滞育烟蚜茧蜂的亲代效应评价

【目的】烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead是可持续防控蚜虫的优良内寄生蜂,适宜的低温短光照可诱导其进入滞育,滞育后产品货架期长达120 d,对害虫生防意义重大。为深入探索滞育烟蚜茧蜂的亲代效应,分析滞育机理,提高滞育诱导效率,指导该天敌产品的贮存实践,开展本项研究。【方法】在室内测试了滞育烟蚜茧蜂F1代的羽化率、性比、成蜂寿命、滞育率、寄生力以及F2代的羽化率、性比等生物学指标,综合评价滞育烟蚜茧蜂的亲代效应。【结果】滞育经历对烟蚜茧蜂子代的部分生物学性状具有显著性影响,F1代雌蜂比例显著增加,滞育维持30 d后子代雌蜂比例由0.59上升至0.65;F2代雌蜂比例与CK无差别,维持在0.58左右;F1代滞育率显著升高,可由对照的44.75%提高至74.01%,滞育维持30 d后子代滞育率具升高趋势;F1代寄生力略增加,各处理形成的僵蚜数在117~129头间,但无显著性差异;F1代羽化率、子代成蜂寿命与CK相比无差异。【结论】烟蚜茧蜂具有较显著的滞育亲代效应,亲代滞育经历可显著提高子一代的滞育率,利于子代抵御不良环境胁迫,提高种群存活率。     

温度对烟蚜茧蜂发育、生殖的影响

在恒汨１０、１５、２０、２５和３０℃实验条件下,测定了云南省玉溪地区烟蚜茧蜂（Ａｐｈｉｄｉｕｓ ｇｉｆｕｅｎｓｉｓ Ａｓｈｍｅａｄ）的发育历期和生殖力等生物学参数。结果显示,烟蚜茧蜂发育速率与温度的关系符合逻辑斯蒂曲线,即２５℃从卵至习化所需历期最短（１０．６７ｄ）,３０℃发育历期稍有延长（１１．６ｄ）。卵至羽化的发育起点温度为３．３℃,有效积温为２６６．０日度。烟蚜茧峰雌蜂羽化当天即可产卵,在产     

Influence of hop yard ground flora on invertebrate pests of hops and their natural enemies

A 3‐year study in Washington State, USA examined the influence of hop yard ground flora both on the invertebrate pests of hops [including hop aphid (Phorodon humuli Schrank), two‐spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and hop looper (Hypena humuli Harris)] and on their natural enemies. Each year half of the experimental plots were sown with a mixture of ‘insectary’ plants [including California poppy (Eschscholzia californica von Chamisso), dwarf cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)]. Season‐long average cover provided by the flowering mixture ranged from 2% to 26%, with some blooms being present for most of the season in each year. In terms of vegetation, the other main differences between cover‐cropped and control plots were in the proportions of bare soil (which was always significantly higher in control plots) and the percentage of Chenopodium album L., which was significantly higher in the cover‐cropped plots in two of the three seasons. Populations of spider mites on hop foliage were significantly lower in cover‐cropped plots than in control plots in 2 of 3 years, while mite numbers in the cones at harvest were generally low and usually did not differ between treatments. Responses of hop aphids were much more variable, with no consistent treatment effect on either leaf or cone infestations. Larval populations of hop looper tended to be higher in cover‐cropped plots in the first two generations, but usually not in the third (final) generation. Of the beneficial invertebrates, spiders and nabids consistently reached higher average densities in the ground flora of cover‐cropped plots than in control plots in all 3 years, while anthocorids, geocorids and parasitic hymenoptera reached higher mean densities in the former plots in 2 of 3 years. Adult coccinellids were higher in cover‐cropped plots only in 2006.     

Storage techniques of mummies and adults of Aphidius gifuensis

Technology for mass storage is one of the most important issues facing the use of parasitoids for biological control programmes. The emergence rate, the proportion of females, adult longevity, parasitism rate of Aphidius gifuensis after cold storage of mummies at 5°C for different time periods, and the effect of different diets on their longevity were assessed. The results indicated that 10–30 days was a suitable period for cold storage at 5°C, but that 20 days was optimal. The 5% glucose solution was a successful food supplement for A. gifuensis. These results are important to the commercial exploitation of this economically important parasitic wasp.     

BANKER PLANT携带天敌防治害虫的理论基础与应用

滥用农药导致粮食、蔬菜和水果内有毒农药高残留,严重威胁着人民的生命安全;利用生物防治害虫将提供更安全的食品和洁净的环境。Banker植物系统是利用非作物植物饲养及携带天敌的寄主或猎物,再利用天敌的寄主或猎物饲养和释放天敌。这些Banker植物就像是一个‘银行家(Banker)’,连续不断地供应‘货币’(天敌),使天敌从‘银行家’植物上扩散到有害虫的作物上防治害虫,是生物防治发展的一个重要方向。本文系统介绍了利用Banker植物为替代寄主饲养释放天敌防治害虫的最新进展,旨在推动我国更好地开展Banker植物系统及其相关理论与应用的研究。     

Olfactory responses of Aphidius gifuensis to odors of host plants and aphid‐plant complexes

Abstract The olfactory responses of Aphidius gifuensis to odors from two host plants (Nicotiana tabacum and Brassica napus ssp.) and their complexes with different infestation levels of two host aphids (Myzus persicae and Lipaphis erysimi) were respectively examined in an olfactometer. The results showed that female A. gifuensis did not respond to odors of undamaged or mechanically damaged host plants, but significantly responded to odors of aphid/plant complexes. Moreover, A. gifuensis responded significantly to odors of both M. persicae and L. erysimi/plant complexes when host plants were infested by high levels of aphids, suggesting that quantity of aphid‐induced volatiles could be important for attracting A. gifuensis. When tested between aphid/plant complexes, A. gifuensis did not show its preference for either complex. The efficiency of A. gifuensis against aphids in open fields potentially could be improved by using its olfactory response to aphid/plant complexes.     

The response of aphid secondary parasitoids to different patch densities of their host

Aphids are attacked by a large guild of natural enemies including many primary parasitoids which mummify their hosts. These mummies are themselves attacked by a guild of mummy parasitoids which are potentially important in regulating primary parasitoids at densities below which they can exert biological control. The response of mummy parasitoids to mummy densities was investigated in an experiment in which mummy densities of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) attacked by the parasitoid Aphidius ervi were manipulated across host plant patches. Overall, the risk of parasitism was density independent, though with very high inter-patch variability which may allow probabilistic refuges from secondary parasitism. Six species of four genera of mummy parasitoids were recorded. Of the responses of the individual genera, Coruna were reared most frequently from patches of high host density while amongst patches from which Syrphophagus was reared parasitism was inversely density dependent.     

烟蚜茧蜂随寄主有翅桃蚜迁飞而被携带扩散的模拟实验

蚜虫寄生蜂的广泛分布可能与有翅蚜的迁飞有关。为了证明这一假说, 本研究利用微小昆虫飞行磨系统, 分数十批(≤16头/批)对被烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead单头寄生后的有翅桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)进行模拟飞行并系统观察了飞行后有翅桃蚜的单头定殖情况。对实验观察数据按飞行时间和飞行距离进行归类, 采用单因素方差分析方法分析飞行时间和飞行距离对有翅桃蚜定殖后的存活和生殖力、烟蚜茧蜂发育等变量的影响; 采用多项式回归分析对所有变量和归类的数据进行统计和分析。结果表明: 成功飞行并定殖的有翅桃蚜有378头, 其中239头有翅桃蚜定殖后形成僵蚜。形成僵蚜的有翅桃蚜在飞行实验时平均飞行时间和飞行距离分别为2.63 h和2.16 km, 定殖后平均存活了6.11 d, 定殖第6天和第14天平均产若蚜累计数量分别为8.5头和162头。形成僵蚜和未形成僵蚜的有翅蚜的模拟飞行数据和定殖观察数据无显著差异。形成僵蚜的239头有翅桃蚜中, 最终成功育出烟蚜茧蜂205头, 僵蚜出蜂率为85.8%。雌雄性比为1∶5.2。结论认为, 专性寄生蚜虫的烟蚜茧蜂可以利用有翅蚜的迁飞而被携带扩散传播, 有翅蚜迁飞在蚜虫寄生蜂扩散中具有重要作用。     

Effect of long-term vineyard monoculture on rhizosphere populations of pseudomonads carrying the antimicrobial biosynthetic genes phlD and/or hcnAB

The impact of repeated culture of perennial plants (i.e. in long-term monoculture) on the ecology of plant-beneficial bacteria is unknown. Here, the influence of extremely long-term monocultures of grapevine (up to 1603 years) on rhizosphere populations of fluorescent pseudomonads carrying the biosynthetic genes phlD for 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and/or hcnAB for hydrogen cyanide was determined. Soils from long-term and adjacent short-term monoculture vineyards (or brushland) in four regions of Switzerland were baited with grapevine or tobacco plantlets, and rhizosphere pseudomonads were studied by most probable number (MPN)-PCR. Higher numbers and percentages of phlD ⁺ and of hcnAB ⁺ rhizosphere pseudomonads were detected on using soil from long-term vineyards. On focusing on phlD , restriction fragment length polymorphism profiling of the last phlD -positive MPN wells revealed seven phlD alleles (three exclusively on tobacco, thereof two new ones). Higher numbers of phlD alleles coincided with a lower prevalence of the allele displayed by the well-studied biocontrol strain Pseudomonas fluorescens F113. The prevalence of this allele was 35% for tobacco in long-term monoculture soils vs. >60% in the other three cases. We conclude that soils from long-term grapevine monocultures represent an untapped resource for isolating novel biocontrol Pseudomonas strains when tobacco is used as bait.     

Survey of the parasitoids of the tuliptree aphid,Illinoia liriodendri (Hom: Aphididae), in northern California

A survey of the parasitoids ofIllinoia liriodendri (Monell) in northern California conducted from 1988–1990 revealed the presence of 12 primary and 14 hyper-parasitoid species. The most common primary parasitoid wasAphidius polygonaphis (Fitch), which was imported from the eastern United States in the 1970's and is now established throughout the area. New host records were noted forA. ervi Haliday,A. avenaphis (Fitch), Praon occidentale Baker,P. unicum Smith,Diaeretiella rapae M'Intosh,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), andMonoctonus nervosus (Haliday) (all Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), andAphelinus sp. nr.asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The most common hyperparasitoid species werePachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) andAsaphes californicus Girault (both Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). New hyperparasitoid host records were noted forPachyneuron californicum Girault on Aphidiine and Aphelinidae spp. andCoruna clavata Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) onAphelinus sp.     

城市园林对本土传粉者中华蜜蜂的保护作用

【目的】蜜蜂等传粉昆虫是生态系统的关键种,其种群下降趋势是目前全球关注的热点问题,探讨传粉昆虫现状和保护途径具有重要实践意义。【方法】对四川地区城市园林里中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana进行调查,记录其拜访行为、蜜粉源植物和营巢生境特征,并观察主要植物的其他访花昆虫。【结果】城市园林中有大量开花植物,花期持续时间长,是蜜蜂可利用的食物资源;中华蜜蜂在城市中广泛活动,所调查城市都观测到采集蜂进行有效采集,在冬季中华蜜蜂蜂群也能正常活动;城市中其他访花昆虫以鳞翅目和双翅目为主,蝴蝶等会竞争食物资源,行为分析认为蜜蜂具有竞争优势;部分人工绿地和半自然生境可成为中华蜜蜂的营巢地。【结论】城市园林可为中华蜜蜂提供适宜的生存环境,建议改善城市景观和园林管理以更好地发挥园林生境的保护作用。