模拟氮沉降对石栎和苦槠幼苗土壤呼吸的影响

用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统测定模拟氮沉降4种不同处理水平(0、60、120\,240 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1)下石栎(Lithocarpus glabra)和苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)幼苗的土壤呼吸速率及土壤温度、含水量对其土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,氮沉降对土壤呼吸的影响根据施氮水平和幼苗的种类不同而异。低氮(60 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1)处理下石栎和苦槠的土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为(4.014±0.812)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1和(5.170±0.689)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1,比对照组(0 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1)土壤呼吸速率平均值(3.802±0.948)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1和(3.557±0.906)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1分别高5%和45%;两树种在中、高氮处理下均出现对土壤呼吸明显的抑制。其中石栎中、高氮实验组的土壤呼吸速率分别为(2.653±0.681)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1、(2.592±0.736)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1, 比对照组低27%和29%。苦槠中、高氮实验组的土壤呼吸速率为(3.563±0.402)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1、(3.466±0.994)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1, 比对照组低7%和8%;石栎在高氮(240 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1)处理水平下,其土壤呼吸速率同10cm土壤温度之间呈现显著的指数关系(R²=0.811,P=0.001),而在低、中氮实验均未发现有明显指数关系。苦槠各处理水平下其土壤呼吸与土壤温度之间均未发现有明显的指数关系;在土壤呼吸与5cm土壤含水量的相关性方面,仅有苦槠高氮实验组表现出明显的二次方程关系(R²=0.722),而其低、中氮实验组及石栎各实验组均未有明显的相关性;与单因素(温度、含水量)拟合它们与土壤呼吸速率的方程相比,多元回归分析得到的土壤呼吸速率同土壤温度和含水量之间的拟合方程在P=0.05水平上能更好地解释土壤呼吸的变化情况。石栎和苦槠在氮沉降处理下的土壤呼吸温度系数Q₁₀值分别为2.29、1.95、1.59和1.46、1.41、1.76,同对照组2.64和1.78相比,均有明显降低,且两者Q₁₀值的变化分别呈递减和先减小后增大的趋势,表明氮沉降是影响石栎和苦槠土壤CO₂通量的一个重要因素。     

大鼠脑组织中一氧化氮合酶测定

在含有一氧化氮合酶(NOS)底物左族精氨酸(L-Arg), 辅助因子还原性辅酶Ⅱ(NADPH)、四氢生物蝶呤(BH₄)、黄素单核苷酸(FMN), 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)以及Ca²⁺、钙调蛋白等溶液中加入大鼠脑组织匀浆离心上清液, 组成酶反应体系. 37℃温育80min, 应用N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺、对氨基苯磺酸的重氮、偶氮反应测定酶反应体系中一定时间内NO代谢产物NO^-₂浓度变化, 建立一种简便的NOS活性测定方法. 反应体系最佳pH为7.4, K_m=0.1mmol/L, 体系内NO^-₂生成量与加入样品量之间有良好线性关系(r=0.998). 此方法简单、方便、重复性好, 批内CV为3.69%, 批间CV为5.16%. 10只健康大鼠脑组织中NOS活性为(39.61±7.64)nmol/(min·g).     

Avocado shoot culture, plantlet development and net CO2 assimilation in an ambient and CO2 enhanced environment

Summary The proliferation and survival of avocado nodal cultures of juvenile origin were affected by the form and concentration of nitrogen. Optimum growth was achieved on modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing 67% KNO₃ and 33% NH₄NO₃ with total N of 40 mM supplemented with 100 mg l⁻¹ myo-inositol, 1 mg l⁻¹ thiamine HCl, 30 g l⁻¹ sucrose, and 4.44 μM BA with a 16-h photoperiod (120–150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). Proliferating shoots and plantlets were photosynthetically active. Better shoot growth and accumulation of higher biomass occurred in a CO₂-enriched environment than under ambient CO₂ conditions. CO₂ assimilation efficiency, however, was higher under the latter conditions than in a CO₂-enhanced environment, e.g., 31±7 and 17±2 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. The net CO₂ assimilation rates of in vitro grown plantlets were comparable to those of seedlings ex vitro.     

Leaf Photosynthesis of the Mangrove Avicennia Germinans as Affected by NaCl

In leaves of the mangrove species Avicennia germinans (L.) L. grown in salinities from 0 to 40 ‰, fluorescence, gas exchange, and δ¹³C analyses were done. Predawn values of F_v/F_m were about 0.75 in all the treatments suggesting that leaves did not suffer chronic photoinhibition. Conversely, midday F_v/F_m values decreased to about 0.55-0.60 which indicated strong down-regulation of photosynthesis in all treatments. Maximum photosynthetic rate (P _max) was 14.58 ± 0.22 μmol m^-2 s^-1 at 0 ‰ it decreased by 21 and 37 % in plants at salinities of 10 and 40 ‰, respectively. Stomatal conductance (g _s) was profoundly responsive in comparison to P _max which resulted in a high water use efficiency. This was further confirmed by δ¹³C values, which increased with salinity. From day 3, after salt was removed from the soil solution, P _max and g _s increased up to 13 and 30 %, respectively. However, the values were still considerably lower than those measured in plants grown without salt addition. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌尿素传感器的研究

基于腺酶催化尿素分解产生氨,以氨气敏电极为基础电极,用含脲酶丰富的谷氨酸棒状杆菌研制成测定尿素的微生物传感器.在30℃、pH8.0、0.1mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液中,该传感器的线性范围为1.1×10^-4～1.4×10^-2mol/L,斜率为51.2mV/decade,检测下限为1.0×10^-5mol/L,寿命可达45d.考察了传感器响应初速和底物浓度之间的关系,测定了微生物膜中脲酶的表观米氏常数K_m及最大响应初速v_m.     

极端嗜热菌Thermus thermophilus HB8中天冬氨酸转氨酶在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化及酶学性质研究

为获得具有热稳定性的天冬氨酸转氨酶,从极端嗜热细菌Thermus thermophilus HB8中克隆得到天冬氨酸转氨酶基因aspC,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)和Rosetta(DE3)中进行表达,发现在Rosetta(DE3)中具有较高的表达量。重组酶的最适反应pH是7.0,37 ℃下在pH8～10的缓冲液中保温1 h酶活几乎不改变。重组酶反应的最适温度为75 ℃,酶活稳定的温度范围为25～55℃。重组酶在65℃时半衰期为3.5h,75℃时为2.5h。重组酶的K_m^KG为7.559mmol/L,V_max^KG为0.086mmol/(L·min),K_m^Asp为2.031mmol/L,V_max^Asp为0.024mmol/(L·min)。Ca²⁺、Fe³⁺、Mn²⁺等金属离子对酶活性有微弱抑制作用。     

The Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll a Fluorescence in Seedlings of Kandelia Candel (L.) Druce Grown under Different Nitrogen and NaCl Controls

Kandelia candel (L.) Druce is the dominant mangrove species on the west coast of northern Taiwan. We have measured the net photosynthetic rate (P _N) and chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence of seedlings grown at combinations of two nitrogen (0.01 and 0.1 mM) and two NaCl (250 and 430 mM NaCl) controls. With the same nitrogen level, seedlings grown at higher salinity (HS) had a significantly lower P _N and stomatal conductance (g _s) than those at lower salinity (LS). An increase in nitrogen availability significantly elevated P _N and g _s of the LS-grown seedlings. Compared to dark adapted leaves, the maximum quantum yield of photosystem 2 (PS2) (F_v/F_m) of leaves exposed to PFDs of 1200 and 1600 μmol m^-2 s^-1 for 2 h was significantly reduced. The degree of F_v/F_m reduction differed among leaves of the four types of treated plants. Chl fluorescence quenching analysis revealed differences among the examined plants in coefficients of non-photochemical and photochemical quenching. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

极端嗜热菌Thermus thermophilus HB8中天冬氨酸转氨酶在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化及酶学性质研究

为获得具有热稳定性的天冬氨酸转氨酶,从极端嗜热细菌Thermus thermophilus HB8中克隆得到天冬氨酸转氨酶基因aspC,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)和Rosetta(DE3)中进行表达,发现在Rosetta(DE3)中具有较高的表达量。重组酶的最适反应pH是7.0,37 ℃下在pH8～10的缓冲液中保温1 h酶活几乎不改变。重组酶反应的最适温度为75 ℃,酶活稳定的温度范围为25～55℃。重组酶在65℃时半衰期为3.5h,75℃时为2.5h。重组酶的K_m^KG为7.559mmol/L,V_max^KG为0.086mmol/(L·min),K_m^Asp为2.031mmol/L,V_max^Asp为0.024mmol/(L·min)。Ca²⁺、Fe³⁺、Mn²⁺等金属离子对酶活性有微弱抑制作用。     

用Blue Sepharose CL-6B快速纯化天花粉蛋白

差光谱显示染料cibacron blue F3GA与天花粉蛋白(TCS)有特异性结合,复合物在可见光部分的最大吸收波长在690 nm,摩尔消光系数ε=2.6×10^-3(mol/L)^-1·cm^-1,解离常数K_d=1.8 μmol/L,0.5 mol/L NaCl可使复合物解离.根据这一特点,用Blue-Sepharose CL-6B凝胶从栝篓块茎中亲和纯化了TCS.此法快速、简便、高效,易于大量制备.     

Photosynthetic responses of apricot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus armeniaca</Emphasis> L.) to photosynthetic photon flux density,leaf temperature,and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentration

Two cultivars (Katy and Erhuacao) of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) were evaluated under open-field and solar-heated greenhouse conditions in northwest China, to determine the effect of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), leaf temperature, and CO₂ concentration on the net photosynthetic rate (P _N). In greenhouse, Katy registered 28.3 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for compensation irradiance and 823 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for saturation irradiance, which were 73 and 117 % of those required by Erhuacao, respectively. The optimum temperatures for cvs. Katy and Erhuacao were 25 and 35 °C in open-field and 22 and 30 °C in greenhouse, respectively. At optimal temperatures, P _N of the field-grown Katy was 16.5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, 21 % less than for a greenhouse-grown apricot. Both cultivars responded positively to CO₂ concentrations below the CO₂ saturation concentration, whereas Katy exhibited greater P _N (18 %) and higher carboxylation efficiency (91 %) than Erhuacao at optimal CO₂ concentration. Both cultivars exhibited greater photosynthesis in solar-heated greenhouses than in open-field, but Katy performed better than Erhuacao under greenhouse conditions.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.