Mass cultivation of seaweeds: current aspects and approaches

A word-wide overview is presented of the current state of mass cultivation of seaweeds. In comparison with a total annual commercial production of fish, crustaceans and molluscs of about 120 × 10⁶t, of which one-third is produced by aquaculture, the production of seaweeds is about 10 × 10⁶t wet weight; the majoirty of this comes from culture-based systems. The Top Ten Species List is headed by the kelp Laminaria japonica with 4.2 × 10⁶t fresh weight cultivated mainly in China. The productivity of a well-developed, multi-layered, perennial seaweed vegetation is as high as dense terrestrial vegetation, and even higher annual values for productivity have been reported for tank cultures of macroalgae. Epiphytes provide a major problem for the seaweed cultivator, but can be controlled by growing plants at high densities in rope cultures in the sea, or, more easily, in seaweed tank cultures on land. The main environmental problem of animal (fed) aquaculture is the discharge of nutrient loads into coastal waters, e.g., 35 kg N and 7 kg P t^–1 aquacultured fish. Integration of fish and seaweed farming may help to solve this problem, since seaweeds can remove up to 90% of the nutrient discharge from an intensive fish farm. Mass culture of commercially valuable seaweed species is likely to play an increasingly important role as a nutrient-removal system to alleviate eutrophication problems due to fed aquaculture.     

微生物微培养系统研究现状与展望

微生物培养是微生物学的起源和根本,成功的微生物培养是进行后续研究的重要前提与基础。但是,微生物培养操作不仅耗费了科研人员大量的精力和时间,还存在着极大的人为误差。近年来,容量小、高通量、模块化、可操作性良好并可进行在线检测的微生物微培养系统得到了微生物学领域的广泛关注。文中介绍了应用于微生物学领域的微培养系统,并按系统构成分类讨论了微生物微培养系统的发展、应用和展望。     

食用菌栽培学实验课教学改革与实践

从实验教学内容的编排、学生能力的培养、实验成绩的考评等方面对食用菌栽培学实验课的教学进行了探讨,并对食用菌栽培学教改论文进行了评述。     

Investigation and evaluation of a 3D-printed optical modified cultivation vessel for improved scattered light measurement of biotechnologically relevant organisms

In the field of bioprocess development miniaturization, parallelization and flexibility play a key role reducing costs and time. To precisely meet these requirements, additive manufacturing (3D-printing) is an ideal technology. 3D-printing enables rapid prototyping and cost-effective fabrication of individually designed devices with complex geometries on demand. For successful bioprocess development, monitoring of process-relevant parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and biomass, is crucial. Online monitoring is preferred as offline sampling is time-consuming and leads to loss of information. In this study, 3D-printed cultivation vessels with optical prisms are evaluated for the use in upstream processes of different industrially relevant microorganisms and cell lines. It was shown, that the 3D-printed optically modified well (OMW) is of benefit for a wide range of biotechnologically relevant microorganisms and even for mammalian suspension cells. Evaluation tests with Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were performed, providing highly reproducible results. Growth behavior of OMW cultures was comparable to behavior of shake flask (SF) cultivations and the signal to noise ratio in online biomass measurement was shown to be reduced up to 95.8% by using the OMW. Especially the cultivation phases with low turbidity respective optical densities below 1.0 rel.AU could be monitored accurately for the first time. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the 3D-printed optics are transferable to different well geometries and sizes, enabling efficient biomass monitoring for individual requirements with tailor-made 3D-printed cultivation vessels in small scale.     

双碳源单细胞蛋白间歇培养及流加培养的动力学模型

应用非结构的逻辑增殖模型研究了两种酵母的单碳源和双碳源单细胞蛋白间歇培养的动力学,用改进的逻辑增殖模型研究了双碳源流加培养过程的动力学,从实验数据拟合了动力学模型参数,模型计算值与实验数据吻合良好。     

马齿苋的栽培及开发利用

马齿苋Portulaca oleracea是常用的药食兼用植物。本文对其药、食用价值及开发前景作了综述,并对其栽培条件作了初步的研究。     

Effects of conservation tillage on soil organic matter in paddy rice cultivation

In this study, the effect of conservation tillage on soil organic matter (SOM) in paddy rice cultivation after 10 yr was investigated. Four treatments, disk till-fallow (DTF), disk till-wheat (DTW), conservation till-fallow (CTF) and conservation till-wheat (CTW) were used. The results indicated that the combinative application of no-tillage, ridge culture and wheat cultivation was a sound conservation practice in paddy rice cultivation. It not only significantly increased the concentration of SOM in the topsoil, but also affected optical and pyrolysis characteristics of humic acids (HA) through changing the composition and structure of SOM. At 0–10 cm, the greatest SOM content was in CTW, but declined sharply with depth, while in DTF, DTW and CTF the SOM content was not as high at the surface as in CTW, but did not decline as fast as in CTW. The oxidation stabilization of SOM was generally greater in no-tillage and ridge culture than that in disk till. The HA optical density in CTW at wavelength 665 nm and 465 nm was 0.122 and 0.705, while in DTF was 0.062 and 0.321, respectively. E₄/E₆ ratio in CTW was higher than that in the other treatments. The enthalpy capacity of the exothermal peak (360–365°C) for the HA DTA curve in no-tillage and ridge culture was lower than that in disk till, while the HA absorption peaks in 1000–1050 cm^?1 presented the reverse trend. The oxidation stabilization coefficient of HA in no-tillage and ridge culture was higher than that in disk till, indicating that the polycondensation degree and aromatization of HA were stronger. These findings suggest that it may be possible to manipulate paddy soil through conservational tillage and crop practices, and thereby maintain adequate SOM concentrations, and mitigate soil organic carbon loss from soil to atmosphere.     

未培养环境微生物培养方法的研究进展

自然界中微生物种类繁多、功能多样、分布广泛,对人类健康安全、生态稳定和物种进化等发挥不可替代的作用.尽管微生物培养技术至今已有一百多年,然而由于各种限制因素的制约,目前成功分离培养的微生物仅占0.1％-1.0％,自然界中仍有十分丰富的微生物资源有待挖掘和开发利用.如何理解难培养微生物的制约因素并探索作用机制,同时借此开...     

An Assay of Sterigmatocystin and Related Metabolites of Aspergillus versicolor by High Speed Liquid Chromatography

Among several type cultures that assimilated 1-hexadecene, Corynebacterium equi IFO 3730 was found to best accumulate 1, 2-epoxyhexadecane. The purified product exhibited +9.64 (c = 3.71, n-hexane) and was confirmed to have the (R) absolute configuration by correlating to known analogous compounds. The optical purity was determined to be 100% by PMR measurement of 1-methoxy-2-hexadecanol which was derived stereospecifically from the epoxide. The highest yield (41 % based on consumed 1-hexadecene) was achieved when 2.0% of octane and 0.1 % of Tween 80 were added to the medium containing 0.5 % of the olefin. C. equi also assimilated terminal olefins other than 1-hexadecene and produced the corresponding epoxides from substrates which have carbon chains longer than fourteen.     

保护性耕作对稻田土壤有机质的影响

研究使用常规犁耕-休闲(DTF),常规犁耕-小麦(DTW),保护耕作-休闲(CTF),保护耕作-小麦(CTW)4个处理,评价连续实验10a后保护性耕作对稻作区SOM的影响。结果表明:垄作、免耕和小麦种植的结合是稻作区一种较好的保护性耕作实践。它不仅显著增加SOM在土壤表层的聚集,而且它也通过改变SOM的组成和结构显著影响土壤胡敏酸的光谱和热解特性。相比其他处理,垄作免耕(稻麦)在0～10cm土层拥有最多的SOM含量,但随着土层厚度的增加,这一含量下降的也较为迅速。垄作免耕(稻麦)土壤胡敏酸在波长665nm处的光密度为0.122,465nm处为0.705,而常规平作(中稻)在这两个波长处却分别为0.062和0.321。垄作免耕土壤胡敏酸DTA曲线在360～365℃处放热峰的焓变值比常规平作低,1000～1050cm-1吸收峰常规平作也比垄作免耕强。垄作免耕土壤腐殖质的氧化稳定系数增高,表明长期垄作免耕土壤腐殖酸的缩合度增高,芳构化程度增强。通过保护性耕作和作物实践可以管理稻田土壤,维持充分的SOM积累,缓解土壤有机碳的丢失。     

不同栽培模式黄山药新根茎生长量的比较研究

本文研究了3种栽培模式(农业栽培模式、苹果园栽培模式和灌丛林带栽培模式)对黄山药新根茎生长量的影响,分析了3种模式的利弊和规模化发展黄山药的可能性,为多途径规模化发展黄山药提供了理论依据和技术范例。     

Effects of agricultural production systems and their components on protein profiles of potato tubers

A range of studies have compared the level of nutritionally relevant compounds in crops from organic and nonorganic farming systems, but there is very limited information on the effect of farming systems and their key components on the protein composition of plants. We addressed this gap by quantifying the effects of different farming systems and key components of such systems on the protein profiles of potato tubers. Tuber samples were produced in the Nafferton factorial systems study, a group of long-term, replicated factorial field experiments designed to identify and quantify the effect of fertility management methods, crop protection practices and rotational designs used in organic, low input and conventional production systems. Protein profiles were determined by 2-DE and subsequent protein identification by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Principal component analysis of 2-DE data showed that only fertility management practices (organic matter vs. mineral fertiliser based) had a significant effect on protein composition. Quantitative differences were detected in 160 of the 1100 tuber proteins separated by 2-DE. Proteins identified by MS are involved in protein synthesis and turnover, carbon and energy metabolism and defence responses, suggesting that organic fertilisation leads to an increased stress response in potato tubers.     

Yeast cultivation in lettuce brine

The use of lettuce brine, a by-product of the vegetable fermentation industry, as a medium for yeast cultivation was investigated. Six strains of yeast, Saccharomyces sp., Pichia sp., Rhodotorula sp., Candida sp., Kluyveromyces sp. and Trichospora sp. grew well in diluted lettuce brine under aerobic conditions. The acid brine becomes neutral after yeast cultivation. The yeast strains reached the maximum growth after the first day of cultivation. Trichosporon sp. was found to grow best in the brine with the maximum specific growth rate at 0.09 h⁻¹ and growth yield of 67%. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同地区螺旋藻室外大规模养殖的研究

在武汉、汕头和湛江进行的螺旋藻室外大规模生产过程中,对藻种的选择,培养基调控,单位面积产量和产品质量进行了研究。结果表明极大螺旋藻FACHB438表现了较好的适应性和较稳定的生物量生产率;钝顶螺旋藻FACHB439在武汉地区和湛江地区的生物量生产率略低于极大螺旋藻FACHB438.但是在低温季节钝顶螺旋藻HB83在湛江地区仍能表现出一定的适应能力和生物量生产率。分析结果表明三个地区生产的螺旋藻粉产品质量相差不大。在不同地区或季节选用不同的藻种搭配是保持螺旋藻生产的连续性和稳定的生物量生产率的一项重要措施。       

银杉引种栽培的研究

本文报道我国特有珍贵植物——银杉的生长环境、植物学特性及引种栽培的研究结果,为保护、发展和利用这一珍贵植物资源提供科学依据和技术措施。     

栽培措施对龙胆产量及龙胆苦苷类成分含量的影响

为给龙胆药材生产提供栽培技术,在不同时间、以不同密度、分不同种苗等级以及在不同的前茬作物地块上移栽粗糙龙胆,秋季采用五点取样法测定产量,采用HPLC测定龙胆苦苷类成分含量。结果表明秋栽、一级种苗移栽、前茬作物为玉米,密度为125株/m²龙胆产量高,且龙胆苦苷含量都超过10.8%,但密度低龙胆有效成分含量高。秋栽、采用一级种苗移栽、轮作、移栽密度为125株/m²可达到优质高产的目标。     

肺形侧耳‘申秀1号’的选育报告

肺形侧耳Pleurotus pulmonarius‘申秀1号’品种以‘3108’菌株为亲本采用单孢自交育种技术选育,经ISSR鉴定表明与亲本相比具有自身特异性。经多年的示范栽培表明：‘申秀1号’具有产量高（505g/500g干料）、商品性好（一级商品菇比例90%以上）、栽培周期短（冷刺激后4-5d完成采收）、菌丝培养阶段不出菇、冷刺激后出芽整齐、抗逆性强等优良特性,能够满足肺形侧耳温控设施化栽培与常规栽培的高温反季节用种需求。     

唐松草野生变家种的初步研究

简述了贝加尔唐松草的分布、功效、生态习性和生物学特性,初步研究了野生变家种的栽培技术,为开发利用和保护这一野生药用植物资源提供依据。     

从环境中分离培养微生物:培养基营养水平至关重要

根据目前的微生物学知识体系,利用现有的微生物培养技术仅仅能够分离和培养部分微生物,自然环境中绝大多数微生物暂不能培养。本文总结归纳了部分微生物培养技术和培养策略,包括采取生境隔离、延长培养时间以及模拟自然环境条件等方法,尤其是培养基的营养水平对可培养微生物数量及种类产生重要影响。简要总结了寡营养微生物及其生态意义,以及营养物浓度影响微生物生长的机理。提出可根据微生物的生态环境条件及细胞生理特性,设计合理的培养条件和培养方法,以及采用多种分离培养方法联合,以期最终提高环境微生物的可培养性。