河南淇县宋庄东周墓葬一例殉人骨骼上发现疑似类风湿关节炎

本文介绍了河南淇县宋庄东周贵族墓葬的一例殉人骨骼标本M9-X2,对标本中疑似类风湿关节炎的表现特征进行描述和分析。该殉人的肩、肘、手腕、髋、膝、脚踝等多处关节面的骨质存在对称性侵蚀。相关的X光片显示,侵蚀关节附近有骨质疏松。因未保存全部脊椎和两侧骶髂关节,虽然无法完全排除血清阴性脊椎关节炎的可能,但是对比多种关节疾病的不同骨骼病变特征后认为,该殉人骨质病变更倾向于类风湿关节炎。     

陕西凤翔孙家南头秦墓出土人骨中C和N同位素分析

本文对陕西凤翔孙家南头秦墓出土的春秋战国时期人骨中C和N稳定同位素组成进行了测试分析。结果表明: 人骨样品均可用于食谱分析; 由δ13C和δ15N值综合分析可知, 春秋战国时期陕西凤翔地区秦先民是以C4类植物为主食、辅以少量肉食的杂食性食谱; 经济模式可能为农业与畜牧兼营, 以种植黍、粟类等旱地作物的农业形式为主, 并辅以驯养牲畜; 根据墓主与殉人的δ13C和δ15N值对比分析, 推测殉人可能是与墓主饮食方式较为相近的姬妾或仆从之类的人;春 秋中期至战国晚期秦先民的食物结构较为稳定, C4植物比例与δ15N发生变化的原因可能与当时历史的变迁与社会的发展有一定的关系。     

人指甲中氢、氧稳定同位素在法医学领域的应用

氢、氧稳定同位素作为一类化学示踪物质,在地理科学、环境生态和法庭科学等领域均有应用。在法庭科学研究领域,指甲作为一种记录人在不同时段内摄入氢、氧稳定同位素情况的载体,在推断人的生活地域变化轨迹方面具有很大的潜力,具有广阔的应用前景。本文从氢、氧稳定同位素溯源的基本原理,人指甲中氢、氧稳定同位素前处理方法和检验方法,人指甲氢、氧稳定同位素溯源技术的法医学应用等方面展开综述,并对稳定同位素溯源技术的发展等方面做了简要展望。     

东太平洋中部中上层鲨鱼群落营养生态位分化

鲨鱼在大洋生态系统中占据着重要的生态地位,其作为顶级捕食者,通过下行效应直接影响生态系统的稳定.稳定同位素技术是目前研究摄食生态学强有力的手段之一,可利用碳氮稳定同位素在食物网中的特性分别指示鲨鱼的食物来源和营养级.本研究选取8种130尾采集自东太平洋中部的中上层鲨鱼,应用稳定同位素绘制其种群生态位图谱,比较不同种群间的生态地位及资源分配方式上的差异.结果表明:不同鲨鱼种群碳、氮稳定同位素比值存在显著差异;8种鲨鱼在东太平洋生态系统中的营养级为4.3~5.4,大青鲨、尖吻鲭鲨与其他6种鲨鱼存在摄食隔离,表现出独特的营养生态地位.这些结果充分证明大洋性中上层鲨鱼并非生态系统的冗余种,其营养生态位的独特性不会被其他捕食者简单地替代和弥补.     

淇县宋庄东周墓殉人颅骨的形态学

河南省鹤壁市的淇县宋庄东周墓地的多座墓葬不仅出土大量青铜礼乐器和陶器,而且存在人殉现象,宋庄墓地的发现为探讨东周时期豫北地区考古学文化与政治格局提供了重要线索。为了分析宋庄墓地东周墓葬人殉的种系来源,本文对其中保存较好的7例女性人殉颅骨进行了形态学分析。淇县宋庄组与仰韶文化的宝鸡组和大汶口、龙山文化的呈子组均具有较大相似性,与青铜时代的毛饮合并B组、西村周组和双楼组也较为接近。初步认为,淇县宋庄女性人殉与东周时期的豫北和晋地传统居民在体质特征存在一定的区别,而与周人畿内和郑韩故城及其以西以北地区的中原文化居民有更多的亲缘关系。     

生物考古所见两周时期官庄聚落的人群与社会

本文从生物考古视角探讨官庄聚落两周时期的人群与社会状况.官庄聚落农业经济较为发达,农田管理和农业生产水平较高,手工业经济较为兴盛,存在多种类的手工业作坊.聚落内社会等级分化明显,人群构成较为复杂,这些社会状况都在人群食物结构上有所反映.贵族阶层具有最高的δ15N值,食用较多的肉食资源;平民阶层δ15N值都偏低,显示较低...     

中原地区几处仰韶文化时期考古遗址的人类食物状况分析

本文应用稳定同位素δ13C、δ15N对中原地区仰韶文化遗址, 即郑州西山、西安鱼化寨和灵宝西坡遗址出土人骨中碳、氮稳定同位素进行分析。结果显示,遗址基本均是以C4类植物为主食。δ15N值显示人们食物中也有一定程度的肉类。同时, 对相关区域的部分动物骨头的碳同位素分析结果表明, 家养动物的食性与人类食物状况具有一定的相关性, 这在C4类植物为人类主食区域中再次得到显示和证明。结合墓葬状况的分析表明, 仰韶时期已经存在社会分层现象, 在人们食物状况上也有体现。     

广东湛江鲤鱼墩遗址人骨的C、N稳定同位素分析:华南新石器时代先民生活方式初探

相对于长江流域和黄河流域而言,华南地区先民生活方式的了解一直较为缺乏。广东湛江鲤鱼墩遗址人骨的C和N稳定同位素分析,显示此遗址的先民主要以海生类资源为食,陆生资源(包括可能的块茎类原始农业和动物)只占次要地位。通过与约同时代黄河流域、长江流域先民的稳定同位素数据比较,可以看出,早在6000年前,我国先民的生活方式就已出现3大类型。     

水生动物碳氮稳定同位素富集系数的整合分析

同位素富集系数即动物组织与其食物之间同位素丰度（δ）的差异值(Δ),是稳定性同位素技术应用于生态系统营养关系、食性和食物网研究的重要参数.不同生境条件下和不同物种之间的富集系数通常被认为是相对稳定的,但越来越多的研究发现,富集系数在不同类型动物之间存在明显差异而不是一个恒定值,尽管这一差异范围仍不清楚.本文进行了3种不同权重设置方式的整合分析,综述并比较了4类水生动物(硬骨鱼类、甲壳类、爬行类、软体动物)的碳氮稳定同位素富集系数.在Web of Science和CNKI数据库上搜索2014年底之前发表的论文,获得了42篇包含140个Δ¹³C的研究结果和159个Δ¹⁵N的研究结果.使用3种不同的加权方式进行3次独立整合分析,3种加权方式分别是以方差倒数作为权重、以样本量作为权重和相等权重.结果表明,整合分析统计结果十分稳健,不同权重设置的分析结果差异很小.水生动物碳稳定同位素富集系数(Δ^13C)总体平均值为1.0‰,其中,硬骨鱼类1.0‰,甲壳类1.3‰,爬行类0.5‰,软体动物1.5‰;氮稳定同位素富集系数(Δ¹⁵N)总体平均值为2.6‰,其中,硬骨鱼类2.4‰,甲壳类3.6‰,爬行类1.0‰,软体动物2.5‰.统计分析表明,硬骨鱼类、甲壳类、爬行类、软体动物之间的Δ¹³C没有显著差异,而Δ¹⁵N存在显著差异.因此,应用稳定性同位素技术研究水生动物营养关系、食性和食物网中碳富集系数可以选择总体平均值,而氮富集系数则应根据不同水生动物类型选取相应的系数值.     

脂类抽提对北太平洋柔鱼肌肉碳、氮稳定同位素测定结果的影响

稳定同位素技术可深层次地分析头足类的摄食习性和栖息地等方面的重要信息.稳定同位素分析多选取动物肌肉为研究组织,然而,肌肉中的脂类含量会影响对其稳定同位素信息的准确解析.北太平洋柔鱼是重要的大洋经济性头足类,在海洋生态系统中具有重要的生态地位.本研究选取了53尾北太平洋柔鱼,通过分析脂类抽提对胴体肌肉稳定同位素比值的影响,探讨脂类物质对稳定同位素比值的干扰机制,对比不同碳稳定同位素比值校正模型的适用性,并提出适用于北太平洋柔鱼胴体肌肉δ¹³-C校正模型.结果表明： 北太平洋柔鱼肌肉的脂类抽提会引起稳定同位素测定结果的显著变化,δ¹³-C和δ¹⁵-N分别平均升高0.71‰和0.47‰,在分析组织碳稳定同位素比值时,脂类抽提在样品预处理过程中十分必要,其能消除脂类对样品稳定同位素分析的干扰,从而更加准确地分析研究对象食性与栖息地的变化.在单独进行氮稳定同位素比值分析时,则不需要进行脂类抽提.     

山西晋中小南庄墓地人骨的C、N稳定同位素:试析小麦在山西的推广

小麦何时何地对中国北方传统的粟黍农业产生影响是近些年学术界研究的焦点问题之一。相关研究表明,小麦对中国北方不同地区粟黍农业的影响存在时间上的差异。古文献及考古研究表明,小麦在龙山时期就开始在中国北方地区出现,但直到东周及其后才逐步对粟黍农业产生显著的影响。为了探索小麦在东周时期在山西地区推广的程度和其对先民食物结构和生业经济的影响程度及其背后的内在动因等,本文选取晋中小南庄墓地东周时期人骨进行了C、N稳定同位素分析,结果显示先民的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值都比较集中(δ~(13)C值的范围为-9.0‰～-7.5‰,均值为-8.0‰±0.4‰,n=16;δ~(15)N值的范围为9.0‰-11.7‰,均值为10.5‰±0.9‰;n=16),说明他们以C_4类食物为主,也有少量C_3类食物,但动物蛋白消费有所区分。据他们对动物蛋白占有的不同,晋中小南庄墓地东周时期人至少可以划分为两个经济群体,第一个群体可能从事农耕经济,第二群体可能从事畜牧经济。从事农耕经济人群的食物中的C_3食物应该主要来源于小麦,这说明小麦在东周时期开始在晋中地区有所推广。小麦在山西地区的推广、种植和使用,对传统的粟黍农业产生了相应的影响,使得先民种植农作物的种类有所增加,这应该加快了秦汉时期农业高峰期的形成。然而,山西地区小麦的推广相对缓慢,这可能与当地根深蒂固的粟黍经济和饮食习惯密切相关。     

河南荥阳官庄遗址两周时期人牙结石的植物淀粉粒

本文对河南官庄遗址两周时期人牙结石开展了淀粉粒分析,发现了数量丰富的淀粉粒以及少量植硅体。可鉴定形态的淀粉粒主要来自粟、黍、小麦、小豆等农作物以及坚果、块茎植物;植硅体中则有来自水稻颖片的双峰型植硅体。此次研究表明官庄先民食物来源广泛,包括多种农作物和采集植物,其中粟黍类农作物在食物构成中占据主要地位,而小麦所占比例很可能已仅次于粟黍。结合包括官庄遗址和周边若干遗址的浮选结果,两周时期中原腹心地区仍是北方传统的粟作农业,但农作物种植已明显多样化;与此同时,小麦在农作物体系中的重要性增加,中原地区农作物种植体系由以粟黍为主转向以小麦为主的趋势已经出现。     

黄陵寨头河与史家河墓地人骨的碳氮稳定同位素

戎人在古代多样性文化历史发展进程中有着不可忽视的作用,由于文献记载的匮乏,对其生活历史信息的认知极少。陕西延安黄陵寨头河与史家河战国时期戎人墓地的考古发掘,为了解古代关中地区戎人的社会生活提供了珍贵的实物资料。本文则以两墓地出土的人骨为研究对象,采用C、N稳定同位素分析方法,讨论先民的饮食结构,探索其经济模式。结果表明：寨头河与史家河墓地先民的食谱相似,食谱中植物性食物主要来自粟、黍等C₄类作物;除史家河墓地两个个体外,其余先民动物蛋白摄入较少,且未因性别不同而产生食谱差异。史家河墓地战国晚期秦人与早中期戎人的饮食结构相似。结合其他考古资料以及文献可知,寨头河与史家河墓地先民吸收关中农业文化后,利用当地良好的自然环境发展农业,形成了以农业种植为主、农牧混合的经济模式。     

Isotopic examination of links between diet,social differentiation,and DISH at the post‐medieval Carmelite Friary of Aalst,Belgium

Stable isotope ratios (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) were measured in human burials from the post‐medieval (16th–18th c. AD) Carmelite friary burial grounds at Aalst, a town in Flanders, Belgium. Dietary patterns of 39 adult individuals were analyzed, from a mixed monastic and lay population buried in three different locations, reflecting groups with differing social status. The data show significant variation in the consumption of perhaps meat, but certainly also marine protein between females and males. This result represents a remarkable continuity with medieval dietary patterns, suggesting that the social and economic changes of the early modern period had a limited effect on everyday life. When both sexes were examined together, individuals buried in the cloister garth consumed significantly less marine protein compared to people buried in the church, likely reflecting social stratification. No statistical differences were observed between isotopic values from the church and the cloister alley, suggesting a similarly diverse diet of the monastic part of the buried population and that of the richer lay population. Finally, the hypothesis that diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is linked to a diet rich in animal protein was tested. No systematic or statistically significant differences between pathological and non‐pathological bones from the same individuals affected with DISH were observed, and no statistical differences were found between individuals with DISH and individuals without DISH. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:203–213, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Investigations into the effect of diet on modern human hair isotopic values

Carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis of body tissues is one of the few techniques that can furnish quantitative information about the diet of archaeological humans. The study of the effects of various diets on modern human isotopic values can help to refine palaeodietary theories, and such work also enables the testing of palaeodietary theories independent of archaeological remains and interpretations. This report discusses the use of modern human hair as a sample material for isotopic analysis. The biogenic carbon and nitrogen isotopic signal is well preserved in hair, and the isotopic values of the keratin can be related to diet. We show that atmospheric and cosmetic contamination of hair keratin does not appear to affect the measured isotopic values. In a small study of Oxford residents, we demonstrate that the magnitude of the nitrogen isotopic values of hair keratin reflects the proportion of animal protein consumed in the diet: omnivores and ovo-lacto-vegetarians have higher delta15N than vegans. There was an observed relationship between the reported amount of animal protein eaten (either meat or secondary animal products) and the nitrogen isotopic values within the two groups of omnivores and ovo-lacto-vegetarians, indicating that an increasing amount of animal protein in the diet results in an increase in the delta15N of hair keratin. This provides the first independent support for a long-held theory that, for individuals within a single population, a diet high in meat equates to elevated nitrogen isotopic values in the body relative to others eating less animal protein. The implications of such results for the magnitude of the trophic level effect are discussed. Results presented here also permit a consideration of the effects of a change of diet in the short and long term on hair keratin isotopic values.     

Dietary patterns with fresh fruits and vegetables consumption and quality of sleep among older adults in mainland China

With modern society’s increased pressures, problems arise regarding duration and quality of sleep. Many Chinese seniors report poor quality of sleep. With rapid urbanization, Chinese dietary patterns have shifted dramatically, with vegetables consumption declining rapidly. This research focuses on the associations between fruits and vegetables consumption with basic dietary behaviors and sleeping patterns. Using the 2014 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), multinomial logistic regression models predicted older adults’ (age > = 65) quality and duration of sleep. Predictors included fruits and vegetables consumption, types of cooking oil, staple foods, and meat. The mean age of the study sample was around 85 years. Approximately 56% of respondents consumed fresh vegetables daily. A majority of seniors consumed rice as their staple food. Only 14% of seniors consumed fresh fruits daily. Most seniors consumed meat weekly or more frequently. We found that seniors who consumed fruits and vegetables occasionally had lower odds of reporting good quality of sleep [Fruits: AOR (Adjusted odds ratio) = 0.77; Vegetables: AOR = 0.58] compared with daily consumers. Respondents who reported consuming wheat and half rice-half wheat had higher odds of reporting good quality of sleep (Wheat: AOR = 1.52; Half rice-half wheat: AOR = 1.28), compared with seniors who reported rice as their staple food. Chinese public health practitioners and nutritionists should design dietary plans with more frequent consumption of fruits, vegetables, and wheat to help older adults’ overall health including their sleeping patterns.

     

Uniform diet in a diverse society. Revealing new dietary evidence of the Danish Roman Iron Age based on stable isotope analysis

A systematic dietary investigation during Danish Roman Iron Age (1‐375AD) is conducted by analyzing stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) in the collagen of human and animal bone. The human sample comprises 77 individuals from 10 burial sites. In addition 31 samples of mammals and fish were analyzed from same geographical area. The investigation characterizes the human diet among different social groupings and analyses dietary differences present between sex, age, and site phase groups. Diachronically, the study investigates the Roman influences that had an effect on social structure and subsistence economy in both the Early and Late Period. Geographically the locations are both inland and coastal. The isotopic data indicate extremely uniform diet both between and within population groups from Early and Late Roman periods and the data are consistent throughout the Roman Iron Age. Protein consumption was dominated by terrestrial animals with no differences among social status, age, sex, or time period, while terrestrial plant protein only seems to have contributed little in the diet. Furthermore, the consumption of marine or aquatic resources does not seem to have been important, even among the individuals living next to the coast. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Social structures and social relations--an archaeological and anthropological examination of three early Medieval separate burial sites in Bavaria

As part of an interdisciplinary cooperation, three early medieval separated burial sites from central Bavaria were subjected to archaeological and anthropological examinations. Separated burial sites are probably an expression of social stratification. This paper focuses on two characteristic aspects of these separated burial sites: (1) structure of the site, and (2) biological manifestation of a social upper class. The separated burial grounds Etting/Sandfeld (31 individuals), Grossmehring (44 individuals) and Kelheim (43 individuals), all located in southern Bavaria, were analyzed. Sex and age at death of all individuals were determined, and dietary behaviour was reconstructed by means of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in bone collagen. Local conditions such as climate, soil conditions or the intensity of agriculture can provoke significant variations in plant delta15N-values, which could lead to a shift of the baseline values of the corresponding trophic web. To facilitate the comparison of isotopic data from different sites, delta15N values of cattle bones were taken as a reference for the human data (presuming the diet to consumer chain). The results of dietary reconstruction indicate that the populations enjoyed very good living conditions with a primarily animal protein-based diet. Furthermore, the isotope analysis revealed more detailed indications for certain individuals regarding their social status. Some individuals can even be appointed as possible chiefs of the population, since anthropological and archaeological interpretations were in total agreement: It was possible to identify persons of a higher social status based on the structure of the burial site, grave goods and the isotopic analysis.