有机物料中有机碳和有机氮的分解进程及分解残留率

在中国科学院沈阳生态站(埋袋法)和海伦站(砂滤管法)研究了不同有机物料中有机碳和有机氮的矿化进程、分解残留率和C/N的动态变化.结果表明:有机物料中有机碳和有机氮的分解进程可分为快、慢2个阶段;各有机物料中有机氮的矿化速率均明显低于有机碳,因而其残留率高于有机碳;有机物料C/N的下降速率也可分为快、慢2个阶段.经3～5年分解后,各种有机物料残留物的C/N趋于稳定:低C/N有机物料(猪粪)残留物的C/N值接近土壤腐殖质的C/N,约为10,已完成其腐殖化过程;高C/N有机物料残留物的C/N值处于适宜微生物活动的25左右,利于增加土壤有机质、培肥土壤.     

旧石器时代残留物分析:回顾与展望

残留物分析是1970年代在西方发展起来的一项功能学分析技术, 即借助自然科学的多种手段, 对工具表面加工对象残存物的提取和鉴定分析。本文对西方石制品残留物分析研究史做了回顾和综述, 简要介绍此种方法的概念、原理及相关技术问题, 同时对中国旧石器时代石制品残留物分析的前景进行了展望, 希望对相关理论和方法的引进和应用起到铺垫和促进作用。我国旧石器时代考古资源非常丰富, 残留物分析在石器功能解读、遗址环境重建、古人类行为复原和食谱分析等方面都会起到重要的作用, 成为破解很多学术疑点和难题的钥匙。     

不同处理的豚草残留物对小麦的化感作用

豚草是一种危害性恶性入侵杂草,对农业生态系统造成了严重危害。本实验主要研究了燃烧及未燃烧的豚草残留物及其水浸提液对小麦的化感作用,探讨了是否可用燃烧的方法来消除或减弱豚草残留物的化感作用。结果表明:豚草的残留物及其水浸提液均对小麦的早期生长有抑制作用,且残留物水浸提液对苗长的影响较残留物大,说明豚草残留物的化感物质可能是一些水溶性的物质,水的浸提使植物体中的一些化感物质得到了较完全的释放;混有豚草残留物的土壤的理化性质也发生变化,且随着土壤中豚草残留物浓度的增加,土壤的pH、电导率、有机碳含量及酚酸含量均有不同程度的升高,这些因素的综合作用抑制了小麦幼苗的生长,其中酚酸是其主要化感组分之一;通过对燃烧和未燃烧的豚草残留物的化感作用比较研究发现,燃烧过的残留物与未燃烧的残留物对苗长均有显著的抑制作用,但二者之间的差异不显著,因此不能用燃烧的方法消除豚草残留物对本地植物的影响。     

不同施肥管理措施对农田土壤中植物和微生物残留组分的影响

在农田生态系统中,施肥是维持和提高土壤有机碳(SOC)水平的重要管理措施。微生物代谢和植物组分存留共同控制着有机碳的截获过程。本研究利用肥料与肥力长期(30年)定位试验,以氨基糖和木质素分别作为微生物和植物残留组分标识物,探讨长期不同施肥处理对黑土农田中微生物和植物残体组分积累及有机碳库的影响。结果表明: 与未施肥处理相比,施用无机肥(单施氮肥或有机无机肥配施)可增加作物生物量和土壤氨基糖的积累,但对木质素和SOC含量无显著影响,说明无机肥施入刺激了微生物底物同化,加速了有机碳和木质素在耕层的周转。与无机肥相比,长期施用有机肥促进了SOC的累积(增幅38.3%),但是氨基糖在土壤有机碳中所占的比例并未发生显著变化,说明微生物残留物对SOC积累的贡献具有饱和性;而有机肥施入增加了木质素在SOC中的比例,即增加了植物残体对SOC长期积累的贡献。与单施有机肥相比,有机无机肥配施增加了微生物残留物对SOC的积累。因此,长期施肥可以调节微生物残留物和植物残留组分的不同积累过程,从而影响SOC的积累和稳定机制。     

从cDNA文库中筛选分析阳性克隆的简便方法

cDNA文库中阳性克隆的传统筛选分析法既费时又费力.利用微波炉加热的方法,简化了原位杂交中噬菌斑裂解、DNA变性与固定的程序;进一步运用PCR扩增技术,特异扩增克隆载体中插入的cDNA片段,加快了阳性克隆分析的进程.     

古代牙结石残留物的研究进展

牙结石本质上是正在矿化或已经完全矿化的牙菌斑,由于其易保存、可获得性和无污染等特征为生物考古学研究提供了一个新的切入点。自20世纪60年代以来,古代牙结石残留物的研究工作取得了诸多重要成果。本文从古人类食谱精细化重建、早期农业演进与传播、早期东西方资源流通、特定资源消费与利用等四个方面,较为系统地梳理了古代牙结石残留物分析的研究进展,揭示了其在考古学研究中的重要价值,并对牙结石残留物分析在国内考古学中的应用进行了初步展望。     

外源无机氮素形态对土壤氨基糖动态的影响

微生物生长对底物的可利用性存在不同的响应,外源氮素的形态可以显著影响微生物代谢过程,而土壤氨基糖作为微生物细胞壁残留物,其形成、分解和周转特征与外源碳氮供给密切相关,对土壤氨基糖的研究与同位素标记技术相结合,可以进一步反映微生物对底物的利用特征.本文以葡萄糖及15N标记的NH4+和NO3-为底物,利用气相色谱-质谱联机技术,通过测定氨基糖中同位素富集比例,跟踪新形成(标记)和原有(非标记)的土壤氨基糖的动态变化.结果表明:在培养过程中,15N标记的氨基糖含量显著增加,NH4+向氨基糖的转化显著高于NO3-,反映出微生物对NH4+的选择性利用.土壤中原有的氨基糖也发生了不同变化.其中,非标记氨基葡萄糖在N H4+为底物时,其含量有所增加,但在NO3-为底物时含量逐渐下降;非标记胞壁酸含量在2个处理中均不断下降,尤其以NO3-为底物时更为显著;非标记氨基半乳糖含量的增减幅度均小于20％.这种特异性变化表明,不同来源的微生物细胞壁残留物对土壤氮素周转和稳定的作用不同,真菌细胞壁残留物易于在土壤中积累,有利于土壤有机质的稳定,而细菌细胞壁残留物容易分解,在土壤有机质周转过程中起重要作用.     

农业生物技术领域专利态势分析

专利是技术的有效载体,通过专利态势分析可以在一定程度上有效掌握技术发展脉络及发展趋势。基于专利信息,采用定量数据、定性调研与专家智慧有机结合的方法,从申请趋势、保护市场、领域分布、重要专利权人等多维度分析视角进行农业生物技术领域专利技术态势分析。通过专利态势分析掌握全球农业生物技术专利保护概貌,指出重点方向。在此基础上结合中国农业生物技术领域专利法律状态和专利转让许可状况探讨中国农业生物技术专利保护现状及存在问题,以期支撑中国农业生物技术领域的创新决策。     

石制品植物残留物分析的实验室方法———以水洞沟石制品处理为例

残留物分析是西方上世纪七十年代发展起来的考古标本功能分析技术,现今已经在我国得到了初步发展和应用,但由于考古标本年代、埋藏环境、器类等方面的差异,针对不同标本的残留物分析手段也不尽相同,旧石器时代考古标本因其年代和性质上的特殊性成为了残留物分析的难点。西方目前已有许多通过各种试验方法进行的旧石器石制品残留物分析实例,而我国至今对旧石器时代石制品的此方面研究还没有先例。本文以水洞沟遗址石制品植物残留物处理为例,简要介绍旧石器时代石制品的植物残留物实验室处理流程、观测方法及注意事项。     

免耕不同秸秆覆盖量对黑土微生物群落及其残留物的影响

为探究免耕和不同秸秆覆盖量下土壤微生物群落组成及残留物的变化规律,依托中国东北黑土区的玉米保护性耕作长期平台(始建于2007年),以传统耕作(翻耕+无秸秆还田)为对照(CT),对免耕结合不同秸秆覆盖量[免耕+无秸秆还田(NT0)、免耕+1/3秸秆覆盖还田(NT1/3)、免耕+2/3秸秆覆盖还田(NT2/3)和免耕+全量秸秆覆盖还田(NT3/3)]下不同土层(0～5、5～10、10～20 cm)土壤理化性质、磷脂脂肪酸和氨基糖的变化特征进行分析。结果表明：与CT相比,免耕无秸秆还田处理(NT0)对土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、可溶性有机氮(DON)、含水量、微生物群落及其残留物等均无显著影响;免耕结合秸秆覆盖还田主要影响了土壤表层各指标,与CT相比,0～5 cm土层中NT1/3、NT2/3、NT3/3处理SOC含量分别显著提高了27.2%、34.1%、35.6%,NT2/3和NT3/3处理磷脂脂肪酸含量分别显著提高了39.2%和65.0%,NT3/3处理氨基糖含量(微生物残留物)显著提高了47.2%;免耕不同秸秆覆盖量的土壤理化性质和微生物群落差异随土壤深度...     

The role of organic amendments to soil for crop protection: Induction of suppression of soilborne pathogens

Application of external organic inputs to soils can be considered as one of the most ancient strategies in agriculture, and it has been commonly used since the very beginning of human-based agricultural practices. During all this time, application of several organic matters to agricultural soils has demonstrated their benefit to plants and soils. Organic amendments have proved to be useful in recovering soil properties, improving soil quality and, in some cases, can be directly involved in providing beneficial effects to plants. All these obtained effects finally lead to an increase in crop protection and sustainability. One most expected effect caused by the application of organic amendments, is the suppression of a wide range of soilborne pathogens (mainly bacterial and fungal pathogens) due to the induction of physicochemical and biological changes in soils. In order to get insight into the nature of the induced soil suppression of soilborne plant pathogens, the analysis of the physical, chemical and the microbial changes, pointed to the key role of beneficial activities produced by soil microorganisms finally adapted to the environmental changes produced by the influence of organic amendments. As shown in the case studies reported here, participation of soil microbes specifically selected after organic amendment is crucial in the control of fungal soilborne diseases. Moreover, the development of “omics” approaches allowed these recent studies to go one step further, revealing the main actors involved in the induced soil suppressiveness and their activities. Thus “omics” techniques will help to understand the soil and its microbiome as a whole system, and to assign the important roles of its biological components.     

Plastic pollution in croplands threatens long‐term food security

Plastic pollution is a global concern given its prevalence in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Studies have been conducted on the distribution and impact of plastic pollution in marine ecosystems, but little is known on terrestrial ecosystems. Plastic mulch has been widely used to increase crop yields worldwide, yet the impact of plastic residues in cropland soils to soil health and crop production in the long term remained unclear. In this paper, using a global meta‐analysis, we found that the use of plastic mulch can indeed increase crop yields on average by 25%–42% in the immediate season due to the increase of soil temperature (+8%) and moisture (+17%). However, the unabated accumulation of film residues in the field negatively impacts its physicochemical properties linked to healthy soil and threatens food production in the long term. It has multiple negative impacts on plant growth including crop yield (at the mean rate of ?3% for every additional 100 kg/ha of film residue), plant height (?2%) and root weight (?5%), and soil properties including soil water evaporation capacity (?2%), soil water infiltration rate (?8%), soil organic matter (?0.8%) and soil available phosphorus (?5%) based on meta‐regression. Using a nationwide field survey of China, the largest user of plastic mulch worldwide, we found that plastic residue accumulation in cropland soils has reached 550,800 tonnes, with an estimated 6%–10% reduction in cotton yield in some polluted sites based on current level of plastic residue content. Immediate actions should be taken to ensure the recovery of plastic film mulch and limit further increase in film residue loading to maintain the sustainability of these croplands.     

基于DSSAT模型的吉林省黑土作物-土壤氮循环和土壤有机碳平衡

应用DSSAT模型中的CERES-Maize作物模型和Century土壤模型,分析了作物管理参数、施肥量、土壤初始氮含量和作物桔杆还田对吉林省黑土地区玉米生长、氮循环以及有机碳氮生态平衡的影响.结果表明:在玉米目标产量为12000～15000kg.hm-2条件下,最佳施氮肥量为200～240kgN.hm-2.在该氮肥用量下,玉米地上氮吸收量为250～290kgN.hm-2,其中,120～140kgN.hm-2来自土壤,130～150kgN.hm-2来自肥料;提高氮肥用量(250～420kgN.hm-2)将导致土壤残留氮明显增加(63～183kgN.hm-2);延迟追肥时间同样导致土壤残留氮增加;当玉米秸杆还田量超过6000kg.hm-2时,模拟的土壤活性有机碳、氮可以维持当年的供需平衡.建议在吉林省中部地区黑土玉米带,化肥施氮量控制在200～240kgN.hm-2,适时追肥,秸杆还田量在6000kg.hm-2以上,以确保高产和维持土壤养分生态平衡.     

有机类肥料对土壤养分含量的影响

绿色、可持续是我国发展现代农业的必然要求,肥料投入是关键之一。基于有机肥培肥土壤、生态友好的优势,发展和推广有机肥已经成为我国农业生产的一项基本国策。我国有机肥来源广泛、种类繁多,农业生产条件千差万别。本文分析了我国有机肥产品种类及标准现状、理化性质差异、碳氮矿化特性差异及影响因素,评述了施用有机肥对提高耕地基础地力的作用。因来源、制作工艺不同,不同有机肥的有机碳组分含量、全氮和活性氮含量、碳氮比等基本性质差异明显,这四者是影响有机肥碳氮矿化率、碳氮矿化量、碱解氮释放量等碳氮供应特性的主要内在因素;加之土壤环境等外界因素的影响,不同有机肥表现出不同的养分供应特性。总体上,有机肥一方面对提高土壤有机质含量,尤其是活性有机质含量和碳库管理指数效果明显,另一方面可增加土壤氮磷钾养分容量,减少作物生长消耗带来的土壤养分亏损,促进土壤质量良性发展。今后,应加强有机肥在耕地培肥中的应用,并加强有机肥肥效理论的基础研究和安全高效有机肥新产品的开发,促进有机肥资源的高效循环利用,使其成为重要的农业资源。     

Influence of different organic waste materials on the transformation of nitrogen in soils

Organic waste materials like crop residues, well-decomposed cow dung, composts, and other rural and urban wastes are considered highly useful resources in enhancing soil fertility and also in build-up of soil organic matter. Organic matter decomposition provides plant nutrients in soil, which in turn increases crop productivity. Availability of nutrients and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus from organic waste materials is dependent upon the nature of organic residues, climatic conditions, and soil moisture activity. Keeping these factors in view, the present investigation was undertaken to study the transformation of N from different organic waste materials in two contrasting soils from an eastern India, subtropical region. The results showed that the amounts of ammoniacal-N (NH4-N), nitrate-N (NO3-N), hydrolysable N (HL-N), and nonhydrolysable (NHL-N) were increased for up to 60 days of soil submergence and increased further with the increase (1% by weight of soil) of organic residue application. Considering the effect of various organic waste materials, it was found that the amounts of NH4-N, NO3-N, HL-N, and NHL-N were higher with the application of groundnut hull as compared to wheat straw and potato skin, which may be due to relatively narrow carbon:N ratio of groundnut (22:43) than that of wheat straw (62:84) and potato skin (71:32); however, the results showed that the release of NH4-N, NO3-N, HL-N, and NHL-N was in the order of groundnut hull > wheat straw > potato skin.     

Synchronizing N release from organic residues: opportunities for integrated management of N

In intensive cropping systems, mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers represent the largest component of the N cycle because the indigenous N supply is not adequate. The requirement for mineral fertilizer may be reduced with the use of organic nutrient sources. A more realistic use of organic matter, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa due to limited amounts and availability, is the combined use of organic nutrient sources and mineral fertilizers. The beneficial effects of integrated use of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures on improved nutrient recoveries, soil moisture retention, cation exchange capacity, and erosion control have been reported. However, there are as many reports indicating negligible benefits or even disadvantages of combining nutrient sources on crop production. This is not surprising given the combination of organic residue sources, soils, climatic, crops, and management factors that influence nutrient dynamics. The most widely accepted function of organic materials is improving the nutrient availability to crops by supplying N. The key to both improving efficiency of N use and reducing N losses is synchronization of N supply from soil, biological N2 fixation, organic residues, and inorganic fertilizers with the crop N demand. Organic materials are not magic; N losses also result from their use. Controlling N release from organic sources depends on their nutrient content and quality, soil properties, and the environmental and management factors. This paper will synthesize the information generated from integrated nutrient management trials in sub-Saharan Africa and the Philippines. Management strategies based on an organic resources database and a dynamic soil-crop simulation model are used to identify organic sources as N fertilizers or soil amendments. The decision support tools are also used to attain optimum synchrony between release from organic sources and soils with crop N demand.     

Organic/inorganic nanohybrids as multifunctional gene delivery systems

In this review, we summarize the rational design and versatile application of organic/inorganic hybrid gene carriers as multifunctional delivery systems. Organic/inorganic nanohybrids with both organic and inorganic components in one nanoparticle have attracted intense attention because of their favorable properties. Particularly, nanohybrids comprising cationic polymers and inorganic nanoparticles are considered to be promising candidates as multifunctional gene delivery systems. In this review, we begin with an introduction of gene delivery and gene carriers to demonstrate the incentive for fabricating nanohybrids as multifunctional carriers. Next, the construction strategies and morphology effects of organic/inorganic hybrid gene carriers are summarized and discussed. Both sections provide valuable information for the design and synthesis of hybrid gene carriers with superior properties. Finally, an overview is provided of the application of nanohybrids as multifunctional gene carriers. Diverse therapies and versatile imaging‐guided therapies have been achieved via the rational design of nanohybrids. In addition to a simple combination of the functions of organic and inorganic components, the performances arising from the synergistic effects of both components are considered to be more intriguing. In summary, this review might offer guidance for the understanding of organic/inorganic nanohybrids as multifunctional gene delivery systems.     

中国作物秸秆资源评估研究现状

文中分析了中国的农作物秸秆资源量,对实现秸秆资源化具有重要意义。首先明确了秸秆的概念,即收获作物主产品之后所有大田剩余的副产物及主产品初加工过程产生的副产物,根据不同产出环节将秸秆分为田间秸秆和加工副产物。其次,阐述了秸秆评估的计算方法,给出了各种作物秸秆计算方法。第三,总结了近10年发表文献和作者近期研究对1991年以来中国秸秆资源量评估结果,对1991-1999年中国作物田间秸秆资源量评估的值多数为6.0～6.8亿t,对加工副产物资源量未见报道;对2000-2007年田间秸秆产量的评估的值多数为5.9～7.3亿t,作物加工副产物量为0.9～1.1亿t。第四,分析了对中国秸秆资源量评估值差异的原因等问题,包括以往研究作物秸秆的概念不明确,草谷比取值差异大而不符合当前作物生产现状,以及对于农作物产量的统计指标和产量构成认识不清楚等。第五,报道了作者以最近5年测定的各省作物收获指数,采用完全统计方法评估了2006-2007年中国作物秸秆量及其在8个地区的分布,结果表明秸秆资源总量为7.4亿t,包括6.5亿t田间秸秆和0.9亿t作物加工副产物。     

长期施肥对紫色土农田土壤动物群落的影响

土壤动物在陆地生态系统物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用,直接或间接的参与土壤有机质的分解与矿化;长期施肥对土壤理化性质产生影响的同时,改变了土壤动物群落组成.为查明紫色土长期施肥对土壤动物群落的影响及其响应关系,于2008年的5、7、9和11月分别对紫色土农田无肥对照(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、常规化肥氮磷钾(NPK)、有机肥(OM)、有机肥与化肥氮磷钾混施(OMNPK)、秸秆还田(RSD)和秸秆还田与化肥氮磷钾混施(RSDNPK)等7种长期施肥定位试验地的土壤动物群落进行调查,采用改良的干漏斗和湿漏斗两种方法,共获得土壤动物9454只,隶属7门17纲24目.分析表明,OM和RSDNPK两种施肥方式下土壤动物群落的多样性显著高于CK、N和NPK等3种施肥方式,说明有机物料的长期投入有利于提高土壤动物群落丰富度和多样性.方差分析表明施肥方式对土壤动物主要类群密度的影响差异性极显著(F=42.412,P=0.0001),对土壤动物群落类群影响存在不均衡性.施肥方式主要影响农田土壤动物类群的种群个体数量、线虫动物门个体数量、大蚓类个体数量、甲螨亚目个体数量、密度-类群指数DG及土壤动物群落类群数等六个指标,初步认为这些主要类群因素能够预测长期施肥引起的土壤肥力变化,可能对指示土壤质量的变化具有一定潜力.     

The effects of agricultural management on the reproductive activity of female rodents in Argentina

The aim of this study was to test if female rodents in border habitats of organic farms have higher reproductive activity than those of conventional farms in south-east Córdoba province, Argentina. The study was conducted in field borders of organic and conventional farms in 2012 and 2013 during the summer months, the time of the year when reproductive activity is more likely. We sampled field borders through a CMR trapping session and recorded vegetation cover, plant litter, vegetation volume, bare ground cover and land use of the field on both sides of the border (crop/crop or crop/pasture). We recorded the number of reproductive females and the rate of postpartum estrus. Green vegetation cover was higher in organic borders whereas plant litter was higher in borders of conventional farms. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) to determine the factors that influence the number of reproductive females in borders of organic and conventional farms. The number of reproductive females was mainly determined by agriculture management and field type. There were more reproductive females in organic than in conventional borders, and borders associated with crop fields at both sides supported the highest number of reproductive females. The rate of postpartum estrus was higher in organic than in conventional borders. Our results showed that in border habitats of farms under organic management reproductive activity of female rodents was higher than in borders of conventional farms. Organic farm borders may provide high quality habitats that provide resources for reproduction and persistence of rodent populations.