds, and can be up to 50% above the steady state rate of O₂ evolution. This temporary enhancement is only found when saturating light intensities are used for the steady state illumination, is increased when low light rather than darkness is used during the interruption, and is maximal following a 30 to 60 seconds interruption in low light. Decreasing the temperature over the 10 to 30°C range led to the transient enhancement becoming larger. The temporary enhancement is associated with an increased ATP/ADP ratio, a decreased level of 3-phosphoglycerate, and increased levels of triose phosphate and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. Since electron transport can occur at higher rates than in steady state conditions, and generate a higher energy status, it is concluded that leaves have a surplus electron transport capacity in saturating light and CO₂. From the alterations of metabolites, it can be calculated that the enhanced O₂ evolution must be accompanied by an increased rate of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate regeneration and carboxylation. It is suggested that the capacity for sucrose synthesis ultimately limits the maximal rates of photosynthesis, by restricting the rate at which inorganic phosphate can be recycled to support electron transport and carbon fixation in the chloroplast.     

Fermentative Metabolism of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: I. Analysis of Fermentative Products from Starch in Dark and Light

The anaerobic starch breakdown into end-products in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii F-60 has been investigated in the dark and in the light. The effects of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone (FCCP) on the fermentation in the light have also been investigated.     

Relationships between Photosynthesis and Light Intensity in the Tomato

Curves were fitted to the rates of CO₂ uptake (P) of singleleaves of tomato against light intensity (I). It was shown thatan asymptotic curve of the form P = a–bp^I gave a consistentlybetter fit to the observed data than the rectangular hyperbola.Saturating rates of photosynthesis, estimated as the asymptoteof the curve, showed marked changes with leaf age, being maximalat or shortly after the start of the experiment, in small rapidlyexpanding leaves, and falling continuously thereafter. Photochemicalefficiency, measured as the slope of the curve at zero lightintensity, gave no discernable trends with time except in visiblysenescent leaves, when the value decreased appreciably.     

Carbon Translocation in the Tomato: Pathways of Carbon Metabolism in the Fruit-

The rate of carbon import by tomato fruits has been relatedto their carbon metabolism by examining the effects of fruittemperature on the metabolism of imported assimilates. ¹⁴C–sucrose,–glucose, –fructose, –malic acid and –citricacid were injected individually into young growing tomato fruitswhich were subsequently maintained at 25 or 5 °C for 48h. Fruit temperature greatly affected the proportions of ¹⁴Clost from the fruits by export and respiration. Only 40 percent of the injected ¹⁴C from ¹⁴C–sugars and 20 per centfrom ¹⁴C–acids was recovered from fruits at 25 °C.Less than 10 per cent of the injected ¹⁴C was exported, thebalance being respired. In contrast, more than 50 per cent ofthe injected ¹⁴C was recovered from cooled fruits, in whichthe import rate of carbon was presumably reduced, and 20–36per cent of injected ¹⁴C was exported. Cooling enhanced thesynthesis of ¹⁴C–sucrose from injected ¹⁴C–hexosesand inhibited the incorporation of ¹⁴C into starch and insolubleresidue. When ¹⁴C–sugars were injected, radioactivityexported from the cooled fruits was detected as sucrose in thephloem of the peduncles; radioactivity was also detected instems and roots when fruits were cooled. In almost fully–grownfruits injected ¹⁴C–compounds were metabolized less readilythan in smaller fruits. Conversion of ¹⁴C–hexoses to ¹⁴C–sucrosewas again enhanced by cooling (5 °C, but was less in fruitsmaintained at 35 °C than in controls. Lycopersicon esculentum, tomato, fruit, translocation, carbon metabolism     

The Effect of Temperature and Carbon Metabolism on Sucrose Uptake by Detached Tomato Fruits

The effect of temperature on sucrose uptake, and changes inlevels of starch, hexoses and sucrose in detached tomato fruitswas used to investigate the role of the sink in regulation ofcarbon import. Sucrose uptake was lower at 5 °C and greaterat 40 °C than at 25 °C. Conversion of radioactive componentsto starch was lower at both 5 °C and 40 °C than at 25°C, while the levels of non-radioactive starch was similarat all three temperatures. There was a depletion of glucoseand fructose in fruits at 40 °C. Uptake of sucrose froman agar medium by detached tomato fruits was negatively correlatedwith initial sucrose content of the fruit. The results indicatethat carbon import by tomato fruits is largely determined bysucrose levels which can be affected by metabolic activity. Lycopersicon esculentum L., tomato, fruit, sucrose uptake, temperature, carbon metabolism     

Light/Dark Modulation: Regulation of Chloroplast Metabolism in a New Light

Light-dark modulation of chloroplast enzymes is achieved by covalent redox-modification of protein thiols/disulfides mediated by ferredoxin/thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxins. Light-dependent electron flow leads to reduction of particular chloroplast proteins, while photosynthetically evolved oxygen effects their continuous reoxidation. The oxidized and the reduced forms, respectively, differ greatly in their catalytic properties. The rate of reduction of each target enzyme is specifically fine-controlled by metabolites. By this combined mode of producing a defined ratio of active to inactive enzyme during steady-state each of the enzymes is adjusted to the immediate requirements of the chloroplast. Upon changes of the metabolic situation the system can respond in a flexible manner as is known from comparable regulatory mechanisms such as protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in animals and bacteria. From sequence comparisons between various light-dark modulated chloroplast enzymes and their non-regulated counterparts from other organelles or non-photosynthetic organisms, the presence of extra-peptides in the otherwise highly homologous sequences has been estabüshed for the chloroplast enzymes. However, no general pattern in the primary structure of those extra-sequences can be recognized. By the acquisition of “regulatory peptides” during evolution a new type of metabolic control was created in a compartment uniquely occurring in organisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis.     

Control of the Light Saturation Point for Photosynthesis in Tomato

The light saturation curves for photosynthesis in Lycopersicon esculentum have been studied for a yellow-green mutation and for hormone treated plants. Comparisons have been made between saturation point and the size of the photosynthetic unit in these plants. These data suggest a function in the regulation of photosynthetic rates.     

Light Regulation of Sink Metabolism in Tomato Fruit : II. Carbohydrate Metabolizing Enzymes

Effects of light on carbohydrate levels and certain carbon metabolizing enzyme activities were studied during the early development of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit. Sucrose levels were low and continued to decline during development and were unaffected by light. Starch was significantly greater in light. Invertase activity was similar in both light- and dark-grown fruit. Sucrose synthase activity was much lower than invertase and showed a slight decrease in light-grown fruit between days 21 and 28. Light-grown fruit also had higher ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase activity than dark-grown fruit, which was correlated with higher starch levels. The rapidly decreasing activity of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase during early fruit development in the dark in conjunction with reduced starch levels and rates of accumulation indicates that ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase is crucial for carbon import and storage in tomato. The differential stimulation of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase activity from light- and dark-grown tissue by 3-phosphoglycerate suggests that this enzyme may be allosterically altered by light.     

Photosynthesis in Rhodospirillum rubrum. I. Autotrophic Carbon Dioxide Fixation

The incorporation and distribution of activity from ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under autotrophic conditions in the facultative photoautotroph, Rhodospirillum rubrum, with cells cultured on hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and ammonium sulfate. In 1 second ¹⁴CO₂ fixation experiments essentially all of the activity was found in 3-phosphoglyceric acid: plotted against time percent incorporation into phosphate esters has a strikingly negative slope. These results suggest that under autotrophic conditions the reductive pentose phosphate cycle or the key reactions of the cycle play a major role in carbon metabolism in this photosynthetic bacterium. Incorporation into amino acids and into intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle was quite low.     

Possible Involvement of Altered Gibberellin Metabolism in the Induction of Tomato Irregular Ripening in Dwarf Cherry Tomato by Silverleaf Whitefly

External and internal tomato irregular ripening (TIR) symptoms were associated with the feeding of silverleaf whitefly (SLW), Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring. Four experiments consisting of various soil drench applications of GA₃ (100 ppm) and cycocel (CCC, an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis; 1,000 and 2,000 ppm) were applied to dwarf cherry tomato cv. Florida Petite in the presence and absence of SLW in an attempt to mimic the disorders induced by the SLW. The application of GA₃ induced external and internal TIR symptoms similar to the SLW-induced disorder. Minimal TIR-like symptoms also occurred in the control and CCC treatments. Internal TIR symptoms in GA₃, GA₃ plus SLW, and GA₃ plus CCC treatments ranged from 66% to 97% throughout the experiments. The incidence of external TIR symptoms was highest in the GA₃ plus SLW treatment compared with the other treatments. CCC reduced the incidence of external TIR symptoms induced by GA₃ or GA₃ plus SLW treatments. However, CCC-treated plants also attracted more oviposition and higher populations of SLW and consequently induced a greater incidence of TIR symptoms than SLW treatment alone. Furthermore, although low SLW populations may be associated with low external TIR symptoms, internal TIR symptoms almost always remained high in infested plants. The results suggest that the TIR disorder in dwarf cherry tomato which is induced by the SLW may be a gibberellin-regulated disorder. Received May 27, 1997; accepted September 26, 1997     

樱桃番茄繁殖技术初探（简报）

4～ 7℃低温处理不影响樱桃番茄种子的萌发力 ;NAA 10mg·L-1处理腋芽或茎切段 5min ,并转入自来水中浸泡 ,能较好诱导不定根的产生 ,生理年龄和实际年龄大的侧芽或茎切段有利于不定根产生 ;正交分析表明 :MS 6 BA 3 .0mg·L-1 NAA 0 .1mg·L-1有利于外植体产生不定芽 ,ZT、KT在芽分化中的作用不如 6 BA明显。     

光强在低温弱光胁迫后番茄叶片光合作用恢复中的作用

为了研究光强在低温弱光胁迫后番茄叶片光合作用恢复中的作用,以番茄品种浙粉202为材料,研究了低温弱光后恢复期全光照与遮荫对光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：低温弱光（8℃/12℃,PFD 80 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）导致番茄叶片P_n、Φ_PSⅡ、qP和F_v′/F_m′的下降,但诱导了NPQ的上升,未引起F_v/F_m的变化;全光照（100%光照）下恢复1 使得植株叶片P_n、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、qP、NPQ和F_v′/F_m′均大幅下降,随后光合和荧光参数可缓慢恢复至对照水平;遮荫（40%光照）恢复植株F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ和F_v′/F_m′仅在第一天稍有下降,而P_n和qP还略有上升,NPQ虽有所降低但仍显著高于对照水平,随后光合和荧光参数均可迅速恢复到对照水平。说明低温弱光虽抑制了光合作用的进行,但并未引起光抑制的发生;全光照恢复加剧了叶片光抑制的发生,而遮荫恢复可通过叶片PSⅡ光化学活性的快速恢复和天线色素热耗散能力的增强以保护光合机构免受伤害,有利于光合作用的迅速恢复。     

The Carbon Economy of Rubus chamaemorus L. I. Photosynthesis

Studies on the photosynthetic activity of Rubus chamaemorusL. in controlled environment conditions are reported. Theseshow that material collected from Moor House National NatureReserve, England has a photosynthetic light saturation pointof 100 J m^–2s^–1 (380–720 nm) and a temperatureoptimum for photosynthesis between 10 and 15 °C. A markeddecline in net CO₂ uptake is evident at temperatures in excessof 18 ° C; this persists for some time after return to anoptimum temperature regime. Leaves show rapid responses to changesin both light intensity and temperature, and show no evidenceof an endogenous rhythm in photosynthetic rate.     

Carbon Translocation in the Tomato: Effects of Fruit Temperature on Carbon Metabolism and the Rate of Translocation

The effects of fruit temperature on the rate of carbon translocationand on the contents of the major carbon metabolites in the experimentalfruits were investigated. Carbon import, which was inverselyproportional to fruit size, was inhibited by fruit cooling (5°Cand enhanced by fruit warming (35°C) when compared withcontrols (25°C); furthermore, there was net export of carbonfrom the largest cooled fruits. The carbon translocation rateswere related both to the rates of accumulation or depletionof starch and insoluble residue and to the concentration ofsucrose in the fruit. The possible dependence of the rate oftranslocation on a gradient of sucrose concentration betweensource and sink is discussed.     

The Influence of Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide upon Carbon Metabolism in the Tomato Leaf

The incorporation of radioactive carbon into various photosyntheticproducts was investigated with tomato plants in atmospherescontaining between 40 and 1400 parts/10⁶ carbon dioxide. A significantlygreater proportion of ¹⁴C entered sucrose and alcohol-insolublematerial at high concentrations of carbon dioxide. Incorporationinto glycine and serine was significantly greater at lower carbon-dioxideconcentrations. The pool size of these intermediates was alsodetermined and it was concluded that in the presence of highpartial pressures of carbon dioxide the flow of carbon fromthe photosynthetic cycle through the C² pathway is decreased.     

The Relationship Between the Rates of Carbon Transport and of Photosynthesis in Tomato Leaves

The rate of carbon transport based on the carbon balance overa 6-h period from a mature tomato leaf was measured overa rangeof net photosynthetic rates from 0.1 to 4.9 mg C dm^–2h^–1 under light flux densities from 4 to 140 W m^–2.A proportional relationship was demonstrated between the rateof carbon transport and carbon fixation when the carbon fixationrate was higher than 2 mg C dm^–2 h^–1.Below a carbonfixation rate of 1 mg C dm^–2 h^–1, the rate of carbonexport was maintained at 1 mg C dm^–2 h^–1 at theexpense of the breakdown of starch. A highly significant correlationwas observed between sucrose concentration and the rate of carbontransport. The sucrose concentration in the leaf appears tobe the factor controlling carbon export.