Effect of soil humidity on the survival of Solenopsis invicta Buren workers

The effect of soil humidity on the survival of Solenopsis invicta (Buren) workers was evaluated in this study. The study showed that the relative soil water (RSW) content inside the mound contained less variation than the surrounding soil. At a depth of 5 cm underground, the RSW was 7.6% in the mound, while it was 29% in the surrounding soil. At a depth of 20 cm underground, the RSW was 99% in the surrounding soil, while in the mound, the RSW did not reach 98% until it was 45-cm deep. The soil humidity affected the survival rate of S. invicta. For workers, the survival rate decreased when they were exposed to a higher RSW. The spring population had a higher tolerance to a high RSW than the autumn population, while the drought tolerance was the opposite. In extreme RSW, the longer that S. invicta was exposed, the lower their survival rate. The drought tolerance of the fire ant workers could be improved if they were pre-exposed to a low non-lethal RSW for a short period of time. The water content of the workers changed after acclimation to humidity. After a low RSW treatment, the water content of the acclimated workers was higher than the control workers. This suggests that this species is able to maintain a certain water content after acclimation, and that the water content of workers increases in accordance with the RSW.     

Influence of parasitism and soil compaction on pupation of the green bottle fly,Lucilia sericata

The influence of parasitoids and soil compaction on pupation behavior of blow flies was examined in a host–parasitoid system involving Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Larvae of L. sericata were introduced to containers with soil of different compaction levels, with or without parasitoids. Although females of N. vitripennis did not significantly affect the pupation depth of L. sericata, they increased the rate of pupal development by 15.0–23.7 h at 28.4 ± 1.2 °C, and increased the clumping of puparia. Pupation depth of L. sericata was negatively related to soil compaction; mean depth of pupation was 4.4 cm in uncompacted soil and 0.5 cm in high‐compaction soil. In high‐compaction soil, pupal development increased by 10.5–18.8 h at 25.2 ± 0.3 °C, and puparia were clumped. These results provide a framework for locating puparia in forensic investigations and releasing appropriate parasitoids for biological control of blow flies.     

Abiotic factors affecting the infectivity of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) on larvae of Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The effects of soil depth, soil type and temperature on the activity of the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Filipjev) were examined using larvae of the West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart). Bioassays involved applying infective juveniles (IJs) to the surface of sterilized sand in PVC tubes previously inoculated with fly larvae of two ages. The 50% lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values estimated for 6-day-old larvae were 9, 20 and 102 IJs/cm² in tubes containing 2, 5 and 8 cm depth of sand, respectively, whereas for 8-day-old larvae, LC₅₀ values were 16, 40 and 157 IJs/cm², respectively. The effect of soil texture on the activity of S. carpocapsae was tested by applying the corresponding LC₅₀ concentrations of nematodes to sand, sand–clay and loamy–sand soils. For 6-day-old larvae, soil type had a highly significant effect on infection with the highest percentages of infection observed in the sand–clay mixture (60–82% depending on depth) compared to 45–64% infection in sand and 23–30% infection in loamy–sand soil. A very similar pattern was observed in 8-day-old larvae except that infection rates were significantly lower than in younger larvae. There was a significant interaction between soil type and soil depth. The effect of three temperatures (19, 25 and 30°C) on infection was examined in sand–clay soil. The infectivity of S. carpocapsae was affected by temperature and soil depth and by the interaction of these two factors. Response surface analysis applied to second order multiple linear regression models indicated that the optimal temperature for infection of larvae of both ages was ~26°C, at a depth of 7.9 cm for 6-day-old larvae and <2 cm for 8-day-old larvae, resulting in a predicted 91.4% infection of 6-day-old larvae and 61.2% infection of 8-day-old larvae. These results suggest that S. carpocapsae may have the potential to control fruit fly pests in tropical ecosystems with warm temperatures and high soil moisture levels, although this assertion requires field testing.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季土壤呼吸及其驱动因子

利用Li-8150系统测定了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季(1月)土壤呼吸,分析了环境驱动因子对极端干旱区荒漠生态系统土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:(1)冬季土壤呼吸日变化呈现出显著的单峰曲线,土壤呼吸速率最大值出现在12:00,为0.0684μmol CO2m-2s-1,凌晨04:00附近出现最小值,为-0.0473μmol CO2m-2s-1;(2)土壤呼吸速率与各层气温,0cm地表温度均存在着极其显著或显著的线性关系,且都具有正相关性;(3)土壤呼吸速率与5cm土壤湿度存在着较为明显的线性关系,该层湿度能够解释土壤呼吸的69.5%;(4)0cm地表温度对土壤呼吸贡献最大,其次是5cm土壤湿度;(5)以0cm地表温度、5cm土壤湿度为变量,通过多元回归分析表明:土壤温度-湿度构成的多变量模型能够解释大于86.9%的土壤呼吸变化情况;(6)研究时段内土壤呼吸速率的平均值是-1.45mg CO2m-2h-1。     

植被盖度对土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比的影响——以敦煌阳关湿地为例

土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比可以广泛地指示群落的生态学动态过程,其研究可以为湿地生态系统的恢复与保护提供依据。以敦煌阳关湿地为研究对象,选取53个样地,分层(0—20、20—40 cm和40—60 cm)采集土壤样品,对3种植被盖度类型(高盖度、中盖度和低盖度)的土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比特征及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:(1) 0—20、20—40 cm和40—60 cm土层C/N变化趋势均为:高盖度中盖度低盖度,C/P、N/P变化趋势均为:低盖度中盖度高盖度。(2)高盖度土壤C/N、C/P和N/P均随土层深度的增加而增大;中盖度土壤C/N随土层深度的增加而增大,C/P、N/P随土层深度的增加先减小后增大;低盖度C/N、C/P和N/P均随土层深度的增加先减小后增大。(3) 0—60 cm土层土壤水分与C/N显著负相关(P0.01),而与C/P、N/P显著正相关(P0.01),土壤盐分与C/P、N/P均显著负相关(P0.01),pH与C/P、N/P均显著正相关(P0.05),TP与C/N呈显著负相关(P 0.05),TN与C/P、OC与N/P均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。由多元线性回归分析可知,土壤水分是土壤C/N、C/P和N/P的关键影响因子。     

Site and temporal variation of soil respiration in European beech, Norway spruce, and Scots pine forests

Global warming and changes in rainfall amount and distribution may affect soil respiration as a major carbon flux between the biosphere and the atmosphere. The objectives of this study were to investigate the site to site and interannual variation in soil respiration of six temperate forest sites. Soil respiration was measured using closed chambers over 2 years under mature beech, spruce and pine stands at both Solling and Unterlüß, Germany, which have distinct climates and soils. Cumulative annual CO₂ fluxes varied from 4.9 to 5.4 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1 at Solling with silty soils and from 4.0 to 5.9 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1 at Unterlüß with sandy soils. With one exception soil respiration rates were not significantly different among the six forest sites (site to site variation) and between the years within the same forest site (interannual variation). Only the respiration rate in the spruce stand at Unterlüß was significant lower than the beech stand at Unterlüß in both years. Soil respiration rates of the sandy sites at Unterlüß were limited by soil moisture during the rather dry and warm summer 1999 while soil respiration at the silty Solling site tended to increase. We found a threshold of ?80 kPa at 10 cm depth below which soil respiration decreased with increasing drought. Subsequent wetting of sandy soils revealed high CO₂ effluxes in the stands at Unterlüß. However, dry periods were infrequent, and our results suggest that temporal variation in soil moisture generally had little effect on annual soil respiration rates. Soil temperature at 5 cm and 10 cm depth explained 83% of the temporal variation in soil respiration using the Arrhenius function. The correlations were weaker using temperature at 0 cm (r² = 0.63) and 2.5 cm depth (r² = 0.81). Mean Q₁₀ values for the range from 5 to 15 °C increased asymptotically with soil depth from 1.87 at 0 cm to 3.46 at 10 cm depth, indicating a large uncertainty in the prediction of the temperature dependency of soil respiration. Comparing the fitted Arrhenius curves for same tree species from Solling and Unterlüß revealed higher soil respiration rates for the stands at Solling than in the respective stands at Unterlüß at the same temperature. A significant positive correlation across all sites between predicted soil respiration rates at 10 °C and total phosphorus content and C‐to‐N ratio of the upper mineral soil indicate a possible effect of nutrients on soil respiration.     

科尔沁沙地典型固沙人工林地土壤水分时空特征及其对环境因子的响应

土壤水分时空动态特征对于干旱地区人工林的可持续经营与管理起着至关重要的作用。以位于科尔沁沙地南缘的樟子松和柠条固沙人工林为对象,于2018年11月-2019年11月连续观测了林地0-200 cm土壤剖面的含水量、温度及微气象因子,系统分析了土壤水分的时空变化特征及其对环境因子的响应。研究期内,两种林地土壤水分的季节变化可分为冻结期、补充期、消耗期和稳定期;依据土壤剖面的水分特征可分为易变层、活跃层和稳定层,但两种林地的分层深度有一定差异。在生长季内（5-10月）,土壤含水量对大气降雨的响应随着土层深度的增加而减弱;降雨对樟子松人工林0-20 cm层土壤水分的影响极显著（P<0.01）,对柠条人工林0-10 cm层的影响极显著（P<0.01）、20-60 cm层显著（P<0.05）。在土壤冻融周期内（2018年11月-2019年4月）,两种林地的土壤均表现为"单向冻结"和"双向融化"的特点;土壤温度是影响冻融期内土壤含水量的关键因素,两者呈极显著的指数函数关系;樟子松和柠条人工林土壤的最大冻结深度分别为170 cm和190 cm,前者10 cm土层解冻时间要比后者晚11 d,可能与乔木树冠的遮阴作用有关。潜在蒸散与柠条林0-60 cm层、樟子松林0-20 cm和200 cm层的土壤水分呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,而与樟子松林60 cm和160 cm层呈显著相关（P<0.05）,这与树木蒸腾和土壤蒸发等综合作用有关。研究表明,由于两种人工林的树种组成、树冠大小、郁闭程度和根系分布等结构特征不同会导致林地土壤水分时空特征的异质性及其对环境因素响应的差异。     

氮添加和凋落物去除对黔中喀斯特地区柳杉人工林土壤呼吸的影响

凋落物是土壤呼吸的主要碳源,日益增加的大气氮沉降通过改变森林凋落物的输入与分解影响土壤呼吸。为揭示氮沉降及凋落物管理对森林土壤呼吸及其组分的影响,以贵州省国有扎佐林场15年生柳杉人工林为研究对象,设置4个氮添加处理:对照(CK,0 gN m^-2 a^-1)、低氮(LN,15 gN m^-2 a^-1)、中氮(MN,30 gN m^-2 a^-1)和高氮(HN,60 gN m^-2 a^-1),并在每种氮添加处理下设置去除凋落物和保留凋落物两种处理,于2021年3月-2022年2月利用LI-8100测定土壤呼吸速率,并分析氮添加及凋落物处理对土壤呼吸速率影响,确定影响土壤呼吸速率变化的主要因子。结果表明:氮添加和去除凋落物处理没有改变土壤呼吸速率的时间变化,土壤呼吸速率月均最大值出现在7月,月均最小值出现在2月。氮添加对土壤呼吸速率无显著影响(P > 0.05),除CK外,去除凋落物处理会显著降低土壤呼吸速率(P < 0.05)。凋落物对土壤总呼吸速率的贡献率为8.6%-28.5%,且LN处理下凋落物对土壤呼吸速率的贡献率最大。土壤呼吸速率与5 m土壤温度呈显著指数相关(P < 0.01),与5 cm土壤湿度呈显著负线性相关(P < 0.01)。土壤温度解释了土壤呼吸速率变异的58.5%-79.5%,土壤湿度解释了土壤呼吸速率变异的26.4%-39.5%,以土壤温度和湿度构建的双变量模型拟合效果均好于单因子模型,土壤温湿度共同解释土壤呼吸速率变异的59.1%-85.8%。结论表明在大气氮沉降增加的背景下,温度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因素,凋落物管理是调控土壤呼吸的关键过程。     

Optimization of Organic Mulches Thickness Improves Soil Moisture Retention under Controlled Conditions

Organic mulch can improve the moisture, chemical composition, dust, and dust suppression of soil, and beautify the environment. In view of the rapid evaporation rate and serious loss of soil water in tropical areas, this paper explored the effect of organic mulch materials with different thickness on the increase of soil water retention rate and the improvement of soil water loss caused by evaporation. Rubberwood sawdust (RWS), rubberwood bark (RWB), coconut fiber (CF), and Mulch (MC) were selected as the mulching materials. Field experiment and laboratory experiment were performed, and soil-moisture content and temperature were continuously monitored. However, from the daily measurement of water content at constant conditions (29°C ± 0.2°C, 74% ± 1% air RH) in the laboratory experiment, the results of variance analysis (ANOVA) showed that there was no significant difference between the soil-water content of covered samples and bare soil (P > 0.05). In the field experiments, the analysis of variance indicated significant differences in the soil-moisture content owing to the effect of the covering material (P < 0.01). Mulching increased the soil-moisture content with smaller fluctuations in the deep soil compared with bare soil. The most stable soil-moisture content were achieved by RWS, RWB, CF, and MC, with thicknesses of 5, 3, 7, and 5 cm, respectively, compared with bare soil, and the average water contents of the 0–40 cm soil layer was 0.58%, 0.01%, 0.82%, and 0.93%, respectively. Vertically, the intensity of the change in soil moisture decreased gradually with increasing depth, and was more stable than that of bare soil and other treatments. Among them, the difference in water content between the adjacent gradient soil layers (the soil layers are graded every 10 cm in depth) M_3–7 (0.011 ± 0.004) was the smallest. It can be concluded that CF mulching materials with a thickness of 7 cm would be preferable when selecting mulching materials for controlling soil moisture in tropical cities.     

西南地区土壤湿度与气候之间的互馈效应

土壤湿度控制着陆气之间的水热交换,与气候具有互馈效应。为了揭示中国西南地区土壤湿度与气候之间的关系,基于39年GLDAS数据,采用线性倾向估计、偏相关等方法探究了该区域土壤湿度与降水、气温的时空规律及相关性,分析了土壤湿度记忆性(Soil Moisture Memory,SMM)的空间分布及季节特征。主要结论如下:(1) 1979—2017年,西南地区仅表层(0—10cm)年平均土壤湿度呈显著减少趋势(P 0.001),气候倾向率为0.7 kg/m2/10 a,年降水量呈不显著增加趋势,而年平均气温呈显著的增加趋势(P 0.001)。(2)多年平均状态下,表层与更深层(10—40、40—100、100—200 cm)的土壤湿度呈相反的空间格局,中层(10—40、40—100 cm)土壤湿度最高。(3)基于像元的偏相关系数表明研究区土壤湿度总体上与降水关系更密切,二者呈正相关,但在0—10 cm,部分地区相关性不显著。(4)西南地区SMM总体上以60—90 d为主,且SMM均值以夏季最长,其次为冬季和春季,秋季最短;同时,对比各深度的SMM,发现0—10 cm的土壤湿度对整个西南地区长期的气候预测具有更好的代表性。研究结果可为研究西南地区陆-气相互作用以及气候预测与模式评估等提供参考依据。     

北京山区典型植被土壤水分对次降雨的响应

为了揭示北京山区不同植被类型土壤水分对不同强度降雨的响应过程,选取北京山区内侧柏、荆条灌丛、荒草地为研究对象,基于2022年6—10月降雨和土壤水分的连续观测数据,分析土壤水分对不同降雨事件的响应特征。结果表明：(1)观测期内研究区降雨事件主要由小雨构成,小雨事件的总降雨量占总降雨量的14.78%,小雨事件对土壤水分的响应深度可达到40—60 cm土层;中雨、大雨、暴雨事件的总降雨量占总降雨量的85.52%,中雨、大雨、暴雨事件对土壤水分的响应深度均可达到60—80 cm土层;大降雨事件对土壤水分的补给作用更明显,降雨量越大,降雨能补给的土层深度越深,土壤水分补给效果越好。(2)三种植被平均土壤水分补给速率大小依次为荒草地>侧柏>荆条灌丛,说明降雨对荒草地的补给效果最好;土层活跃程度对植被土壤水分有影响,土层越活跃,土壤水分波动越大,三种植被平均土壤水分变异系数大小依次为荒草地>荆条灌丛>侧柏,而三种植被平均土壤储水量大小则依次为侧柏>荒草地>荆条灌丛,说明侧柏的土壤水分最为稳定。(3)荒草地、荆条灌丛剖面上各层土壤水分逐渐减少,侧柏则增加,说明土壤...     

Host status of ‘Scifresh’ apples to the invasive fruit fly species Bactrocera dorsalis,Zeugodacus cucurbitae,and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

We conducted no-choice cage and field infestation studies to determine if the fruit of apples (Malus x domestica L., ‘Scifresh’) are hosts for three invasive tephritid fruit fly species that may enter New Zealand or other apple growing areas. In screen cage tests, punctured and unpunctured (intact) fruit of ‘Scifresh’ apples were exposed to gravid females of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Oriental fruit fly), Zeugodacus (Bactrocera) cucurbitae (Coquillet) (melon fly), or Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Mediterranean fruit fly), outdoors for 24 h and then held on sand in the laboratory for four weeks for pupal development and adult emergence. Unpunctured fruit produced an average of 269.4, 4.3 and 70.1 puparia per kg of fruit for B. dorsalis, Z. cucurbitae and C. capitata, respectively. Punctured fruit produced an average of 619.4, 0.8 and 129.5 puparia per kg of fruit for B. dorsalis, Z. cucurbitae and C. capitata, respectively. By comparison, unpunctured and punctured papaya fruit (Carica papaya, ‘Rainbow’, a preferred host) produced 206–675 and 464–735 puparia per kg of fruit, respectively, across all species. In general, the average weight of individual fruit fly puparia from apple was significantly less (41–71%) than that of puparia reared from papaya, and development times were slower on apple than on papaya. Overall, ‘Scifresh’ apples were a moderately good host for B. dorsalis and C. capitata, and a very poor host for Z. cucurbitae in cage tests. Field exposure of ‘Scifresh’ apples suspended from papaya trees resulted in no infestation by B. dorsalis or Z. cucurbitae under natural conditions. This information will help to inform decisions about quarantine restrictions and potential crop loss in the event of incursions of these fruit flies into apple-producing countries.     

Seasonal changes in seaweed deposition,seaweed fly abundance,and parasitism at the pupal stage along sandy beaches in central Japan

Seasonal relationships among stranded wrack quantity, seaweed fly abundances, and parasitism at the pupal stage were studied along three sandy beaches in central Japan. The seasonal occurrence patterns of puparia of seaweed flies Coelopa frigida and Fucellia spp. generally corresponded to seaweed deposition, which peaked in May–July and October–December. Parasitoids use fly puparia in these seasons. However, the occurrence of seaweed flies and their parasitoids varied among the three sandy beaches and did not correspond to the wrack amounts. These findings suggest that populations of seaweed flies and their parasitoids are seasonally, but not spatially, regulated by bottom‐up processes. The parasitoid assemblage of fly puparia was composed of two Aleochara (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), two Trichopria (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), and five pteromalid species (Hymenoptera), but the rate of parasitism was less than 20% and might have had little effect on fly populations.     

山西太岳山小流域土壤水分空间异质性及其影响因子

以山西太岳山华北落叶松林地为主的小流域作为研究对象,采用地统计学方法结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术手段,研究了接石沟小流域土壤水分(0—60cm)的空间变异特征,以及植被分布和地形因子对其影响规律。结果表明:在时间稳定性的前提下,土壤水分含量和变异系数随土层加深逐渐降低。三层土壤水分半方差函数的最优拟合模型为球状模型,变程范围在1.1—1.4 km,均具有强烈的空间自相关性,其中0—20 cm和20—40 cm层土壤水分的空间异质性程度高于40—60 cm土层,以中间层的结构因素占总变异比例最大。自然结构因素(地形、母质、植被和土壤等)对不同土层土壤水分的总空间变异性起主导作用(81.4%—91.3%),而随机因素(取样误差、人为干扰等)的影响相对较小(8.7%—18.6%)。沿着集水线由西-东方向,从边缘的土壤水分高值斑块区逐渐过渡到明显的低值斑块区,梯度变化明显。研究发现,在植被覆盖异质性小的山地,土壤水分的空间异质性主要由地形因素引起,具体表现为其与坡向指数(TRASP)、坡度、海拔和土壤有机碳、全氮呈极显著相关关系(P0.01),而与植被指数(NDVI)呈弱的负相关关系。叠加分析显示,在阴坡、坡度较缓(15°)及高海拔叠合的区域土壤水分含量较高。研究结果可为山地人工林构建和植被恢复中土壤水资源的利用以及水分管理策略的制定提供理论依据。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被类型土壤有效水和持水能力

以黄土丘陵沟壑区坊塌流域不同植被类型为研究对象,在野外调查的基础上,利用离心机法测定不同植被类型0—10、10—20 cm土层不同吸力下的土壤含水率,并利用Van Gennuchten模型对土壤水分特征曲线进行拟合,对比分析了不同植被类型不同土层土壤水分特征曲线、土壤水分有效性和持水性。结果表明:随着植被恢复的进行,不同植被类型土壤水分特征曲线出现了明显的差异,但是其斜率基本不变且不同植被类型0—10、10—20 cm土层土壤水分特征曲线都呈近似的"S"型;不同植被类型0—10、10—20 cm土层土壤有效水范围分别为22.65%—26.80%、23.97%—28.13%,除白羊草群落和刺槐林外呈现出多年生蒿禾类群落低于灌木群落而高于一年生草本群落的变化趋势;不同植被类型土壤持水能力在0—10 cm土层没有显著性差异,在10—20 cm呈现出多年生蒿禾类群落低于灌木群落而高于一年生草本群落,其中白羊草群落最大,刺槐林最低。刺槐林有效水分和土壤持水能力都较低,建议适当采取间伐并促进其近自然化恢复来实现土壤水分的可持续利用,尽量避免在阳坡缺水地区种植刺槐。对于研究地区土壤水分的可持续利用、植被恢复和科学合理的进行植被配置具有重要意义。     

Natural mortality of immature stages of Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in traditional olive groves from north-eastern Portugal

From 2006 to 2008, we studied the natural mortality of olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), eggs and larvae as collected in fruit on the tree, in two to five ‘traditional’ olive groves of Trás-os-Montes (north-eastern Portugal), per year. We also studied the fate of 2044 puparia that were buried in the soil from November to May for two seasons, by using exclusion cages to estimate predation. Mortality of eggs inside the fruit was estimated as between 5.4±2.4 and 16.6±6.1%, and as 10.7±2.1 and 100.0% for young larvae. Similarly, the estimated mortality of mature larvae was between 0 and 66.7±33.3%. The highest mortality levels for young larvae could reach 100% during August, and 47.4% during the first fortnight of December, coincident with high temperatures in summer or low temperatures at the end of autumn and early winter. Mortality (winter disappearance) of puparia was estimated at up to 98.5% of the population. Predation of eggs was low, at 0.6±0.3 to 6.3±4.0% in 2006, 0 to 4.1±1.1% in 2007, and 0 to 3.6±3.6% in 2008. Parasitism was insignificant during the study, and only one parasitoid was identified, the eulophid Pnigalio agraules (Walker). We also surveyed entomopathogenic fungi associated with the insect in 12 olive groves, and evaluated three of the latter against larvae, puparia, and adult B. oleae in the laboratory. Of the 15 fungal species identified from immature stages, three were considered to be entomopathogenic (i.e. Cordyceps bassiana, Penicillium corylophilum and Mucor hiemalis). We observed up to 20.0±3.2% and 94.0±2.5% mortality of larvae and puparia, respectively when treated with P. corylophilum and up to 32.5±11.1% of adults when treated with M. hiemalis.     

Belowground carbon responses to experimental warming regulated by soil moisture change in an alpine ecosystem of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Recent studies found that the largest uncertainties in the response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to climate change might come from changes in soil moisture under the elevation of temperature. Warming‐induced change in soil moisture and its level of influence on terrestrial ecosystems are mostly determined by climate, soil, and vegetation type and their sensitivity to temperature and moisture. Here, we present the results from a warming experiment of an alpine ecosystem conducted in the permafrost region of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau using infrared heaters. Our results show that 3 years of warming treatments significantly elevated soil temperature at 0–100 cm depth, decreased soil moisture at 10 cm depth, and increased soil moisture at 40–100 cm depth. In contrast to the findings of previous research, experimental warming did not significantly affect NH ₄ ⁺‐N, NO ₃ ⁻‐N, and heterotrophic respiration, but stimulated the growth of plants and significantly increased root biomass at 30–50 cm depth. This led to increased soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and liable carbon at 30–50 cm depth, and increased autotrophic respiration of plants. Analysis shows that experimental warming influenced deeper root production via redistributed soil moisture, which favors the accumulation of belowground carbon, but did not significantly affected the decomposition of soil organic carbon. Our findings suggest that future climate change studies need to take greater consideration of changes in the hydrological cycle and the local ecosystem characteristics. The results of our study will aid in understanding the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change and provide the regional case for global ecosystem models.     

黄土高原刺槐林地土壤水分垂直分布特征及其动态模型的建立

以位于黄土高原半干旱丘陵沟壑区的陕西省安塞县和半湿润残塬沟壑区的甘肃省泾川县为代表,研究了不同水分生态区刺槐林地土壤水分垂直分布特征;并在原有林地土壤水分入渗平衡模型的基础上,建立了林地土壤水分随时间、土壤深度变化的动态模型。结果表明:(1)不同水分生态区林地土壤水分垂直变化规律具有明显区别,泾川的土壤含水量峰值出现在20~40cm土层深处,后随着土层深度的增加逐渐降低,在200cm土层深度土壤含水量趋于稳定(11%左右);安塞的土壤含水量峰值出现在约60cm左右的土层,并在220cm深度土壤含水量趋于稳定(5.5%左右);说明泾川的土壤含水量高于安塞,安塞的降雨和林木根系耗水对土壤水分的影响程度和深度均大于泾川,且两地深层土壤水分含量不受降水和林木根系耗水等的影响。(2)利用降水在土壤中的入渗平衡模型能够很好地拟合黄土高原两地(泾川、安塞)刺槐林地的土壤水分垂直分布;并通过引入参数t(月份)建立了林地土壤水分随时间和土壤深度变化的动态模型,经验证该模型能够准确地刻画黄土高原不同水分生态区刺槐林地土壤水分的动态变化。     

瓦屋山扁刺栲-中华木荷常绿阔叶次生林土壤有机碳组分特征

次生林在全球碳循环中占有重要地位,为了研究中国中亚热带次生林土壤有机碳组分特征,以四川瓦屋山中山段扁刺栲-中华木荷常绿阔叶次生林为对象,通过挖取土壤剖面分层(0—10、10—40、40—70 cm和70—100 cm)取样方式,研究土壤各有机碳组分特征。结果表明:土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳、可浸提溶解性有机碳和易氧化碳含量均随土层深度增加而减小,0—10 cm土层有机碳含量为121.89 g/kg,高于已报道的亚热带其他常绿阔叶林和四川各类森林;0—10 cm层微生物生物量碳含量为1931.82 mg/kg,可浸提溶解性有机碳含量为697.42 mg/kg,易氧化碳含量为20.98 g/kg,高于已报道的许多相似天然林和人工林活性碳含量。土壤有机碳储量为154.87 t/hm2,在四川省各类森林中处于中等水平。研究表明瓦屋山扁刺栲-中华木荷常绿阔叶次生林活性碳含量较大,微生物活动和养分流动较为活跃,凋落物层转化为土壤碳的潜力较大,这类生态系统可能会在区域碳循环过程中扮演更为重要的角色。     

The development of the bean seed fly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Delia platura</Emphasis> Mg. (Diptera,Anthomyiidae) and its harmfulness in forest-steppe agrocenoses of Samara Province

Delia platura Mg. is a polyphagous and polyvoltinic Holarctic species feeding mainly on booting cereals and seedling roots. In Samara Province, three generations of the species develop annually; the species hibernates as puparia in soil under winter crops at a depth of 10–20 cm; adults emerge during the first ten days of May. Most of all, the fly infests barley and winter wheat, preferring crop rotation systems with green-manure fallow and causing 2.6–7.2% yield loss.