The effect of accelerated seed ageing on cucumber germination following seed treatment with fungicides and microbial biocontrol agents for managing gummy stem blight by Didymella bryoniae

This study examined (1) the effect of the accelerated seed ageing on cucumber germination with treatments: Bacillus subtilis QST713 or Pseudomonas fluorescens CA in 1% methylcellulose and fungicides difenoconazole, carboxin or pyraclostrobin in 5% polyvinyl alcohol, and (2) the impact on disease severity of gummy stem blight (GSB) caused by Didymella bryoniae by the seed treatments and foliar spray application of methylcellulose-formulated B. subtilis or P. fluorescens. Difenoconazole, pyraclostrobin and microorganisms suppressed growth of D. bryoniae in a laboratory dual culture; carboxin had no effect on D. bryoniae growth. Germination of fungicide-treated seed was unaffected by accelerated seed ageing. Greenhouse: GSB disease severity with PVA and non-treated seed was 89% and 84%, respectively, whereas, difenoconazole, carboxin and pyraclostrobin, was significantly reduced, 56%, 53% and 40%, respectively. Germination of Bacillus-treated seed was unaffected by accelerated seed ageing, but was significantly reduced with Pseudomonas-treated seed. GSB disease severity with B. subtilis or P. fluorescens-treated seed was inconsistent; however, foliar spray application of B. subtilis significantly reduced GSB. Accelerated seed ageing exposed a significant negative impact on seed germination with P. fluorescens. Based on the accelerated ageing test, P. fluorescens-treated cucumber seed is detrimental to seed survival and therefore, is not a candidate for biocontrol activities for cucumber requiring seed storage.     

‘弥河银瓜’高效植株再生体系的建立

建立了以薄皮甜瓜品种‘弥河银瓜’子叶为外植体的高效再生体系。取生长5d的甜瓜子叶为外植体,置于MS+2.0mg·L-16-BA+0.5mg·L-1IBA+3.5%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂(pH5.8)的诱导培养基上培养,可获得100%芽分化频率。在不定芽伸长过程中,生长调节剂最佳浓度为0.5mg·L-16-BA+0.1mg·L-1IAA。潮霉素是较合适的筛选抗生素。     

甜瓜抗蔓枯病基因Gsb-3的ISSR分子标记

以甜瓜抗病资源PI511890和感病自交系‘白皮脆’及其F1、BC1P1、BC1P2、F2群体为材料,苗期接种蔓枯病菌(Did ymella bryoniae)进行遗传分析.结果表明:(1)对甜瓜苗期蔓枯病菌接种鉴定结果显示,抗源PI511890的抗病基因Gsb-3由显性单基因控制.(2)利用集团分离分析及ISSR分析技术,引物ISSR-100扩增出的多态性条带与Gsb-3表现连锁关系,该多态性片段大小为900 bp.(3)统计ISSR-100在182个F2单株上的多态性,并用JoinMap 4.0软件分析结果显示,ISSR-100与Gsb-3遗传连锁距离为8.3 cM,定名为ISSR-100900.研究认为,ISSR100900可作为甜瓜抗蔓枯病分子育种的备选分子标记.     

寡雄腐霉发酵液的动物安全性及其对黄瓜的防病促生效应

【目的】生物农药安全无害,环境友好。为了评价寡雄腐霉发酵液(Pythium oligandrum broth,POB)的动物安全性和防病促生效应,研制高效、无害的生物农药。【方法】试验利用自主分离的寡雄腐霉生防菌株(P.oligandrum CQ2010)制备POB,通过动物试验、拮抗试验、盆栽和生产试验,研究了POB的动物毒性,对黄瓜蔓枯病的防治作用,以及对黄瓜生长、产量和品质的影响。【结果】用大剂量的POB灌胃给药对小鼠体重增长无显著影响,其外观和行为均无异常,组织器官也未见病理改变。POB对甜瓜球腔菌的抑制率为51.95%,药效介于1∶800的百菌清溶液和1∶200的甲基托布津溶液之间。在黄瓜幼苗接种甜瓜球腔菌前后喷施POB,叶片丙二醛含量下降,过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性增强,发病率和病情指数均显著降低,相对防治效果达到54.8%–64.1%,故POB能减轻病原菌对细胞膜的伤害,激发防御性生理反应,增强黄瓜植株的抗病能力。此外,POB处理提高叶绿素含量,增强根系活力,增加植株氮、磷、钾吸收量,促进黄瓜植株生长,生物量和果实产量分别提高81.10%和11.58%。POB还使黄瓜果实Vc和可溶性糖提高,硝酸盐含量降低。【结论】寡雄腐霉发酵液对动物安全无毒,能有效防治黄瓜蔓枯病,促进黄瓜生长,提高产量品质。     

金瓜和白瓜花叶病毒病病原的初步鉴定

崇明是上海出口蔬菜生产基地之一,也是国家级的绿色食品园区之一,具有生产绿色蔬菜商品的生态环境和资源优势。特色出口蔬菜金瓜(Cucurbita pepo L.var.ovifera)、白瓜(Cucumis melo L.var.conomon,又名盐渍菜瓜)1997～1999统计病毒病发病率为23％,被感染的金瓜、白瓜田     

Evaluation of two Streptomyces spp. and compost for growth promotion and biocontrol potential against Rhizoctonia solani on pepper

The individual and synergistic potentials of two Streptomyces strains and compost for growth promotion and biocontrol against dumping off caused by Rhizoctonia solani on pepper were evaluated. Results showed that the compost can greatly enhance pepper growth while the combination of the two strains and compost was most efficient for the disease suppression.     

Evaluation of Streptomyces spp. and Bacillus spp. for biocontrol of Fusarium wilt in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

A study was carried out to test direct and indirect antagonistic effect against Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (FOC), and plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits of bacteria isolated from rhizosphere soils of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). A total of 40 bacterial isolates were tested for their antagonistic activity against FOC and of which 10 were found to have strong antagonistic potential. These were found to be Streptomyces spp. (five isolates) and Bacillus spp. (five isolates) in the morphological and biochemical characterisation and 16S rDNA analysis. Under both greenhouse and wilt sick field conditions, the selected Streptomyces and Bacillus isolates reduced disease incidence and delayed expression of symptoms of disease, over the non-inoculated control. The PGP ability of the isolates such as nodule number, nodule weight, shoot weight, root weight, grain yield and stover yield were also demonstrated under greenhouse and field conditions over the non-inoculated control. Among the ten isolates, Streptomyces sp. AC-19 and Bacillus sp. BS-20 were found to have more potential for biocontrol of FOC and PGP in chickpea. This investigation indicates that the selected Streptomyces and Bacillus isolates have the potential to control Fusarium wilt disease and to promote plant growth in chickpea.     

低能氩离子注入对甜瓜种子发芽及幼苗某些生理生化指标的影响

以能量25 keV、不同剂量Ar 离子注入甜瓜种子,其发芽率均有所降低,且可不同程度提高O2-·产生速率和H2O2含量,同时过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增加,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量下降;剂量过大时,CAT、SOD活性下降,MDA含量上升.     

乙烯利诱导网纹甜瓜主蔓两性花花芽分化的形态和解剖学研究

以网纹甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.var. reticulatus Naud.)品种’西域1号’为试验材料,于幼苗3叶1心期喷施浓度为150 mg·L^-1的乙烯利溶液进行处理,诱导主蔓形成两性花,以清水为对照,分别对处理和对照植株不同时期的主蔓和侧蔓花芽分化过程进行形态和解剖学观察。结果表明：经乙烯利处理后,幼苗植株主蔓花原基持续向两性花分化,最终发育形成两性花。未经处理植株的主蔓花原基在分化早期与两性花发育过程相同,但在雌蕊出现后,不再继续发育,最终发育形成雄花。处理植株主蔓两性花发育过程与侧蔓两性花发育过程相同。     

Potential of endophytic Streptomyces spp. for biocontrol of Fusarium root rot disease and growth promotion of tomato seedlings

Sixteen endophytic actinobacteria isolated from roots of native plants were evaluated for their antagonistic potential against soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi. Among them, three strong antagonistic isolates were selected and characterised for in vitro plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol traits, including production of hydrogen cyanide, indole-3-acetic acid and siderophores, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities, and inorganic phosphate solubilisation. In all trials, the strain Streptomyces sp. SNL2 revealed promising features. The selected actinobacteria were investigated for the biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici and for growth promotion of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Aïcha) seedlings in autoclaved and non-autoclaved soils. All seed-bacterisation treatments significantly reduced the root rot incidence compared to a positive control (with infested soil), and the isolate SNL2 exhibiting the highest protective activity. It reduced the disease incidence from 88.5% to 13.2%, whereas chemical seed treatment with Thiram® provided 14.6% disease incidence. Furthermore, isolate SNL2 resulted in significant increases in the dry weight, shoot and root length of seedlings. 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that isolate SNL2 was related to Streptomyces asterosporus NRRL B-24328^T (99.52% of similarity). Its interesting biocontrol potential and growth enhancement of tomato seedlings open up attractive uses of the strain SNL2 in crop improvement.     

甜瓜有丝分裂染色体制片技术及核型分析

以萌发种子根为材料,研究预处理取样时间和预处理药剂对甜瓜染色体制片的影响.结果表明,上午8:00左右为最佳预处理取样时间,可以观察到近14%的中期分裂相;在4种药剂预处理活体根尖中,以添加对二氯苯(饱和)的放线菌酮(40 m g.L-1)水溶液的效果最佳.用此方法对厚皮和薄皮两种类型甜瓜进行核型分析,结果发现:两类甜瓜核型相似,都具有一对随体,核型均为2A型,核型公式均为2n=2x=24=14m+10st(2SAT).但两类甜瓜的染色体总长、平均长度以及随体在染色体上的分布都不相同.     

嫁接对薄皮甜瓜养分吸收、伤流液中激素含量和产量的影响

以薄皮甜瓜品种‘玉美人’作接穗,以白籽南瓜‘圣砧一号’为砧木进行嫁接,以自根苗为对照的结果表明,嫁接植株的南瓜根系主动吸收能力增强,其伤流量比自根植株的大,植株吸收氮钾的能力高于自根植株,而吸收磷的能力则有所降低。伤流液中玉米素（ZT）、赤霉素（GAs）和脱落酸（ABA）的浓度均低于自根植株,但ZT和GA的含量高于自根苗,而ABA的含量低于自根苗。嫁接植株的增产效果显著,其平均单瓜重和667m^2产量均高于自根植株。     

摘心时期和留蔓数对甜瓜苗期叶面积扩展和功能叶寿命的影响

以2个厚皮甜瓜和1个薄皮甜瓜品种为材料,研究了摘心时期和留蔓数对苗期叶面积扩展和功能叶寿命的影响.结果表明,厚皮甜瓜苗期叶面积发育快于薄皮甜瓜,早熟厚皮甜瓜品种的叶面积发育快于中晚熟品种;甜瓜真叶净光合速率显著大于子叶,厚皮甜瓜的子叶光合速率高于薄皮甜瓜;摘心时预留子蔓数越多,甜瓜幼苗期叶面积扩展速度越快,但留蔓数增加会促进主蔓叶片衰老.从叶面积扩展速度和叶片功能寿命看,五叶期是甜瓜幼苗主蔓摘心的最佳时期,适宜留蔓数则因品种而异.     

锌锰钛对接种放线菌剂甜瓜幼苗生长及诱导抗病性的影响

以陕甜3号甜瓜幼苗为材料,采用基质育苗、大田栽培法,研究了2种放线菌剂(Act28和康照)育苗接种和育苗移栽双重接种条件下,微量元素锌、锰、钛对甜瓜植株生长及诱导抗病性的影响.结果显示:(1)与单施菌剂相比,在育苗接种Act28并配施微量元素条件下甜瓜植株总鲜重、根鲜重和蔓叶鲜重分别显著增加31.5%、39.5%和31.5%,在双重接种Act28配施微量元素条件下分别显著增加40.5%、17.6%和40.7%.(2)与单纯菌剂接种相比,在育苗接种和双重接种Act28并配施微量元素下甜瓜叶片过氧化物酶活性分别降低4.4%和10.2%,丙二醛含量分别增加10.9%和16.6%;甜瓜叶片多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量在育苗接种康照并配施微量元素下分别较育苗接种康照降低2.2%、38.0%和5.0%,丙二醛含量增加17.7%.(3)甜瓜根系多酚氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量在育苗接种Act28配施微量元素处理下较育苗接种分别显著增加30.7%和42.6%,而在Act28双重接种配施微量元素与双重接种处理间无明显变化;甜瓜根系过氧化物酶活性在育苗接种Act28、康照与微量元素配施处理下,分别较2种菌剂育苗接种处理显著降低14.7%、34.3%,苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性分别明显降低14.9%、21.9%.研究表明,菌剂Act28育苗接种或育苗移栽双重接种条件下,锌、锰、钛溶液对甜瓜植株生长具有显著的促进作用,且微量元素效应与接入的菌剂种类及接种方式有关;微量元素溶液对甜瓜防卫酶活性及抗性物质含量等无显著影响或具有一定程度的负效应,从而导致甜瓜诱导抗病性下降.     

A genetic map of melon (Cucumis melo L.) based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers

 Genetic maps facilitate the study of genome structure and evolution, and the identification of monogenic traits or Mendelian components of quantitative traits. We evaluated 228 RAPD, microsatellite and AFLP markers for linkage analysis in melon (Cucumis melo L.) varieties MR-1 (resistant to Fusarium wilt, powdery and downy mildews) and Ananas Yokneum (AY; susceptible to these diseases) and constructed a detailed genetic map. The mapping population consisted of 66 backcross progenies derived from AY×(MR-1×AY). Despite a relatively low level of polymorphism in the species, AFLP markers were found to be more efficient in mapping the melon genome than RAPD or microsatellite markers. The map contains 197 AFLPs, six RAPDs and one microsatellite marker assigned to 14 major and six minor linkage groups, and covers 1942 cM with the average distance between adjacent markers of approximately 10 cM. The maximum distance allowed between markers is 27.5 cM. About 11% of the intervals (20 out of 173) are over 20 cM (but less than 27.5 cM). The map has immediate utility for identifying markers linked to disease resistance genes that are suitable for marker-assisted breeding. The use of microsatellite markers for integration with other maps is also discussed. Received: 12 March 1997 / Accepted: 20 May 1997     

Reproductive biology of the andromonoecious Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Cucurbitaceae)

Background and Aims

Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Cucurbitaceae) is cultivated in many African regions for its edible kernels used as a soup thickener. The plant, an annual, andromonoecious, trailing-vine species, is of high social, cultural and economic value for local communities. In order to improve the yield of this crop, the first step and our aim were to elucidate its breeding system.

Methods

Eight experimental pollination treatments were performed during three growing seasons to assess spontaneous selfing, self-compatibility and effects of pollen source (hermaphroditic vs. male flowers). Pollination success was determined by pollen tube growth and reproductive success was assessed by fruit, seed and seedling numbers and characteristics. The pollinator guild was surveyed and the pollination distance determined both by direct observations and by indirect fluorescent dye dispersal.

Key Results

The species is probably pollinated by several Hymenoptera, principally by Hypotrigona para. Pollinator flight distances varied from 25 to 69 cm. No evidence for apomixis or spontaneous self-pollination in the absence of insect visitors was found. The self-fertility index (SFI = 0) indicated a total dependence on pollinators for reproductive success. The effects of hand pollination on fruit set, seed number and seedling fitness differed among years. Pollen tube growth and reproductive success did not differ between self- and cross-pollinations. Accordingly, a high self-compatibility index for the fruit set (SCI = 1·00) and the seed number (SCI = 0·98) and a low inbreeding depression at all developmental stages (cumulative δ = 0·126) suggest a high selfing ability. Finally, pollen origin had no effect on fruit and seed sets.

Conclusions

This andromonoecious species has the potential for a mixed mating system with high dependence on insect-mediated pollination. The selfing rate through geitonogamy should be important.     

余甘子采后软腐病拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其防效

【背景】由青霉菌引起的软腐病是余甘子采后贮藏期的主要病害,造成了经济损失严重。【目的】筛选对余甘子软腐病菌具有良好拮抗效果的放线菌菌株,并初步评价拮抗菌无菌发酵液的防治效果。【方法】以PenicilliumchoerospondiatisDQ23为指示菌,采用琼脂块法结合生长速率法进行拮抗菌株的筛选,并采用形态学特征、生理生化特性结合16S rRNA基因序列进行分类鉴定,并采用浸果法初步测定其无菌发酵液对余甘子软腐病发生及果实贮藏品质的影响。【结果】菌株SC-15对青霉P.choerospondiatis DQ23有较强的拮抗作用,拮抗圈直径为18.70 mm,20%无菌发酵液对软腐病菌的抑制率可达87.8%。根据菌株形态学和生理生化特性,结合16SrRNA基因序列分析将菌株SC-15鉴定为维及尼链霉菌(Streptomycesvirginae)。菌株SC-15无菌发酵液能降低余甘子的腐烂率和腐烂指数,延缓可溶性固形物和可滴定酸的降低,其中75%发酵液浸果效果最好,贮藏8d后,果实腐烂率为53.3%,果实腐烂指数为35.2%,可溶性固形物为4.8%,可滴定酸为6.25mg/g。【结论】...     

Ethylene production, shelf-life and evidence of RFLP polymorphisms linked to ethylene genes in melon (Cucumis melo L.)

Sixty three cultigens from eight market types of the melon (Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo) groups Cantaloupensis and Inodorus were evaluated for ethylene production rate, shelf-life (postharvest decay), and RFLP polymorphisms. The ethylene production rates of melon fruits at maturity and (after) postharvest decay were measured on individual genotypes. The ethylene production rates of individual genotypes ranged from undetectable to 103 nl/g per h. The mean ethylene production rates of the eight market types, ranked from highest to lowest, were Eastern U.S. type, Charentais, Western U.S. type, Long Shelf-Life cantaloupes (LSL), Galia, Ananas, Honeydew, and Casaba. Ethylene production and postharvest decay rating were positively significantly correlated (r ²=0.87, P=0.05). Orange-fleshed melon fruits produced significantly (P=0.05) more ethylene than did green- or white-fleshed types. Melon fruits with a netted rind had significantly (P=0.05 for orange-flesh fruits and 0.01 for green- or white-flesh fruits) higher ethylene production than did smooth-type fruits. Using probes made from cDNAs encoding ACC oxidase (MEL1) or ACC synthase (MEACS1) genes, RFLPs were detected melon cultigens of the eight marker types showing varying ethylene production rates and different flesh colors. Low ethylene production and green- and white-flesh color were associated (r ²=0.91; P=0.05) with the presence of a putative RFLP-MEL1 allele A ₀ (15-kb), whereas high ethylene production and orange-flesh color were associated with allele B ₀ (8.5-kb) in the homozygous condition, after probing MEL1 with EcoRV-digested genomic DNA. Also, after probing MEACS1 with NdeI-digested genomic DNA, RFLP polymorphism revealed five fragments denoted as A, B, C, D and E, with molecular sizes of 5.2-, 4.2-, 3.8-, 3.0- and 1.0-kb, respectively. A two-fragment pattern, AB, and a three-fragment pattern, ACE, the two predominant RFLP patterns, were also associated with low and high ethylene production, respectively. The ACE fragment pattern was also associated with orange-flesh melons. Scoring of both probes allowed for the unique classification of most melon market types consistent with ethylene production and the postharvest decay phenotypes. Therefore, these RFLPs might have utility in marker-assisted selection for the development of melons with enhanced postharvest keeping ability. Received: 26 March 1998 / Accepted: 12 January 2000     

菌根化育苗对大棚黄瓜生长发育和果实品质的影响

以Glomus versiforme （GV）、Glomus mosseae（GM）和Glomus intraradices（GI）3种丛枝菌根菌及其混合菌种GM+GV、GM+GI、GV+GI和GM+GV+GI接种黄瓜幼苗,进行菌根化育苗,研究菌根化育苗对黄瓜的生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明,接种的丛枝菌根菌均能与黄瓜幼苗根系形成菌根,侵染率高达41.74%～55.69%.其中,GV、GM、GM+GV、GM+GV+GI 和GV+GI是黄瓜的优势菌种,与对照相比,壮苗指数提高了58.14%～123.6%,前期产量增加了21.71%～37.87%,总产量增加了19.72%～34.41%.接种GM+GV和GV+GI处理可显著地提高黄瓜果实中Vc的含量,分别比对照提高了22.84%和21.95%;接种GV、GV+GI和GI处理可显著提高黄瓜果实中可溶性糖含量,分别比对照提高了13.79%、10.20%和8.25%;接种GV和GM+GI处理黄瓜果实中的氨基酸含量,分别比对照提高了47.66%和23.19%,蛋白质含量提高了17.67%～34.79%.