Corallomycetella属及以C. jatrophae为模式建立新属Corallonectria(丛赤壳科,肉座菌目)(英文)

对Corallomycetella属的概念进行了阐述,该属包括子实体为红色、在自然和培养条件下产生菌索的丛赤壳类真菌。根据对近期采集的标本的观察和多基因系统树分析的结果,广义的Corallomycetella repens形成2个分支,它们与生物地理因素相关联。狭义的Corallomycetella repens限于来自亚洲的标本,而C.elegans来自非洲和美洲。Corallomycetella属成熟的子囊孢子表面具有纤细条纹,此特征过去曾被忽略,C.jatrophae与广义的Neonectria属关系接近,而与C.repens和C.elegans关系较远;因而建立新属Corallonectria,其子囊壳表面细粉状,无性型为束丝结构并与镰孢菌相似。     

丛赤壳科部分属之间的系统学关系

对nrDNA大亚基部分序列进行序列分析,探讨丛赤壳科11个属的属间关系。研究结果表明,Cosmospora不是单起源,它的成员分别与Nectria,Haematonectria以及Neocosmospora3个不同的属聚类在一起;Haematonectria和Neocosmospora的亲缘关系最接近;Lanatonectria为一个独立的属;以Neonectriadiscophoravar.discophora为代表的Neonectria是一个可靠的属。     

西伯利亚嵩草及其相关类群的植物分类学及植物地理学研究

研究了产于西伯利亚的西伯利亚嵩草Kobresia sibirica (Turcz.ex Ledeb.) Boeck.,产于北美的K.hyperborea Porsild和K.macrocarpa Clokey。三者之间无显著差异,并且它们的雌花都具有由一至三枚小鳞片组成的花被。因此,它们为同种植物, K.hyperborea包括其变种var.alaskana Duman和var.lepagei Duman及K.macrocarpa被降为西伯利亚嵩草的异名。西伯利亚嵩草分布于亚洲和北美洲的北极和亚北极地区,可能起源于亚洲,由东西伯利亚通过白令海峡散布到北美。     

中国新归化种广布苋的分布及其与腋花苋的关系

本文报道了中国苋科苋属的一新记录归化植物——广布苋(Amaranthus graecizans L．)。该种植株常匍匐,叶片狭长椭圆形至线状披针形,有时线形或菱形卵形,长至少为宽的2.5倍,花被片3枚,近等长,与中国有分布的本属其他物种有所区别。该种原产于欧洲地中海地区、非洲北部至亚洲西部,归化于欧洲其他地区、东亚、澳大利亚、北美洲以及我国的河南、河北和山东等地区。该种易与苋属其他种类相混淆,因此其在我国的分布区可能被低估。此外,本文还对该种的种下等级以及该种的相似种进行了区分,并对该种下亚种Amaranthus graecizans subsp. thellungianus (Nevski) Gusev与国内文献记载的腋花苋(Amaranthus roxburghianus Kung)之间的关系作了说明与澄清。     

莎草科薹草属黑穗薹草组的植物地理学讨论

根据黑穗薹草组植物的外部形态、细胞染色体特征与地理分布之间的关系,结合地质历史事件推测了黑穗薹草组Sect.Racemosae G.Don.的起源、进化和迁移等问题。推测黑穗薹草组可能在早第三纪的始新世起源于我国的喜马拉雅-横断山地区;可能的迁移路径为：由起源中心向北部迁移至欧洲、中亚、俄罗斯西伯利亚地区,并通过格陵兰岛和白令陆桥到达北美洲地区;经过第四纪冰川后,一些分布于北美洲的物种又通过白令陆桥回迁到亚洲东部的俄罗斯远东地区,最终形成该组植物的现代分布格局。     

中国罗布麻2个新变种—戈宝红麻、戈宝白麻

报道新疆阿勒泰地区发现的夹竹桃科罗布麻属和白麻属2个新变种,即戈宝红麻Apocynum venetum L.var.altaiense H.T.Lau,var.nov和戈宝白麻Poacynum hendersonii(J.D.Hook.)Woodson var.gaubau H.T.Lau.var.nov.。本文对戈宝红麻和戈宝白麻的植物形态与罗布麻、大叶白麻进行了比较,发现它们有较大的、特征性的差别。     

内蒙古二连盆地偶蹄类化石研究新进展

始新世初期不同类型的原始偶蹄类几乎同时出现在北美洲、欧洲和亚洲大陆,这使得偶蹄类的起源显得扑朔迷离、至今尚未有一致的认识。始新世之后、尤其是中新世以来,偶蹄类获得了演化上的巨大成功,如今,它们是现生陆地哺乳动物中多样性最高的有蹄类类群,数量众多、与人类的生活关系密切。通过早期偶蹄类化石材料的研究,可以不断完善对这一类群的认识、对理解其具体的演化过程具有重要的意义。     

紫荆属的系统发育和生物地理学研究

紫荆属（Cercis L.）约含8种,间断分布于亚洲东、西部、欧洲南部和北美。应用核糖体DNA的ITS基因序列研究紫荆属的系统发育关系。在最简约性分析,北美的两个种和南欧、西亚的一个种构成一单系群而隐藏于东亚的种类中。这表明紫荆属北美的种类和南欧、西亚的种类之间的关系比它们的各自与东亚的种类的关系要密切。研究还发现北美洲东、西部的种类可能具较近亲缘。紫荆属以白令陆桥或北大西洋陆桥为迁移途径的可能性似乎都不能排除;北半球的生物地理分布式样可具有复杂的起源。     

中国悬钩子属新分类群

近年来对我国9个省的悬钩子属植物资源进行了调查采集,并在南京中山植物园建立了田间种质库进行观察研究。本文报导在云南省悬钩子资源调查中发现的1个新种和5个新变种,它们是:Rubus godongensis Gu et Li, R. biflorus Buch.-Ham.ex Smith var.spinocalycinus Gu et Li, R. glabricarpus Cheng var.eglandulosus Gu et Li, R. gongshanensis Yü et Lu var.eglandulosus Gu et Li, R. parvifolius L.var.purpureus Gu et Li, R. viburnifolius Focke var.apetalus Gu etLi.     

棒孢拟青霉和丽玛利亚霉鲜红变种——中国2个丝状真菌新记录种

从采自我国山西、辽宁及广西的土样中分离获得了棒孢拟青霉(Paecilomyces clavisporus Hammill)和丽玛利亚霉鲜红变种[Mariannaea elegans(Corda)Samson var.punicea Samson]2个丝状真菌新记录种,并详细描述了这2种菌的形态学特征。     

Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon: the Nectria mammoidea group and species lacking microconidia

Neonectria (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) species having Cylindrocarpon anamorphs that lack microconidia and chlamydospores include: Neo. discophora var. discophora, Neo. discophora var. rubi, stat nov. et comb. nov., Neo. lucida, comb. nov., Neo. viridispora, sp. nov. and Neo. westlandica, comb. nov. Perithecia of these species are red and perithecial anatomyis of the N. mammoidea type, with a palisade of hypha-like cells in the outer perithecial wall. These species occur on recently dead or dying trees. Perithecia of Neo. betulae, sp. nov and Neo. dumontii, sp. nov. are anatomically and biologically similar to those of Neo. discophora. The only known culture of Neo. betulae remained sterile, while Neo. dumontii has not been cultured; their anamorphs are presumed to be Cylindrocarpon. Analyses of mit ssu rDNA sequences indicate that Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon is monophyletic. Within the genus, species having N. mammoidea type perithecia are paraphyletic. Most species cluster with Neo. discophora, but Neo. westlandica and Neo. trachosa are basal to a clade that includes species that do not have a N. mammoidea-type perithecium. Nectria fuckeliana clusters independently of Neonectria and Nectria. Although reported to have a Cylindrocarpon anamorph, fresh ascospore isolates of N. fuckeliana did not produce Cylindrocarpon macroconidia but produced acremonium- or verticillium-like anamorphs. A key to nectriaceous species of Neonectria that have Cylindrocarpon anamorphs that lack microconidia and chlamydospores and/or that have a N. mammoidea type perithecial wall anatomy is presented. New combinations are proposed for other species formerly included in Nectria that have non-microconidial Cylindrocarpon anamorphs: Neonectria cinnamomea, Neo. jungneri, Neo. platycephala, Neo. phaeodisca and Neo. verrucospora.     

Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatum sp. nov., with notes on Cylindrocarpon species with wide, predominantly 3-septate macroconidia

A Cylindrocarpon species with up to 10 μm wide, straight and predominantly 3-septate macroconidia, subglobose to ovoidal microconidia and chlamydospores, is described as Cyl. pauciseptatum. It is most similar to Cyl. austrodestructans but no chlamydospores and microconidia are formed in the latter. Similar macroconidia also occur in Cyl. theobromicola, which forms oval to ellipsoidal microconidia at least sparsely and has slightly curved macroconidia, and Cyl. destructans var. crassum, which forms abundant 1-celled microconidia. DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 plus the 5.8S rDNA and the partial beta-tubulin gene were used for phylogenetic inferences. Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatum and Cyl. macrodidymum are monophyletic and are closely related to other species of Cylindrocarpon sensu stricto including members of the Cyl. destructans (teleomorph, Neonectria radicicola) species complex, which accommodates Cyl. liriodendri (teleomorph, Neon. liriodendri), Cyl. destructans var. crassum and Cyl. austrodestructans (teleomorph, Neonectria austroradicicola comb. nov.). Cylindrocarpon theobromicola is distantly related to species of Cylindrocarpon sensu stricto or Neonectria sensu stricto. It clustered among cylindrocarpon-like species with curved macroconidia, of which some belong to the Neon. mammoidea group. Relatively voluminous cells in sporodochial conidiophores of Cyl. theobromicola resembled those described for Campylocarpon, which is closely related to members of the Neon. mammoidea group including Cyl. theobromicola. Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatum has been isolated from roots of Vitis spp. in South-eastern Europe (Slovenia) as well as New Zealand, where it also occurs on roots of Erica melanthera.     

Phylogeny and a new species of Sparassis (Polyporales, Basidiomycota): evidence from mitochondrial atp6, nuclear rDNA and rpb2 genes

Three nuclear genes, lsu-rDNA (encoding nuclear large subunit rDNA), ITS (encoding the rDNA internal transcribed spacers and 5.8 S rDNA) and rpb2 (encoding the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II), and the mitochondrial gene atp6 (encoding the sixth subunit of ATP synthase), were sequenced from all recognized Sparassis lineages. Sparassis latifolia sp. nov. from boreal coniferous forests in China is described based on morphological, ecological, geographical and molecular data. The nuclear gene phylogeny strongly supported groups corresponding to morphological differences, geographic distribution and host shifts among species that produce clamp connections, such as S. crispa from Europe, S. radicata from western North America and S. latifolia from Asia. The atp6 phylogeny however showed no divergence among these three species. For clampless Sparassis species, such as S. spathulata from eastern North America, S. brevipes and a new species from Europe, the atp6 phylogeny was congruent with the nuclear gene phylogeny. Sparassis cystidiosa is basal in the nuclear tree but sister to S. brevipes-S. spathulata clade in the ATP6 tree. The differences between the phylogenetic inferences from the atp6 gene and those from nuclear genes within Sparassis species are discussed.     

Molecular phylogenetics and delimitation of species in Cortinarius section Calochroi (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) in Europe

Cortinarius is the most species rich genus of mushroom forming fungi with an estimated 2000 spp. worldwide. However, species delimitation within the genus is often controversial. This is particularly true in the section Calochroi (incl. section Fulvi), where the number of accepted taxa in Europe ranges between c.60 and c.170 according to different taxonomic schools. Here, we evaluated species delimitation within this taxonomically difficult group of species and estimated their phylogenetic relationships. Species were delimited by phylogenetic inference and by comparison of ITS sequence data in combination with morphological characters. A total of 421 ITS sequences were analyzed, including data from 53 type specimens. The phylogenetic relationships of the identified species were estimated by analyzing ITS data in combination with sequence data from the two largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2). Seventy-nine species were identified, which are believed to constitute the bulk of the diversity of this group in Europe. The delimitation of species based on ITS sequences is more consistent with a conservative morphological species concept for most groups. ITS sequence data from 30 of the 53 types were identical to other taxa, and most of these can be readily treated as synonyms. This emphasizes the importance of critical analysis of collections before describing new taxa. The phylogenetic separation of species was, in general, unambiguous and there is considerable potential for using ITS sequence data as a barcode for the group. A high level of homoplasy and phenotypic plasticity was observed for morphological and ecological characters. Whereas most species and several minor lineages can be recognized by morphological and ecological character states, these same states are poor indicators at higher levels.     

Phylogenetic and biogeographical relationships among some holarctic frog lung flukes (Digenea: Haematoloechidae).

A phylogenetic study of 8 North American and European species of frog lung flukes belonging to Haematoloechus was conducted using approximately 850 to 1,000 bases of the intemal transcribed spacer region (ITS 1 + 5.8S + ITS 2) and 1,250 bases of the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Adequate phylogenetic resolution could not be obtained from 5.8S or ITS 2 data. Analysis of ITS 1 data produced 2 equally parsimonious trees that differed only in the position of Haematoloechus breviplexus relative to H. medioplexus and H. varioplexus. Single, identical trees were produced by analysis of both LSU sequence data and a data set comprised of all ITS and LSU data. All trees demonstrated 3 distinct evolutionary lineages within the Holarctic Haematoloechus examined. The results confirmed the taxonomic validity of H. abbreviatus and demonstrated that the presence or absence of extracecal uterine loops is not a character meaningful to the recognition of evolutionary lineages or differentiation of genera. Examination of ITS sequence data revealed almost no intraspecific variation within 5 species of Haematoloechus and demonstrated an approximately 150-base indel common to the North American H. longiplexus and the European H. asper. Two of 3 clades revealed by the phylogenetic analyses are comprised of both European and North American species, indicating that lineages of Haematoloechus arose before the breakup of Laurasia and radiated after Eurasia and North America split. Within each of 3 evolutionary lineages, members share similar patterns of arthropod host specificity distinct from patterns found in the other lineages. This suggests that second intermediate host specificity may be a trait that has been conserved through evolutionary time.     

Toward a better understanding of the infrageneric relationships in Cortinarius (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)

Research on the molecular systematics of Cortinarius, a species-rich mushroom genus with nearly global distribution, is just beginning. The present study explores infrageneric relationships using rDNA ITS and LSU sequence data. One large dataset of 132 rDNA ITS sequences and one combined da-taset with 54 rDNA ITS and LSU sequences were generated. Hebeloma was used as outgroup. Bayesian analyses and maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses were carried out. Bayesian phylogenetic inference performed equally well or better than ML, especially in large datasets. The phylogenetic analysis of the combined dataset with species representing all currently recognized subgenera recovered seven well-supported clades (Bayesian posterior probabilities BPP > 90%). These major clades are: /Myxacium s.l., /subg. Cortinarius, the /phlegmacioid clade (including the subclades /Phlegmacium and /Delibuti), the /calochroid clade (/Calochroi, /Ochroleuci and /Allutus), the /telamonioid clade (/Telamonia, /Orellani, /Anomali), /Dermocybe s.l. and /Myxotelamonia. Our results show that Cortinarius consists of many lineages, but the relationships among these clades could not be elucidated. On one hand, the low divergence in rDNA sequences can be held responsible for this; on the other hand, taxon sampling is problematic in Cortinarius phylogeny. Because of the incredibly high diversity (~2000 Cortinarius species), our sampling included <5% of the known species. By choosing type species of subgenera and sections, our sampling is strongly biased toward Northern Hemisphere taxa. More extensive taxon sampling, especially of species from the Southern Hemisphere, is essential to resolve the phylogeny of this important genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi.     

Polymorphism at the ribosomal DNA spacers and its relation to breeding structure of the widespread mushroom Schizophyllum commune

The common split-gilled mushroom Schizophyllum commune is found throughout the world on woody substrates. This study addresses the dispersal and population structure of this fungal species by studying the phylogeny and evolutionary dynamics of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) spacer regions. Extensive sampling (n = 195) of sequences of the intergenic spacer region (IGS1) revealed a large number of unique haplotypes (n = 143). The phylogeny of these IGS1 sequences revealed strong geographic patterns and supported three evolutionarily distinct lineages within the global population. The same three geographic lineages were found in phylogenetic analysis of both other rDNA spacer regions (IGS2 and ITS). However, nested clade analysis of the IGS1 phylogeny suggested the population structure of S. commune has undergone recent changes, such as a long distance colonization of western North America from Europe as well as a recent range expansion in the Caribbean. Among all spacer regions, variation in length and nucleotide sequence was observed between but not within the tandem rDNA repeats (arrays). This pattern is consistent with strong within-array and weak among-array homogenizing forces. We present evidence for the suppression of recombination between rDNA arrays on homologous chromosomes that may account for this pattern of concerted evolution.     

Molecular phylogeny of the Sphaerophorus globosus species complex

The Sphaerophorus globosus complex (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota) shows a large morphological variation, and three relatively distinct morphotypes can be distinguished in parts of the distribution area. Here, we utilize a multigene‐based maximum‐parsimony approach (nITS+ LSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, β‐tubulin, and actin) to investigate whether these morphotypes constitute distinct species. The results show that there are at least two well‐supported monophyletic groups that we interpret as phylogenetic species within the S. globosus complex. These species do not completely correspond to the predefined morphotypes. One group, an apparently undescribed species, contains noncoralloid specimens from the North American Pacific Northwest. The other group, S. globosus, consists of two well‐supported monophyletic groups: one contains coralloid epiphytic specimens from the North American Pacific Northwest that are morphologically indistinguishable from epiphytic specimens from Europe and are presently interpreted as belonging to the same species and the other is morphologically variable and contains terrestrial specimens from Europe, North America, and southernmost South America and coralloid epiphytic and epilithic specimens from Europe. The results suggest that the population in southernmost South America originated by long‐distance dispersal from arctic populations in the Northern Hemisphere.     

Critical assessment of the Lactarius gerardii species complex (Russulales)

This paper investigates species delimitation within the Lactarius gerardii species complex and explores its taxonomic and geographical extent. A combined molecular phylogeny based on ITS, LSU and rpb2 gene sequences is constructed and morphological characters are evaluated. While L. gerardii was originally described from North America, it has later been reported from all over Asia. Therefore a worldwide sampling range was aimed at, including species exhibiting morphological affinities with L. gerardii. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that intercontinental conspecificity in L. gerardii is absent. Thirty strongly supported clades are retrieved of which 18 are morphologically identifiable species. The group is elevated to Lactarius subg. Gerardii stat. nov. It includes, apart from L. gerardii s.l., L. atrovelutinus, L. bicolor, L. ochrogalactus, L. petersenii, L. reticulatovenosus, L. sepiaceus, L. subgerardii and L. wirrabara, as well as the pleurotoid L. uyedae. The paraphyletic nature of the genus Lactarius is confirmed. Lactarius subg. Gerardii appears not affiliated with L.?subg. Plinthogalus and this can be substantiated morphologically. No representatives are known from Europe, Africa or South America. The high frequency of intercontinental sister relationships observed between America, Asia and the Australian region, suggests multiple migration and speciation events have occurred across continents.