Ontogenetic features of autonomic homeostasis in children according to the data of variation pulsometry

A method of variation pulsometry was used to determine the vegetative homeostasis state in 20 children aged from 4 to 14. Normotonic type of the cardiac rhythm regulation was observed in a group of children aged 4-5. In children aged 12-14 the effect of sympathetic area of the vegetative nervous system decreased while the effect of the parasympathetic one increased. The tension index, effect of the humoral regulation channel and the degree of cardiac rhythm control centralization decreased.     

The temporal dynamics of voluntary emotion regulation

Background

Neuroimaging has demonstrated that voluntary emotion regulation is effective in reducing amygdala activation to aversive stimuli during regulation. However, to date little is known about the sustainability of these neural effects once active emotion regulation has been terminated.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We addressed this issue by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy female subjects. We performed an active emotion regulation task using aversive visual scenes (task 1) and a subsequent passive viewing task using the same stimuli (task 2). Here we demonstrate not only a significantly reduced amygdala activation during active regulation but also a sustained regulation effect on the amygdala in the subsequent passive viewing task. This effect was related to an immediate increase of amygdala signal in task 1 once active emotion regulation has been terminated: The larger this peak postregulation signal in the amygdala in task 1, the smaller the sustained regulation effect in task 2.

Conclusions/Significance

In summary, we found clear evidence that effects of voluntary emotion regulation extend beyond the period of active regulation. These findings are of importance for the understanding of emotion regulation in general, for disorders of emotion regulation and for psychotherapeutic interventions.     

Investigation of the autonomic regulation of blood circulation during seven-day dry immersion

The paper presents the results of the investigation of autonomic regulation of blood circulation and regulation of the modification by peroral amlodipine and myostimulation during seven-day dry immersion. It was shown that autonomic regulation readjusted in immersion towards predominance of sympathetic mechanisms. Myostimulation and peroral amlodipine modified regulation substantially mobilizing high level suprasegmentary structures. Pharmaceutical intervention seems to have a more complex and varying effect on people, including side effects. Presumably this was the cause of the poor orthostatic tolerance of several subjects.     

多效唑、康朴和阿迈速对小叶紫三角梅花期调控的效应研究

以盆栽小叶紫三角梅(Bougainvillea glabra ‘Sanderiana’ )为供试品种，在自然生长条件下，采用正交试验设计，研究不同浓度多效唑、康朴、阿迈速对其花期调控的影响。结果表明，多效唑对小叶紫三角梅的枝条生长影响最大，表现为抑制枝条节间伸长生长，促进花芽数量增加；阿迈速对三角梅花期调控影响效应最大，表现为促进开花、提高品质；3种药剂对三角梅的酶活性影响表现各异。小叶紫三角梅的药剂花期调控以定时花期效果为主，最优药剂组合为多效唑1.2 g·L-1+康朴1.5 g·L-1+阿迈速0.5 mL·L-1，还需配合适当的植株水分管理。     

桂枝汤对胃H，K－ATP酶活力的影响及对消炎痛引起胃H，K－ATP酶抑制作用的保护

中药桂枝汤在整体水平上能极其显著的激活胃Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶的活力,而离体水平上对该酶呈现明显抑制效应。消炎痛在整体和离体水平上均对胃Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶呈现抑制作用。桂枝汤在整体水平上对消炎痛引起胃Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶的抑制作用有保护效应。这些结果提示桂枝汤可能通过机体整体调节实现其提高胃Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶活力作用的,从而在Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶水平上初步阐述了中药桂枝汤调整胃功能的可能作用机理。而且也为扩充桂枝汤的应用范围提供了可能性。     

Effect of eicosanoids on the accumulation of cholesterol and the proliferation of subendothelial cells in the human aorta

The effect of prostacyclin and stable thromboxane analog A2 on endothelial culture of human aorta was studied. It was shown that prostacyclin inhibited accumulation of cholesterol in the cells and their proliferation, while thromboxane exhibited an opposite effect. Calcium antagonists potentiated effects of prostacyclin and inhibited them in respect to thromboxane. Screening of a number of synthetic agents affecting arachidonic acid metabolism was carried out. It was found that lipoxygenase inhibitors suppress cholesterol accumulation and proliferation in cells presumably due to enhancement of prostacyclin synthesis and inhibition of leukotriene formation. The balance between various eicosanoids is supposed to be an important factor of atherogenesis regulation, while antiatherogenic effect of calcium antagonists is somehow associated with the impact of eicosanoids on atherogenesis regulation.     

Effect of prolactin on ovarian steroidogenesis

This review summarizes evidence that prolactin (PRL) is involved directly in the regulation of ovarian steroidogenesis. The scope of this paper will be limited to two areas. The first area involves the regulation of the corpus luteum function and the second the effect of PRL on steroidogenesis during the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle. Cyclic changes of plasma PRL levels and the ovarian receptors which bind PRL have been observed during the oestrous cycle of domestic animals. The luteotropic effect of PRL and its failure is also presented. PRL may exert a physiological effect on follicle steroidogenesis but its effect depends on the level of follicle maturation. The effect of PRL treatment on estrogen production by follicular cells in vivo and in vitro was studied. The results of many papers indicate suppression of estrogen secretion by the direct action of PRL at the ovarian level. However, there is abundant evidence, that PRL is involved directly in regulation of ovarian steroidogenesis, the precise mechanism remains to be discovered.     

Modes of action and combination effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane on the regulation of rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase

The effect of polychlorinated biphenyls, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane and the effect of a combination of these substances on the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase were investigated. As known from previous investigations polychlorinated biphenyls interfere with the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in rat liver via enzyme-lipid interaction and at the pretranslational level. In contrast to polychlorinated biphenyls, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane did not alter the lipid status of the microsomal membrane. Thus the location of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, and consequently the catalytic activity of the enzyme was not changed. As with polychlorinated biphenyls, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane interacted with enzyme regulation at the pretranslational level. Northern dot hybridization experiments showed a decrease in the level of m-RNA coding for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. The effect of combination of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane and polychlorinated biphenyls was not additive. The gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane effect appeared to play a more important role than that of the polychlorinated biphenyls. The results indicate that the combination effects are as important as the effects of the single compounds when making risk assessments for xenobiotics.     

Multihormone regulation of MMTV-LTR in transfected T-47-D human breast cancer cells

Multihormonal regulation on the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) has been studied using T-47-D human breast cancer cells stably transfected with the steroid sensitive LTR-C3 chimaeric gene. The specificity of steroid action on transfected LTR sequences has been compared with regulation of endogenous cellular markers. We conclude that the hormone response element of the LTR can be induced by physiological concentrations of androgen, progestin and glucocorticoid. 17 beta-Oestradiol did not regulate the LTR at physiological levels but an effect was found at 10(-6) M. This effect was not inhibited by antioestrogen nor was it reproduced by the synthetic oestrogen diethylstilboestrol suggesting such effects do not occur via the oestrogen receptor. The antioestrogens tamoxifen and transhydroxytamoxifen do not induce the LTR. No significant steroid competition was found in LTR regulation: whilst oestradiol did not act at physiological concentration it did not interfere with induction by androgen, progestin or glucocorticoid. Such gene regulation did not simply follow receptor status of the cells nor was it reflected in patterns of growth regulation by steroids. The implications of these findings on the mechanism of steroid hormone action are discussed.     

Cytoskeleton-related trafficking of the EAAC1 glutamate transporter after activation of the G(q/11)-coupled neurotensin receptor NTS1

The possible modulation of the glutamate transporter EAAC1 by a class A G protein-coupled receptor was studied in transfected C6 glioma cells stably expressing the high-affinity neurotensin receptor NTS1. Brief exposure (5 min) to neurotensin increased Na(+)-dependent D-[(3)H]aspartate uptake by about 70%. The effect of neurotensin was found to result from an increase in cell surface expression of EAAC1 and accordingly, cytochalasin D and colchicine were shown to block the effect of neurotensin on aspartate uptake, suggesting that the cytoskeleton participates in this regulation. Neither protein kinase C nor phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activities, two intracellular signaling pathways known to modulate EAAC1, was required for EAAC1-mediated aspartate transport regulation by neurotensin. Together, these results provide evidence for an acute regulation of EAAC1 trafficking after activation of a G protein-coupled receptor.     

深圳市居住区绿地植物冠层格局对微气候的影响

选取深圳市3个典型居住小区为研究对象,利用实地观测及景观格局分析方法,探讨居住区绿地植物冠层格局特征对微气候的影响.各小区内布设22～26个观测点,以测点周边20 m×20 m范围为一个样区,将样区划分为有植物冠层遮盖和无植物冠层遮盖两种斑块类型,计算了斑块密度和景观聚集度两种格局指数,分析了样区内绿化植物冠层格局指数与温湿度之间的关系.结果表明:深圳市绿地冠层格局显著影响其温、湿度调控效应,温度调控能力主要来自绿地植物的遮荫作用,还与绿地的植物绿量有关;裸露地表聚集度的增加对绿地温湿度调控功能有显著的负面影响;居住小区绿地的温湿度调控能力主要来自乔木树种.     

Cytoprotective effect of two synthetic enhancer substances, (-)-BPAP and (-)-deprenyl, on human brain capillary endothelial cells and rat PC12 cells

Enhancer regulation is a new control mechanism in the brain [Knoll, J., 2003. Enhancer regulation/endogenous and synthetic enhancer compounds: a neurochemical concept of the innate and acquired drives. Neurochemical Research 28(8), 1275-1297]. Enhancer substances exert their effect in bi-modal form with a highly characteristic dose-dependency. Two bell-shaped concentration curves have been published. The one in ultra low concentration range (fM) specific form of enhancer regulation and the other at high concentration (100 microM) non-specific form of enhancer regulation. Catecholaminergic neurons proved to be enhancer-sensitive cells. Since rat PC12 cells and human brain endothelial cells (HBEC) work under catecholaminergic influence, it was reasonable to expect that both the specific and non-specific form of the enhancer regulation might be detectable in these cells. We tested this possibility on these cultured cells under normoxia and hypoxia-reoxygenation. After 1 h hypoxia produced by Argon gas and 0, 2, 4, and 20 h reoxygenation the cell loss was calculated by propidiumiodide assay and the cell activity was investigated by Alamar Blue assay colorimetric measurement. The percentages of living and necrotic cells were expressed after propidiumiodide staining. Broad scale concentrations of the two compounds (1 fM-100 microM) were added to the culture strait after the oxygen deprivation. (-)-BPAP and (-)-deprenyl, due to their enhancer effect, exerted a significant cytoprotective effect on both HBECs and PC12 cells. In harmony with Knoll's publications we were able to demonstrate by the aid of (-)-BPAP and (-)-deprenyl that both HBEC and PC12 are enhancer-sensitive cells. We detected the specific form of the enhancer regulation in the ultra low concentration range (fM-pM) and also the non-specific form of the enhancer regulation was visible (mM-microM).     

人热休克因子1对抗增殖蛋白基因启动子转录调控的研究

目的：研究人热休克因子1（hHSF1）对抗增殖蛋白（pmhibitin）动子转录活性的影响。方法：采用PCR方法扩增hHSF1全长编码序列,构建peDNA3．1（＋）-hHSFl真核表达载体,将peDNA3．1（＋）-hHSF1和人prohibitin基因启动子表达载体pGL3-prohibitin共同转染HEK293细胞,采用双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统,检测双荧光索酶活性,分析hHSF1对抗增殖蛋白基因启动子的转录调控作用。结果：成功构建peDNA3．1（＋）-hHSF1真核表达载体,荧光素酶活性测定发现hHSF1明显上调pGL3-prohibitin转录。结论：hHSF1对prohibitin具有转录调控作用。     

Hexokinase activity in the myocardium and skeletal muscle during pharmacological action of alpha and beta adrenergic agonists

It was demonstrated in the experiments on adrenalectomised and normal rats that the increase in hexokinase activity determined by the method of Chou and Wilson [1], was connected with alpha-adrenergic regulation and the decrease of this activity was related to beta-adrenergic regulation. The adrenal activity reduce to alpha-agonistic and intensify the beta-agonistic effect. The author describes the dynamics of changes in enzyme activity during prolonged adrenalinaemia.     

电气石对海水pH值的调控

利用化学全分析、XRD分析、原子力显微镜等方法对内蒙古产黑色电气石进行测试表征,并研究了该电气石对海水pH值的影响,探讨了电气石用量、海水盐度、初始pH值等因素对pH调控的影响.结果表明,电气石能够调节初始pH值为3和10的海水pH值分别至7.9和8.1;电气石对低盐度海水pH调控速率大于高盐度海水,处理120 min后初始pH均为5,盐度为5、10、15、20、35的海水pH分别增加了3.2、3.16、3.06、2.99、2.85;电气石对海水电导率基本无影响.本研究为将电气石应用于调控水产养殖水体pH提供了实验基础.     

Glial soluble factors regulate the activity and expression of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1: implication of cholesterol

A co-ordinated regulation between neurons and astrocytes is essential for the control of extracellular glutamate concentration. Here, we have investigated the influence of astrocytes and glia-derived cholesterol on the regulation of glutamate transport in primary neuronal cultures from rat embryonic cortices. Glutamate uptake rate and expression of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1 were low when neurons were grown without astrocytes and neurons were unable to clear extracellular glutamate. Treatment of the neuronal cultures with glial conditioned medium (GCM) increased glutamate uptake Vmax, EAAC1 expression and restored the capacity of neurons to eliminate extracellular glutamate. Thus, astrocytes up-regulate the activity and expression of EAAC1 in neurons. We further showed that cholesterol, present in GCM, increased glutamate uptake activity when added directly to neurons and had no effect on glutamate transporter expression. Furthermore, part of the GCM-induced effect on glutamate transport activity was lost when cholesterol was removed from GCM (low cholesterol-GCM) and was restored when cholesterol was added to low cholesterol-GCM. This demonstrates that glia-derived cholesterol regulates glutamate transport activity. With these experiments, we provide new evidences for neuronal glutamate transport regulation by astrocytes and identified cholesterol as one of the factors implicated in this regulation.     

Regulation of sodium channel activity by capping of actin filaments

Ion transport in various tissues can be regulated by the cortical actin cytoskeleton. Specifically, involvement of actin dynamics in the regulation of nonvoltage-gated sodium channels has been shown. Herein, inside-out patch clamp experiments were performed to study the effect of the heterodimeric actin capping protein CapZ on sodium channel regulation in leukemia K562 cells. The channels were activated by cytochalasin-induced disruption of actin filaments and inactivated by G-actin under ionic conditions promoting rapid actin polymerization. CapZ had no direct effect on channel activity. However, being added together with G-actin, CapZ prevented actin-induced channel inactivation, and this effect occurred at CapZ/actin molar ratios from 1:5 to 1:100. When actin was allowed to polymerize at the plasma membrane to induce partial channel inactivation, subsequent addition of CapZ restored the channel activity. These results can be explained by CapZ-induced inhibition of further assembly of actin filaments at the plasma membrane due to the modification of actin dynamics by CapZ. No effect on the channel activity was observed in response to F-actin, confirming that the mechanism of channel inactivation does not involve interaction of the channel with preformed filaments. Our data show that actin-capping protein can participate in the cytoskeleton-associated regulation of sodium transport in nonexcitable cells.     

Changes in hsp70 alter thermotolerance and heat-shock regulation in Drosophila.

To test the role of the heat shock protein hsp70 in induced thermotolerance and in the regulation of the heat-shock response, we established cell lines with altered expression of the Hsp70 gene. Underexpressing cells were created by transformation with antisense Hsp70 genes, and overexpressing cells by transformation with extra copies of the wild-type gene. Expression at normal temperatures was achieved by placing Hsp70 coding sequences under the control of the metallothionein promoter. Cells that expressed mutant hsp70s were created by transforming cells with deletion and frameshift mutations. The results indicate that hsp70 plays a major role in both thermotolerance and regulation. Surprisingly, they also indicate that these functions can be separated. Overexpression affected thermotolerance more than regulation; underexpression affected regulation more than thermotolerance. A carboxyl-terminal deletion of Hsp70 had a severe dominant-negative effect on thermotolerance but only a minor effect on regulation; an amino-terminal deletion strongly affected regulation but not thermotolerance. A model that explains these observations is presented.