大鼠局灶性脑缺血后KCl诱导皮层扩散性抑制的体光学成像

采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞(middlecerebralarteryocclusion,MCAO)模型,在额叶皮层用KCl诱导产生皮层扩散性抑制(corticalspreadingdepression,CSD)。MCAO4h后,利用550nm内源信号光学成像(opticalintrin-sicsignalimaging,OISI)监测局灶性脑缺血后大鼠顶-枕叶皮层内源光信号变化。成像1h内观测到一系列诱导CSD波(14±3次),CSD波局限于顶-枕叶皮层中央区域扩展,以光强的显著下降为特征;而旁侧区域光强无明显改变,不具备CSD波特征,表明CSD波未传播到该区域。随后TTC染色证明上述旁侧区域已经梗死。实验表明:MCAO后4h,皮层区域旁侧部分会梗死;CSD波的OIS变化可用来区分缺血梗死区和外周供血较为完整区域(未梗死区)。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血后KCl诱导皮层扩散性抑制的体光学成像

采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型,在额叶皮层用KCl诱导产生皮层扩散性抑制(cortical spreadingdepression,CSD).MCA04 h后,利用550 nm内源信号光学成像(optical intrinsic signalimaging,OISI)监测局灶性脑缺血后大鼠顶-枕叶皮层内源光信号变化.成像1 h内观测到一系列诱导CSD波(14±3次),CSD波局限于顶-枕叶皮层中央区域扩展,以光强的显著下降为特征;而旁侧区域光强无明显改变,不具备CSD波特征,表明CSD波未传播到该区域.随后TIC染色证明上述旁侧区域已经梗死.实验表明:MCAO后4h,皮层区域旁侧部分会梗死;CSD波的0IS变化可用来区分缺血梗死区和外周供血较为完整区域(未梗死区).     

大鼠皮层扩散性抑制过程的在体内源光信号成像

皮层扩散性抑制(cortical spreading depression,CSD)是研究偏头痛、脑梗塞等疾病的一种重要病理模型.而CSD过程中伴随发生的皮层血液动力学变化目前尚不完全清楚.利用高分辨的内源光信号成像技术,在体观测了大鼠CSD产生和发展过程中540 nm及660 nm波长皮层反射内源光信号变化的时空动力学特征,分析讨论了引起这一内源光信号变化可能的内在生理机制.实验结果显示,CSD诱发的内源光信号变化呈现多时相的特点,其传播由刺激中心以同心圆的样式向周围扩散,速度约为(3.7±0.4) mm/min.对于540 nm,CSD引起了皮层反射光强的降低［幅度(－2.1±1.2)%, 持续时程(16.2±3.8)s］,升高 ［幅度(2.9±1.6)%, 持续时程(13.8±2.2)s］,再降低 ［幅度(－14.2±4.5)%, 持续时程(40.6±8.4)s］和再升高持续时程［(146.2±40.3)s］,同时观测到软脑膜动脉的大幅度舒张,血管管径变化峰值增大了(69.2±26.1)%.而对于660 nm, 内源光信号变化的时间特性在皮质区主要表现为反射光强的增大［幅度(3.8±0.6)%, 持续时程(17.9±5.1)s］,减小［幅度(－3.0±1.7)%, 持续时程(43.3±6.4)s］和稍后持续缓慢的光强增加.     

牛磺酸对脑创伤大鼠脑超微结构及P2X7受体表达的影响

目的:探讨牛磺酸对脑创伤大鼠脑超微结构及P2X7受体蛋白表达的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分成4组(n=10):假手术组、脑创伤组、脑创伤+低剂量牛磺酸组和脑创伤+高剂量牛磺酸组。采用Marmarou’s方法建立脑创伤模型,免疫组织化学法观察顶叶皮层、海马P2X7受体蛋白表达,透射电镜观察顶叶皮层超微结构。结果:与假手术组相比,脑创伤组顶叶皮层、海马P2X7阳性表达细胞显著增多(P<0.01);与脑创伤组相比,脑创伤+低、高剂量牛磺酸组顶叶皮层、海马P2X7阳性表达细胞显著减少(P<0.01或P<0.05),与脑创伤+低剂量牛磺酸组相比,脑创伤+高剂量牛磺酸组顶叶皮层、海马P2X7阳性表达细胞显著减少(P<0.05或P<0.01)。脑创伤+高剂量牛磺酸组顶叶皮层病理改变明显减轻。结论:牛磺酸可对脑创伤大鼠发挥脑保护作用,其机制可能与下调P2X7受体蛋白表达有关。     

外源性CO对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞迁移的影响

目的 :探讨外源性CO对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞迁移的影响。方法 :体外培养大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞 ,用外源性CO处理 2 4h、48h、72h ,检测平滑肌细胞迁移情况。结果 :2 4h、48h、和 72h后未处理的对照组大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞迁移距离分别为 ( 332 16± 49 94)nm、( 44 2 83± 5 9 15 )nm和 ( 5 94.92± 6 2 .5 3)nm、后二者与 2 4h组比有显著差异 (P <0 .0 0 1)。 2 0、5 0、80 ppmCO处理细胞 2 4h后 ,细胞迁移距离分别为 ( 2 96 13± 5 5 32 )nm、( 2 47.87±5 8.2 3)nm和 ( 2 2 8 5 7± 72 6 8)nm ,除 2 0ppmCO组与对照组无显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,其余两组均显著低于对照组(P <0 .0 1)。 2 0、5 0、80 ppmCO处理细胞 48h、72h后 ,其迁移距离也显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。 结论 :大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞自身存在迁移情况 ,培养时间愈长 ,迁移距离愈大 ;外源性CO可以显著抑制平滑肌细胞的迁移 ,随着浓度增加 ,抑制作用增强     

慢性捆绑紧张致大鼠记忆受损及海马神经元NOS和Tau5的变化——组织化学与免疫组织化学研究

目的　探讨慢性捆绑紧张对大鼠学习与记忆的影响及其可能的神经生物学机制。方法　选雄性 SD大鼠 18只 ,其中 10只为实验组 ,8只为对照组。对实验组采用捆绑器每天捆绑 6 h,2 1天后用 Y迷宫对两组大鼠进行行为检测 ,并用酶组织化学和免疫组织化学方法观察海马内一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)阳性神经元及 Tau蛋白 (Tau5 )免疫反应的变化。结果　 1实验组大鼠学会躲避电击的次数为 35 .7± 7.5次 ,对照组为 2 5 .2± 2 .8次 ,P<0 .0 1;2海马右侧 CA1 区 NOS阳性神经元数目 ,对照组 2 7.2± 4.8个 ,实验组 38.9± 6 .4个 ,P<0 .0 5 ;NOS阳性神经元胞质平均灰度 ,对照组 170 .7± 11.8,实验组 16 2 .5± 12 .6 ,P<0 .0 5 ;3海马右侧 CA3 区 Tau5免疫阳性产物的平均灰度 ,对照组 16 1.7± 12 .8,实验组 145 .8± 13.8,P<0 .0 5。结论　一氧化氮产生过多而导致的神经毒性作用可能是慢性捆绑紧张导致动物学习与记忆功能受损的部分神经生物学机制 ,而海马 CA3 区神经元内所有的 Tau蛋白 (磷酸化及非磷酸化的 Tau)的总量增多说明 Tau蛋白的变化可能在此过程中起一定的作用。     

光质与补光对水稻幼苗生长及光合速率的影响

测定水稻成龄离体叶片在波长380～800nm下的透射率,推算其吸收光谱;在培养室内,观测水稻幼苗在蓝(475±5nm)、黄(585±5nm)、红(660±5nm)色的半导体(LED)和普通日光灯下的生长状况,每天照光12h;同时,在大棚中将刚萌发的水稻幼苗白天自然日照,每晚(18:00～24:00)人工补蓝、红、黄、白光各0、2、4、6h,定期观测其生长情况,在补光50d后测成龄叶片的光合曲线。结果发现:水稻叶片在波长400～500nm之间及680nm附近有较强吸收;在不同光质下进行培养,单波蓝光对水稻幼苗的生长最好;补光对水稻幼苗生长均有促进作用,其中补白光4h效果最明显,其次是补黄光2h;补蓝光2、4h和补白光4h提高植株的光合能力。     

刺激脑内渗透压感受器对大鼠肾小管重吸收钠,氯,钾的影响

实验在麻醉大鼠上进行。用肾小管微穿刺技术观察到,脑室内注射高张盐水(icv.HS)后:(1)近曲小管末段钠残留分数从53.0±2.1％升高至66.0±2.9％(P<0.01);氯残留分数从65.4±3.4％升高至78.2±3.9％(P<0.05);钾残留分数和小管液渗透克分子浓度无显著变化。(2)远曲小管起始段钠残留分数从8.2±0.9％升高至13.6±1.8％(P<0.05);氯残留分数从5.4±0.8％升高至9.5±1.4％(P<0.05);小管液渗透克分子浓度从139.8±6.9mOsm/kg H_2O升高至181.3±15.6mOsm/kgH_2O(P<0.05);钾残留分数无显著变化。静脉注射速尿能消除icv.HS引起的尿钾增多反应,但不能消除icv.HS引起的利尿和尿钠增多反应。上述结果表明,刺激脑内渗透压感受器能抑制近曲小管中钠和氯的重吸收,并促进远曲小管及其以后部位的钠钾交换,导致尿钠排出增多和尿钾排出增多。     

犬胃内pH值和胆红素的持续监测

目的研究犬胃内pH值和胆汁反流的特点.方法应用便携式pH监测仪和便携式光纤分光光度仪(Bilitec 2000),持续监测禁食状态下5只犬胃内的pH值和胆红素吸光值(abs),每只犬同条件下监测2次,共进行10次监测.结果 pH值的波动范围1.2～7.8, 平均5.4±0.5,pH>4的时间百分比为(91.2±7.3)%.10次监测中仅1次胆汁反流阳性,其他9次abs的波动范围为0～0.20,平均0.08±0.02.结论犬胃内pH水平较人高.首次将Bilitec用于犬胃内胆红素的检测,发现胆汁反流发生率较低,建议以abs>0.20为犬胃内胆汁反流的诊断标准.     

一氧化氮供体对过氧化氢引起的心肌细胞损伤的保护作用

关于一氧化氮(NO)对心肌细胞是否具有保护作用目前尚存在争议,为探讨NO对过氧化氢(H2O2)引起的心肌细胞损伤是否具有保护作用及其可能的机制,实验将体外培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞分为3组(1)阴性对照组(Normal组);(2)H2O2组H2O2(0.1mmol/L)与心肌细胞共育4h;(3)S-亚硝基-N-乙酰青霉胺(SNAP)+H2O2组NO供体SNAP(0.5mmol/L)处理心肌细胞10min后,加入H2O2与心肌细胞共育4 h.用流式细胞术检测心肌细胞凋亡率,心肌细胞损伤程度以心肌细胞存活率和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活性来表示,同时检测心肌细胞超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量.通过激光共聚焦显微术检测在不同处理条件下心肌细胞胞内钙的变化.结果表明,正常心肌细胞LDH活性和细胞存活率分别为631.4±75.6 U/L和93.1±6.2%,细胞凋亡率为0;H2O2处理细胞后可使细胞LDH活性显著增高(1580.5±186.7 U/L,P＜0.01),细胞存活率明显下降(58.3±7.6%,P＜0.01),流式细胞仪检测到大量心肌细胞凋亡,凋亡率为26.4±5.7%;SOD活性较正常细胞19.67±0.85 NU/ml显著下降,为14.73±1.68 NU/m(P＜0.01),MDA含量较正常细胞6.95±0.83μmol/L显著增高,为15.35±3.49μmol/L(P＜0.01).SNAP预处理细胞可显著提高心肌细胞存活率(79.7±9.3%,P＜0.01),降低LDH活性和细胞凋亡率(分别为957.8±110.9 U/L和9.1±3.3%,P＜0.01);并提高细胞抗氧化能力,表现为较H2O2处理组的SOD活性增高(21.36±3.11 NU/ml,P＜0.01),MDA含量下降(9.12±1.47 μmol/L,P＜0.01).激光共聚焦显微镜检测结果表明,H2O2可升高细胞内钙,而SNAP则可降低细胞内钙,SNAP预处理细胞后可取消H2O2升高细胞内钙的作用.上述结果提示,NO供体SNAP可对抗H2O2对心肌细胞的损伤,其机制与提高心肌细胞抗氧化损伤能力和对抗H2O2引起的细胞内钙超载有关.     

Induction of oxidative DNA damage in the peri-infarct region after permanent focal cerebral ischemia

To address the role of oxidative DNA damage in focal cerebral ischemia lacking reperfusion, we investigated DNA base and strand damage in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Contents of 8-hydroxyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and apurinic/apyrimidinic abasic sites (AP sites), hallmarks of oxidative DNA damage, were quantitatively measured in nuclear DNA extracts from brains obtained 4-72 h after MCAO. DNA single- and double-strand breaks were detected on coronal brain sections using in situ DNA polymerase I-mediated biotin-dATP nick-translation (PANT) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL), respectively. Levels of 8-OHdG and AP sites were markedly elevated 16-72 h following MCAO in the frontal cortex, representing the peri-infarct region, but levels did not significantly change within the ischemic core regions of the caudateputamen and parietal cortex. PANT- and TUNEL-positive cells began to be detectable 4-8 h following MCAO in the caudate-putamen and parietal cortex and reached maximal levels at 72 h. PANT- and TUNEL-positive cells were also detected 16-72 h after MCAO in the lateral frontal cortex within the infarct border, where many cells also showed colocalization of DNA single-strand breaks and DNA fragmentation. In contrast, levels of PANT-positive cells alone were transiently increased (16 h after MCAO) in the medial frontal cortex, an area distant from the infarct zone. These data suggest that within peri-infarct brain regions, oxidative injury to nuclear DNA in the form of base and strand damage may be a significant and contributory cause of secondary expansion of brain damage following permanent focal ischemia.     

Anti-ischemic Effect of Curcumin in Rat Brain

Turmeric has been in use since ancient times as a condiment and due to its medicinal properties. Curcumin, the yellow colouring principle in turmeric, is polyphenolic and major active constituent. Besides anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and anticarcinogenic activities, curcumin also possesses strong antioxidant property. In view of the novel combination of properties, neuroprotective efficacy of curcumin was studied in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Rats were subjected to 2 h of focal ischemia followed by 72 h of reperfusion. They were pre-treated with curcumin (100 mg/kg, po) for 5 days prior to MCAO and for another 3 days after MCAO. The parameters studied were behavioural, biochemical and histological. Treatment with curcumin could significantly improve neurobehavioral performance compared to untreated ischemic rats as judged by its effect on rota-rod performance and grid walking. A significant inhibition in lipid peroxidation and an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in corpus striatum and cerebral cortex was observed following treatment with curcumin in MCAO rats as compared to MCAO group. Intracellular calcium levels were decreased following treatment with curcumin in MCAO rats. Histologically, a reduction in the infarct area from 33% to 24% was observed in MCAO rats treated with curcumin. The study demonstrates the protective efficacy of curcumin in rat MCAO model.     

大鼠局灶性脑皮质缺血/再灌注对脑神经元损伤作用及瘦素受体表达的改变

目的:研究脑缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤后瘦素受体(OB-R)表达的变化情况.方法:雄性成年Wistar大鼠20只,随机分成4组:假手术24 h、72 h对照组及I/R 24 h、72 h实验组.线栓法制备大鼠局灶性脑皮质I/R损伤模型,在脑I/R后相应时间点分别处死大鼠,采用免疫组织化学、免疫电镜方法观察大脑皮质OB-R的表达,在光镜及电镜下观察神经元损伤改变.结果:左顶叶皮质锥体细胞、血管内皮、脉络丛发现有OB-R阳性表达;与假手术对照组相比,I/R 24 h(I/R早期)锥体细胞OB-R免疫反应阳性细胞表达减少(P＜0.05),I/R 72 h(I/R晚期)锥体细胞OB-R免疫反应阳性细胞减少更明显(P＜0.001);光镜及电镜对缺血中心区神经元的观察均显示I/R晚期的神经元损伤明显重于早期.结论:脑I/R损伤后早期神经元损害和迟发性神经元损害均伴随有OB-R的表达减少,且迟发性神经元损害表达减少更明显,因此在脑梗塞的防治中有必要对瘦素及其OB-R的作用进一步研究.     

Cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterase inhibition does not alter cerebral oxygen consumption

The effect of zaprinast, a cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibitor, on the level of cyclic GMP and cerebral O₂ consumption was determined. Anesthetized male Long-Evans rats were divided into a control group (n=15) and a zaprinast treated group (n=15). Vehicle was applied topically to the left cortex and 3·10⁻³ M zaprinast was applied to the right cortex. A saline treated control group was also studied. Regional cerebral blood flow was determined by [¹⁴C]-iodoantipyrine and regional O₂ extraction was determined by microspectrophotometry. The level of cyclic GMP was measured by radioimmunoassay. There were no hemodynamic or blood gas differences between groups. The level of cyclic GMP was not significantly different between the right and left cerebral cortex of the control group (17.0±4.3 and 17.7±4.6 pmol/g). In the zaprinast treated group, there was a significant (46%) increase in the level of cyclic GMP in the zaprinast treated cortex (20.5±8.1) in comparison to the vehicle treated cortex (14.0±5.7). Zaprinast did not significantly alter cerebral blood flow. There were no significant differences in regional O₂ extraction. The O₂ consumption of the zaprinast treated cortex (8.0±3.3 ml O₂·min⁻¹·100 g⁻¹) was not different from that of the vehicle treated cortex (7.0±2.9) or those of the control group. Thus, our data indicated that the increased level of cyclic GMP had no significant effect on cerebral oxygen consumption.     

正常与脑缺血大鼠的脑皮质蛋白质差异分析鉴定

Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组和模型组,采用改进的线栓法制备模型,在规定的时间点快速断头取脑,分离脑皮质组织,提取蛋白质后双向电泳展示,以ImageMaster 2D Elite v301软件对2_DE图谱进行差异表达分析,目标蛋白点用基质辅助激光解析电离质谱测定肽质量指纹图进行鉴定。线粒体应激70蛋白前体、血小板活化因子乙酰基水解酶Ibβ亚单位、ADP核糖基化因子蛋白3、电压依赖性阴离子选择通道蛋白1、泛素C末端水解酶同工酶L1、突触结合蛋白等11个蛋白在模型6h组表达上调,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶omega 1、 谷胱甘肽S-转移酶P、Cu-Zn超氧化物歧化酶、 ATP合酶D链、G蛋白β亚单位1、微管蛋白β链15、苹果酸脱氢酶等15个蛋白在模型6h组表达上调。胆绿素还原酶B、细胞因子A4前体为模型组新出现点,腺苷酸激酶同工酶1在模型组消失,Thiore doxin peroxidase 1在模型组分为2个点。以双向电泳技术得到分辨率较好的电泳图谱,并初步鉴定脑缺血后差异表达蛋白,为深入研究缺血性脑损伤病理机制奠定了基础。     

银杏叶提取物促进脑缺血半暗带神经元自噬提高神经保护作用

银杏叶提取物(ginkgo biloba extract-761,EGb-761)注射液在中国常作为辅助药物被用于治疗脑卒中,但是,其潜在的细胞和药理机制尚未完全了解.该研究旨在探讨EGb-761是否通过调节缺血性脑卒中半暗带神经元的自噬从而发挥保护作用.采用雄性SD大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral ...     

Transient focal cerebral ischemia down-regulates glutamate transporters GLT-1 and EAAC1 expression in rat brain

Transient focal cerebral ischemia leads to extensive excitotoxic neuronal damage in rat cerebral cortex. Efficient reuptake of the released glutamate is essential for preventing glutamate receptor over-stimulation and neuronal death. Present study evaluated the expression of the glial (GLT-1 and GLAST) and neuronal (EAAC1) subtypes of glutamate transporters after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Between 24h to 72h of reperfusion after transient MCAO, GLT-1 and EAAC1 protein levels decreased significantly (by 36% to 56%, p < 0.05) in the ipsilateral cortex compared with the contralateral cortex or sham control. GLT-1 and EAAC1 mRNA expression also decreased in the ipsilateral cortex of ischemic rats at both 24h and 72h of reperfusion, compared with the contralateral cortex or sham control. Glutamate transporter down-regulation may disrupt the normal clearance of the synaptically-released glutamate and may contribute to the ischemic neuronal death.     

Thyroid Hormones affect the Level and Activity of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rat Cerebral Cortex during Postnatal Development

The effects of thyroid hormones (TH) on the enzyme level and activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were studied in the rat cerebral cortex during postnatal life. As revealed by arginine/citrulline conversion assay and Western blot analysis of the homogenate of the parietal cortex T4 significantly increased nNOS activity and nNOS protein level to 153 ± 25% and to 178 ± 20%, respectively. In contrast, 6-n-propyl-2-thyouracil (PTU) decreased nNOS activity and nNOS level to 45 ± 10% and to 19 ± 4%, respectively. The number of nNOS-immunoreactive neurons did not change after either T4 or PTU treatment, however, following T4 administration the percentage of intensively immunoreactive neurons increased to 85 ± 3% compared to control (65 ± 6%), whereas it decreased to 49 ± 2% after PTU treatment. Our findings indicate that abnormal TH levels differentially regulate the activity and the level of nNOS and suggest a cross-talk between the TH and NO signaling pathway in the developing cerebral cortex of rats.