Step-wise change of Asian interior climate preceding the Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT)

Understanding the global climate change from greenhouse to icehouse conditions at the Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT) 34 million years ago requires climatic records from oceanic as well as continental realms of the key Late Eocene “doubthouse” period preceding this switch. Here, we report integrated stratigraphic results from well-dated Late Eocene continental mudflat to saline lake paleoenvironments of the Xining Basin (northeastern Tibetan Plateau, western China) recording regional and global change. Cyclostratigraphic analysis strongly suggests continuous dominance of the 41-kyr obliquity cycle in the whole late Eocene interval down to the base of polarity chron C18n.2n at 39 Ma with additional input of the ~ 100-kyr eccentricity cycle up to the base of chron C13r at ~ 34.7 Ma. This might imply that high-latitude climates dominated the area long before the EOT, probably related to incipient ice-volume fluctuations. Furthermore, our results reveal two paleoenvironmental deterioration steps preceding the Eocene–Oligocene Transition. The first step occurs in the top of chron C17n.1n at ~ 36.6 Ma. This age closely corresponds to (1) the high-altitude pollen appearance in chron C16.2r at ~ 36.4 Ma in the same section, (2) the recently dated final retreat of the Tarim Sea in western China, and (3) a shift from precession to obliquity dominance in the Atlantic Ocean. This near co-occurrence suggests global change at this time. We hypothesize this change is related to an increase in incipient ice sheet volume leading to passing threshold conditions for the high-altitude pollen appearance and Tarim Sea retreat, finally leading to decreased moisture availability in the Xining Basin. At the second step, in the base of chron C13r at ~ 34.7 Ma, a substantial increase in clastic sedimentation rates is observed. This might relate to increased climate variability preceding the greenhouse to icehouse transition at the EOT that prevented landscapes to attain equilibrium configurations.     

Characterization and astronomically calibrated age of the first occurrence of Turborotalia frontosa in the Gorrondatxe section, a prospective Lutetian GSSP: implications for the Eocene time scale

The Gorrondatxe section, a prospective Lutetian Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), has recently been used as the master reference section to reassess the correlation between Eocene magnetostratigraphic and calcareous planktonic biostratigraphic scales. However, the exact calibration of some events remained ill defined, as they were thought to be missing in Gorrondatxe due to a fault. The most important missing events were the first occurrence of the planktonic foraminifera Turborotalia frontosa and the C22n/C21r chron boundary. Either might be a reliable correlation criterion for the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary, as both approach the age of the original Lutetian Stratotype. New studies allowed the identification of the former event 9 m above the Gorrondatxe fault, within magnetic polarity Chron C21r and calcareous nannofossil Zone CP12a. Distinctive test features that characterize the most primitive morphotype of T. frontosa are described. Despite the high turbidite content, recurrent pelagic limestone–marl couplets and bundles occur, whose formation was driven by precession and eccentricity astronomical cycles. The first occurrence of T. frontosa was found 27 couplets and 5.5 bundles (60 m) below the first occurrence of the calcareous nannofossil Blackites inflatus , which is dated at 48 Ma. Hence, the age of the first occurrence of T. frontosa is estimated at 48.55 Ma, confirming that it is the most suitable planktonic foraminiferal correlation criterion for the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary. These results show that the stratigraphic interval missing due to the Gorrondatxe fault cannot be greater than a few metres and reinforce the value of this section as a prospective Lutetian GSSP.     

The biostratigraphy and paleobiology of Oligocene planktonic foraminifera from the equatorial Pacific Ocean (ODP Site 1218)

Planktonic foraminifera from a continuous Oligocene succession with clear magnetochronology and sediment cycles at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1218 (equatorial Pacific Ocean) were studied in the interval from 27 to 30 Ma. Paragloborotalia taxa are common and we examined their size, relative abundance, and stable isotopes. Multispecies stable isotope data indicate the depth habitats of Oligocene planktonic foraminifera and suggest that “Globoquadrina” venezuelana and Dentoglobigerina globularis were probably mixed-layer dwellers, with paragloborotaliids recording heavier δ¹⁸O signatures consistent with a thermocline habitat. Cyclic variations in the abundance of Paragloborotalia match eccentricity (100 kyr) variations in percent carbonate and δ¹³C, suggesting orbitally forced upwelling in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and that Paragloborotalia were responding directly to changes in surface water productivity. The high-resolution biostratigraphy calibrated to the magnetochronology constrains the extinction of Paragloborotalia opima which marks the top of Planktonic Foraminifera Biozone O5 (P21b) at 27.456 Ma. The highest occurrence of P. opima is associated with a 50% size decrease in Paragloborotalia pseudocontinuosa taxa within Chron 9n. In addition, we find the extinction of Chiloguembelina cubensis is consistent with other deep-sea sections within Chron 10n at 28.426 Ma marking the O4/O5 (P21a/P21b) boundary.     

Major deglaciation of east Antarctica during the early Late Pliocene? Not likely from a marine perspective

We have conducted an integrated study of ice-rafted debris (IRD) and oxygen isotopes (measured on Cibicides, Globigerina bulloides, and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, using identical samples). We used samples from the early Late Pliocene Gauss Chron from ODP Site 114–704 on the Meteor Rise in the subantarctic South Atlantic.During the early Gauss Chron, the oxygen isotopic ratios are generally up to 0.5‰–0.6‰ less than their respective Holocene values. The lowest values in this record can accommodate a warming of about 2.5 °C OR a sea-level rise of about 50 m, but not both, and probably result from some warming and a small reduction in global ice volume. Starting with isotope stage MG2 [3.23 Ma on the Berggren et al. (1985) time scale; 3.38 on the Shackleton et al. (1995b) time scale] oxygen-isotopic values generally increase (and oscillate about a Holocene mean). The first significant IRD appears at the same time. There is a subsequent increase in IRD amounts upsection. In order to reach the site, this material must have been transported by large, tabular icebergs derived from Antarctic ice shelves or ice tongues, similar to occasional, large modern icebergs.This combined record suggests strongly that the Antarctic ice sheet was essentially intact; some warming at the drill site is indicated, but not a major reduction in ice-volume on Antarctica.     

中国东部石炭纪以来双气囊花粉富集规律与古气候演变

中国东部双气囊花粉首次出现于早石炭世末期,迄今已有近3亿年的历史。晚石炭世以来,包括松科、罗汉松科、古老松柏粉类、具缝双囊粉类、原始无肋双囊粉类及具肋双囊粉类在内的双气囊花粉,在地质发展历史上不仅仅展现为随时间的新老交替过程,而且呈现出明显周期性富集现象。3亿年来,双气囊花粉至少存在三个层次的周期性盛衰过程。一级周期时限约45-50Ma,双气囊花粉往往在其早期阶段富集出现,晚期阶段明显衰退。中国东部重要的双气囊花粉富集期包括：晚石炭世晚期一早二叠世早期、晚二叠世末期一早三叠世早期、晚三叠世末期一早侏罗世早中期、晚侏罗世晚期一早白垩世早期、早白垩世末期一晚白垩世早期、晚白垩世末期古近纪早期、新近纪中期至更新世。双气囊花粉盛衰过程的二级周期时限约15-17Ma,该级周期叠加在一级周期之上,并使其复杂化。一般情况下,在任意一个一级周期之内,前两个二级周期之早、中期阶段,双气囊花粉可达到较高的富集程度,而第三个二级周期内,双气囊花粉往往不甚发育,这是由一级周期本身的性质所决定的。双气囊花粉类盛衰过程还存在着超级周期性,这种超级周期由两个一级周期组成,时限约为100Ma。地史上,此级别周期有4期,其地质时限如下：石炭纪一中二叠世末期、晚二叠世早期一晚侏罗世初期、晚侏罗世早期晚白垩世晚期(马斯特里赫特早期)、晚白垩世末期至今。在同一超级周期之内,两个一级周期转折处双气囊花粉仍占据较突出地位,为弱转折所在。不同超级周期之间,一级周期转折处双气囊花粉含量急剧衰减,且喜热耐干孢粉类型富集出现,特化类型分布普遍,为强转折所在。双气囊花粉类盛衰过程还明显地与古气候演化、全球构造变动、海平面升降、缺氧沉积发育、以及盆地演化过程之间存在着明显的相关性。这些规律表明,全球自然背景演化过程有着统一的机制,而双气囊花粉类盛衰历史为发现这些自然背景演化过程基本规律,以及探索其演化机制提供了重要线索。     

Integrated magnetobiochronology of the Early/Middle Eocene transition at Agost (Spain): Implications for defining the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary stratotype

In this paper, we present an integrated study of a 115‐m‐thick section that spans the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary at Agost (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain). Our study includes magnetostratigraphic results and biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental data derived from planktic foraminifera, small and larger benthic foraminifera, and calcareous nannofossils. Our results demonstrate that the Agost section is continuous and spans from Zones P9 to P12 (E7 to E10), Zones CP11 to CP14a (NP13 to NP16), Zones SBZ11 to SBZ15, and Chrons C22n to C19r. The first occurrence (FO) of H. nuttalli (base of P10) and the FO of G. nuttalli (base of E8) are found within Chron C20r, at a much younger age (3–5 Myr) than previously considered in standard calibration schemes. Similarly, the boundary between SBZ12 and SBZ13 is located within Chron C21n, also at a younger age than previously considered. On the contrary, the FO of B. inflatus (base of CP12b) is found within Chron C21r, which conforms to the magnetostratigraphically calibrated age of ca. 48 Ma (middle part of C21r) considered in standard calibration schemes. These results corroborate earlier studies and indicate that all the events that have been proposed to mark the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary appear at different stratigraphic intervals and have different ages. Based on our results from Agost and on data from other sections elsewhere, we suggest that the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary might be approximated by the FO of B. inflatus (base of CP12b). The Agost section might be considered as a potential candidate to locate the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the base of the Lutetian Stage, because it includes all the events that might be selected as marker events for the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary and it fulfils most of the geological, biostratigraphic and infrastructure requirements demanded for definition of a GSSP.     

Integrated stratigraphy of the Early Miocene lacustrine deposits of Pag Island (SW Croatia): Palaeovegetation and environmental changes in the Dinaride Lake System

An integrated stratigraphic study of a Neogene lacustrine succession on the Pag Island (Croatia), combining quantitative pollen analysis, magnetostratigraphy, cyclostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and gamma-ray measurements, provides new insights into orbitally controlled variations in palaeo-vegetation and depositional patterns in the Dinaride Lake System. The quantitative palynological record shows a cyclical pattern of vegetation changes that closely corresponds to sedimentological patterns. The intervals with a high abundance of thermophilous and xeric indicators, suggesting a warm and dry climate, generally coincide with intervals of frequent lignite deposition and shallow lake facies. This suggests that both records are dominantly controlled by variations in past climatic conditions and lake level. Our data show two large-scale warming and shallowing-upward cycles, which are interpreted to be forced by the ~ 100 kyr eccentricity cycle of the Earth's orbit. Magnetostratigraphic data of the examined section reveal a long (113 m) reversed polarity interval, followed by a 7 m thick interval of normal polarity at the top. The inferred depositional rate of ~ 0.3 mm/yr, combined with biostratigraphic constraints by mollusks, suggests that the most logical correlation of the reversed interval is to chron C5Cr. This indicates that the Pag succession was deposited between 17.1 and 16.7 Ma and that it corresponds to the Burdigalian Stage of the Early Miocene, and the regional Karpatian Stage of the Central Paratethys. The high relative percentage of thermophilous pollen taxa, Engelhardia and Taxodium-type being the most prominent, generally indicates a subtropical humid climate for the SW Croatian part of the Dinaride Lake System. The observed warming trend is possibly related to the onset of the Miocene Climatic Optimum.     

Holocene climatic changes in the Western Mediterranean, from south-east France to south-east Spain

Holocene climatic changes along coastal regions from south-east France to south-east Spain were studied using pollen ratios. Comparing modern pollen rain, vegetation and climate along selected transects from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean, we obtained threshold values of two different ratios corresponding to the different climatic conditions along the transects. These pollen ratios and threshold values were employed to characterize the Holocene climatic changes from nine Mediterranean coastal sites. The results were compared with data from marine and continental pollen sequences distributed in the western Mediterranean basin, and with additional regional data independent of human activity: lake-level fluctuations, alpine glacier advance and retreat chronology, ¹⁴C anomaly and cooling phases in Eastern France and Central Europe. The role of anthropogenic activities and climate on the changes in vegetation is discussed. Six major changes in vegetation cover were identified. They correspond to aridification phases that occurred around 9500–9000 yr BP (10 900–9700 cal BP), 7500–7000 yr BP (8400–7600 cal BP), 4500–4000 yr BP (5300–4200 cal BP), 3700–3300 yr BP (4300–3400 cal BP), 2600–1900 yr BP (2850–1730 cal BP) and 1300–1000 yr BP (1300–750 cal BP). These arid episodes were regional responses to more global climatic changes and determined the changes in the vegetation cover. Humans undoubtedly enhanced the vegetation changes, but none the less had to adapt to these new climatic conditions.     

Evidence of Late Palaeocene-Early Eocene equatorial rain forest refugia in southern Western Ghats,India

Equatorial rain forests that maintain a balance between speciation and extinction are hot-spots for studies of biodiversity. Western Ghats in southern India have gained attention due to high tropical biodiversity and endemism in their southern most area. We attempted to track the affinities of the pollen flora of the endemic plants of Western Ghat area within the fossil palynoflora of late Palaeocene-early Eocene (∼55–50 Ma) sedimentary deposits of western and northeastern Indian region. The study shows striking similarity of extant pollen with twenty eight most common fossil pollen taxa of the early Palaeogene. Widespread occurrences of coal and lignite deposits during early Palaeogene provide evidence of existence of well diversified rain forest community and swampy vegetation in the coastal low lying areas all along the western and northeastern margins of the Indian subcontinent. Prevalence of excessive humid climate during this period has been seen as a result of equatorial positioning of Indian subcontinent, superimposed by a long term global warming phase (PETM and EECO) during the early Palaeogene. The study presents clear evidence that highly diversified equatorial rain forest vegetation once widespread in the Indian subcontinent during early Palaeogene times, are now restricted in a small area as a refugia in the southernmost part of the Western Ghat area. High precipitation and shorter periods of dry months seem to have provided suitable environment to sustain lineages of ancient tropical vegetation in this area of Western Ghats in spite of dramatic climatic changes subsequent to the post India-Asia collision and during the Quaternary and Recent times.     

Marine microplankton and calcareous nannofossil palaeoecology of the Toarcian stratotype

In the Bifrons to Aalensis Ammonite Zones of the Vrines section (Toarcian stratotype), woody phytoclasts, nonsaccate pollen grains, and marine assemblages (dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, and foraminiferal linings) dominate the palynofacies. The dinoflagellate cyst assemblage is cosmopolitan with minor Boreal influences, characterized by relatively high quantities of Micrhystridium, Baltisphaeridium, Mendicodinium spinosum, Nannoceratopsis, and the Parvocysta suite, dominating in turn the marine assemblages. Marine assemblage compositions, both dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs, and calcareous nannofossil abundances are different in marl and limestone lithotypes of the Vrines section. Calcareous nannofossils are generally more abundant in marls than in limestones, they display however a cyclic pattern of semiquantitative abundances in phase with lithological cycles. Although a diagenetic overprint cannot be completely excluded to explain such a difference, it seems likely that these dissimilarities are in part primary, the results of variations in terms of proximality-distality, and climatic fluctuations. A mean duration of 117.6 Kyr per marl-limestone alternation, and the stacking of four marl-limestone alternations for 470.6 Kyr, suggest a control by the Earth's two orbital eccentricity cycles. It is likely that the palaeoenvironmental conditions, which influenced the formation of marl-limestone alternations, also controlled the variations in marine phytoplankton assemblages.     

Sclerosperma fossils from the late Oligocene of Chilga,north-western Ethiopia

The palm family, Arecaceae, is notoriously depauperate in Africa today, and its evolutionary, paleobiogeographic, and extinction history there are not well documented by fossils. In this article we report the pollen of two new extinct species of the small genus, Sclerosperma (Arecoideae), from a late Oligocene (27–28 Ma) stratum exposed along the Guang River in Chilga Wereda of north-western Ethiopia. The pollen are triporate, and the two taxa can be distinguished from each other and from modern species using a combination of light and scanning electron microscopy, which reveals variations in the finer details of their reticulate to perforate exine sculpture. We also report a palm leaf fragment from a stratum higher in the same section that is in the Arecoideae subfamily, and most likely belongs to Sclerosperma. The implications of these discoveries for the evolutionary history of this clade of African arecoid palms is that their diversification was well underway by the middle to late Oligocene, and they were much more widespread in Africa at that time than they are now, limited to West and Central Africa. Sclerosperma exhibits ecological conservatism, as today it occurs primarily in swamps and flooded forests, and the sedimentology of the Guang River deposits at Chilga indicate a heterogeneous landscape with a high water table. The matrix containing the fossil pollen is lignite, which itself indicates standing water, and a variety of plant macrofossils from higher in the section have been interpreted as representing moist tropical forest or seasonally inundated forest communities.     

Milankovitch 41 000-year cycles in lithofacies and molluscan content in the tropical Middle Miocene Nyalindung Formation, Jawa, Indonesia

Nine cyclothems based on changes in sedimentary facies and molluscan fossil associations are identified in the Middle Miocene (± 12 Ma) lower part of Nyalindung Formation, Cijarian River section, Sukabumi, West Jawa Province, Indonesia. Molluscan associations were studied in 75 blocks collected through the succession; 47 species of autochthonous molluscs, belonging to 38 genera, were separated from the blocks. Five molluscan associations were recognized through comparison of these species with their closest living analogues. A sedimentary cycle consists of two conformable lithologic units: in ascending order, a gravelly shellbed or gravelly/conglomeratic sandstone and a muddy fine to medium-grained sandstone. The exception is the basal cycle, which has an intercalation of limestone. The systematic change in the molluscan fossil associations within individual cycles indicates that lithological changes correspond to changes in water depth with an amplitude of about 30 m. The short time period represented by the section and the thin units (many not more than 2 m thick) indicates that the main cause of the cyclicity was orbitally induced climate change, representing Milankovitch-scale cycles of 41 000 years. This appears to be the first time Milankovitch sea-level cycles have been reported from the tropical regions of the Earth.     

内蒙古中部通古尔台地及周边地区古地磁及磁性地层的最新研究

通古尔(Tunggur)台地作为20世纪20—30年代美国自然历史博物馆第三中亚考察团研究过的一个经典的脊椎动物化石地点,在亚洲晚新生代陆相哺乳动物学和生物年代学研究中扮演着重要的角色。20世纪90年代中期以来,在通古尔地区开展了大量的野外工作,发现了数个以小型哺乳动物为主的动物群,建立了从早中新世至上新世哺乳动物演化序列的框架。这一框架有可能成为东亚新近纪陆相哺乳动物群对比的标尺。通古尔地区动物群的演替,对于深入认识这一地区古环境和动物地理的分化也十分重要。2005年8月的野外工作,主要在通古尔台地的两个地点——奥尔班和阿勒特希热进行,目的是寻找新生代中晚期的脊椎动物化石和根据古地磁极性年代标尺确定化石的时代。最厚的古地磁采样剖面在奥尔班(Aoerban,43°20′21．6″N,113°54′48．6″E)。取样点起自43°20′36．4″N,113°54′48．6″E,终于43°20′52．7″N,113°54′23．1″E。测试结果显示,剖面上50 m的粘土岩、粉砂岩和细砂岩的互层,除近底部5 m厚的褐棕色粘土岩外均为负极性时。负极性段大致可与国际标准古地磁柱的5Dr或6r对比,相当于18—20 Ma。该剖面上同时进行了小哺乳动物化石的采集;据初步鉴定,化石组合包括了晚渐新世和大量早中新世的成员。因此,奥尔班动物群极有可能代表内蒙古中部地区新近纪哺乳动物群序列中时代最早的一个新成员。阿勒特希热(Aletexire,43°47′21．6″N,113°05′25．0″E)采样剖面始于43°47′53．6″N, 113°04′51．1″E,终于43°47′52．9″N,113°04′42．2″E。剖面厚约13 m,以粉砂岩和细砂岩为主,含有与推饶木动物群相同的成员。测试结果显示,整个剖面记录为正极性时。这便与王晓鸣等于2003年把阿勒特希热剖面古地磁测试的结果与默尔根剖面的对比产生了一些矛盾。原因可能是阿勒特希热的采样间隔过大,或两剖面根本就不是同一时代的产物。同样的问题似乎也出现在与推饶木剖面的对比上。看来有必要对这一地区的古地磁测试作更深入的工作。     

The classical Late Piacenzian Monte Falcone–Rio Crevalese section (Northern Italy): palynological evidence and biomagnetostratigraphic constraints for climatic cyclicity and local mollusc extinctions

The Monte Falcone–Rio Crevalese section (Northern Italy) crosses the uppermost part of the Piacenzian sandy silts of Pareto (Bull. Soc. Geol. France 22 (1865) 210) and the Monte Padova–Castell’Arquato calcarenite. Previous ecobiostratigraphic studies recorded that the disappearance of both the Terebridae and the majority of Conidae, about 10 m below the lowest Castell’Arquato calcarenitic body, was not due to edaphic factors. Taking into account the biostratigraphic constraints, we put forward the working hypothesis that this event is correlatable with the beginning of the Glacial Pliocene which approximates the Gauss-Matuyama boundary. The analysis of the pollen record fully confirms that the disappearance of the warm-water molluscs was correlated with an important cooling phase. Moreover, an almost complete climatic cycle is recorded in the silty sand beds between the two calcarenitic bodies of Castell’Arquato (Rio Crevalese section). The paleomagnetic data and the biostratigraphic constraints make it possible to date the base of Monte Padova–Castell’Arquato calcarenite at around 2.7 Ma and correlate the cooling, recorded by pollen analysis just below this, with the oxygen isotopic stage 110.     

Cooling-driven climate change at 12–11 Ma: Multiproxy records from a long fluviolacustrine sequence at Guyuan, Ningxia, China

To explore the evolution of climate through the Miocene, especially during the Middle Miocene climate transition, multiproxy continental records were analyzed by susceptibility (SUS), lightness (L), total inorganic carbon (TIC) and total organic carbon (TOC) content from the 2900-m-thick fluviolacustrine sediment sequence at Guyuan, Ningxia, China and compared with the redness (a) and the pollen humidity indices from the same section. The published Miocene records of sedimentation rate, sediment grain size, biota turnover, and palaeoproductivity from other regions were also compiled and compared. Results show that multiproxies of the Sikouzi section have changed substantially since 12–11 Ma ago. SUS, L and TIC have increased while a, TOC and the pollen humidity index decreased, all implying that the palaeoclimate in the study area has got cooler and drier since that time.This climate change also left imprints in many other regions, probably resulting from global cooling and the development of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet since about 14 Ma. Several positive feedback mechanisms are proposed to have effectively modulated and magnified the Mid-Miocene global cooling, including vegetation change, greenhouse gas (atmospheric CO₂ and water vapor) fluctuations. They led to the strengthing of ocean and atmospheric circulation, significant lowering of sea level and increasing aridification over the globe, especially in middle-high latitudes. Since 12–11 Ma ago, a continuously cooler and drier climate may have caused the substantial intensification of physical weathering and exhumation on the earth's surface, the increased sediment accumulation rates on the land and in the sea, and the inception of productivity increase in the oceans. Nevertheless, when and where these mechanisms operated and how they were tied to each other remain ambiguous, deserving further investigation.     

中国北方上新世降温事件及其对温度纬度梯度变化的影响

中晚上新世是现代气候形成过程根据在同一地区(剖面)获得的古地磁年代资料,发现山西榆社及河北泥河湾的孢粉资料记录了在松山/高斯极性事件界线附近(约2.5 Ma)的一次明显的降温事件.山西榆社的孢粉资料还记录了在约2.7 Ma-2.8 Ma的一次降温事件.这些降温事件主要是因为全球性气候变化引起的,北极圈附近和西伯利亚的冷高压大大地降低了我国,特别是我国北方的冬季气温.与此同时,位于北极圈附近的阿拉斯加发生了更为强烈的降温事件.比较两地相当时期的降温幅度,可以发现因为不同纬度的降温幅度不同使得温度的纬度变化梯度比降温事件发生前大大增加了,由原来的纬度每增加一度降低约0.3℃增大到约0.5℃.     

Palynofacies and sedimentology-based high-resolution sequence stratigraphy of the lignite-bearing muddy coastal deposits (early Eocene) in the Vastan Lignite Mine, Gulf of Cambay, India

Geological records of early Paleogene warming are rare in low latitudinal regions. The Indian subcontinent preserves records of this global event on western and eastern margins. We attempt to decipher paleoenvironmental setup and facies architecture of the paleo-equatorial early Eocene succession at the Vastan Lignite Mine, Gulf of Cambay, western India. The Vastan lignite succession was deposited in a low-energy coastal marsh-bay complex receiving only fine-grained muddy sediments from the weathered Deccan Traps. The lower part of the Vastan lignite deposit, designated as “Vastan Succession A”, comprises four depositional facies representing distinct environments (open bay, restricted bay, creek and channel, and coastal marsh) and one diagenetic facies. Palynofacies analysis, backed by precise sedimentological framework, records changes in terrestrial supply and fluctuating marine characters of bay and marshes. Eleven Palyno-Units are identified in distinct lithofacies sequences stacked in shallowing-upward cycles representing five parasequences that constitute a Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) deposit. Each parasequence starts with a transgressive sheet deposit, followed by shallowing-upward bay fill-marsh deposits. In the vertical succession, each parasequence acquires increasing marine character, culminating in a maximum flooding surface (shell carbonate) that represents large-scale coastal onlap during early Ypresian time. The TST is followed by a Highstand Systems Tract deposit, which shows an erosional surface at the top of the upper lignite indicating Lowstand Systems Tract and a sequence boundary at ~52 Ma. The Vastan Succession A represents TST (3rd-order cycle) deposits with parasequences and hemicycles representing 4th- and 5th-order cycles. The study demonstrates sea level rise along the Indian western coastal margin in response to early Eocene warming between ~55 and ~52 Ma with maximum transgression at 53.7 Ma.     

Pliocene and early Pleistocene environments and climates of the western Snake River Plain, Idaho

Sedimentological, palynological, and magnetic susceptibility data provide paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic information from a 989 ft (301 m) core of sediments from the upper Glenns Ferry and Bruneau Formations from near the town of Bruneau in Owyhee County, Idaho. Chronology is based on stratigraphic position, paleomagnetism, and biostratigraphic data, which collectively suggest a late Gauss Normal-Polarity Chron age for the Glenns Ferry sediments and a middle Matuyama Reversed-Polarity Chron age for the Bruneau sediments. A deep lake was present on the western Snake River Plain during the portions of the time represented by the Glenns Ferry Formation, and the mudstones of the lower half of the core were apparently deposited in this lake. The terminal regression of the Glenns Ferry lake may be represented in the Bruneau core by sandy mudstones and sands that overlie the deep-water mudstones. A cobble layer present in the core between the Glenns Ferry lake beds and those of the overlying Bruneau Formation may indicate through-flow by the ancestral Snake River.Palynological data from the Glenns Ferry sediments in the Bruneau core reveal a pollen flora similar to the modern regional pollen flora, with very rare occurrences of now-extirpated taxa common earlier in the Tertiary. Palynological data from the Pliocene portion of this core indicate conditions more moist than today, with cooler summers and perhaps warmer winters. Quasi-periodic fluctuations in coniferous pollen (primarily Pinus) versus arid steppe taxa (primarily Chenopodiaceae/Amar-anthus) indicate significant variations in moisture through the lower two-thirds of the Glenns Ferry portion of the core. Shorter wave-length fluctuations in magnetic susceptibility and (inversely) Artemisia may reflect variations in temperature or other unidentified climatic variables. The pollen spectra from the Bruneau Formation sediments in the Bruneau core are dominated by Artemisia and resemble those of the Wisconsinan glacial period on the Snake River Plain, and hence indicate cold and dry conditions during some portion of the early Pleistocene.The deep-water Glenns Ferry lacustrine episode appears to date between approximately 3.5 to 3.3 and 2.5 Ma, and thus occurred during the middle Pliocene period of warmer-than-modern global temperatures. Similar sustained wetter-than-present conditions occurred in the same age range at sites across the western U.S.A. from southern California and Arizona to northern California and Idaho. This moist period was apparently followed by an interval of regional arid conditions that persisted for several hundred thousand years.     

A 20 Ma pollen record of East-Asian summer monsoon evolution from Guyuan, Ningxia, China

Pollen analysis was conducted on the fluviolacustrine sediments from the east side of the Liupan Mountains, a relatively monsoon-sensitive region, and provided for the first time a continuous evolutionary history of vegetation and climate in East China during the Neogene. The pollen record spanning the last 20 Ma indicates that the vegetation and thus East-Asian summer monsoon evolution can be divided into three stages: 20.13–14.25 Ma, 14.25–11.35 Ma and 11.35–0.08 Ma, in spite of general dominance of steppe throughout the Neogene. During the period 20.13–14.25 Ma, the pollen assemblage was characterized by high abundance of Artemisia and small amounts of temperate to subtropical deciduous broad-leafed trees such as Juglans, Carya, Quercus and Betula, suggesting that the East-Asian summer monsoon was generally strong. The interval from 14.25 to 11.35 Ma was marked by a significant decline in the East-Asian summer monsoon, as indicated by Artemisia gradually replaced by Humulus and halophytic Chenopodiaceae. Nitraria and Ephedra also reached high values in this period. Since 11.35 Ma ago, percentages of halophytes dominated by Chenopodiaceae and Tamaricaceae maintained a high mean value of about 40%, revealing a weak intensity of East-Asian summer monsoon. The general weakening of the monsoon circulation during the Neogene and the significant monsoon decline during the late Middle Miocene in particular might link with the global cooling trend probably through two mechanisms. Cooling and ice-sheet expansion over the polar region caused an increase in meridional temperature gradients leading to the southward retreat of the monsoon circulation. The global cooling may have also reduced the amount of water vapor held in the atmosphere, and led to both additional cooling and further weakening of the East-Asian summer monsoon. The cause for a short-lived resumption during the period 1.0–0.8 Ma is under investigation.