底泥高磷浓度提高了喜旱莲子草的入侵性

植物通过改变自身的形态和生态生理特征对多变的环境因素做出响应,这种表型可塑性能增强外来物种的入侵能力。该文研究了入侵植物喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)对底泥磷浓度、植株密度以及二者间交互作用的可塑性响应,探讨可塑性是否能使其获得更高的入侵能力。结果表明:低密度×底泥高磷浓度处理条件下的叶重、茎重、总重、叶数、分枝数和茎长等明显高于低、中磷浓度处理;高密度×底泥高磷浓度条件下的叶数、茎长和比茎长的值最大;植株的含磷量随底泥磷浓度的升高显著增加,说明喜旱莲子草响应底泥磷浓度变化时改变了自身的形态与生态生理性状。泥底含磷量对叶重比、叶数、茎长、茎磷含量、叶磷含量和植株总含磷量的影响都达到显著水平(p<0.05);植株密度对茎重、比茎长、叶磷含量和植株总磷含量的影响达到显著水平(p<0.05)。与入侵能力相关的叶重比、叶数、茎长在底泥高磷浓度处理中显著增加,说明底泥的高磷浓度增强了喜旱莲子草的入侵能力。     

竹类植物对异质生境的适应——表型可塑性

竹类植物是一类以木本为主的克隆植物,凭借表型可塑性的优势,对异质生境具有很强适应能力。然而,目前对竹类植物表型可塑性的实现方式及其异质生境适应对策未见系统总结,从而在一定程度上限制了竹类生态学的发展。从形态可塑性、选择性放置、克隆整合和克隆分工等4个方面对竹类植物的表型可塑性研究进行分析和梳理,结果表明:竹类植物在异质生境中具有明显的表型可塑反应,主要采用形态可塑性、选择性放置和克隆整合来适应异质生境,而克隆分工的普遍性仍有待验证;目前侧重于研究构件形态和生物量分配格局,而很少深入探讨形态、生理和行为等可塑性机理。今后竹类植物表型可塑性研究重点在于:1)克隆整合的格局与机理;2)克隆整合对生态系统的影响;3)克隆分工的形成及其与环境关系;4)表型可塑性的等级性及环境影响;5)不同克隆构型的表型可塑性特征及其内在机制。     

四种菊科植物开花期构件生物量及表型可塑性比较

本文对粤东地区菊科2种入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、加拿大蓬(Conyza canadensis)以及2种本土植物宽叶鼠曲草(Gnaphalium adnatum)、夜香牛(Vernonia cinerea)3种生境下的构件生物量、生物量分配及变异趋势进行了研究,对株高与各构件之间的关系建立了定量化描述模型,以揭示4种菊科植物在不同小生境中各构件的变异大小及生殖分配策略;对4种植物繁殖与营养构件之间的关系进行相关性、回归分析和生长趋势分析,以确定入侵种是否存在较高的表型可塑性。结果表明:三叶鬼针草在贫瘠、干燥的生境中,茎生物量分配显著增大,叶和花序生物量分配有减小的趋势;加拿大蓬在肥沃、潮湿的生境中其茎、叶、花序及总生物量显著大于其他2个生境(P0.01);宽叶鼠曲草和夜香牛在肥力较差、干燥的环境中,根生物量分配增大,茎和花序生物量分配有减小的趋势;三叶鬼针草、加拿大蓬和夜香牛各构件生物量的变异系数宽叶鼠曲草;相关性检验和生长趋势分析显示,三叶鬼针草、加拿大蓬和夜香牛繁殖与营养构件之间为异速生长。因此,三叶鬼针草、加拿大蓬和夜香牛具有较高的表型可塑性,以增强对多样环境的耐受性和适应性。     

葡匐茎草本蛇莓对基质分条件的克隆可塑性

为了研究葡匐茎草本植物对基质养分供应水平的克隆可塑性,在一栽培实验中葡茎草本植物蛇莓（Ｄｕｃｈｅｓｎｅａ ｉｎｄｉｃａ Ｆｏｃｋｅ）经历了高、中、低养分（Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ）水平的环境处理。实验表明,蛇莓植株生物量在较高养分条件下较高养冠比在低养分条件下最大,高欠之,中养分量小;对铺匐茎的生物量投资在中养分条件下最大;对叶柄的生物量投资没有对养分处理发生反应。蛇莓植株在人工养分下比在高养分和中分条件下形成     

蛇莓克隆构型对光照强度的可塑性反应

克隆植物构型的可塑性反应可能是它在资源斑块性状分布的环境中获取资源对策的重要方面,因而可能具有重要的生态学意义。在一田间实验中,匍匐茎草本蛇毒（Duchesnea indica Focke）经历了不同相对光照强度的处理,以研究光照强度对蛇莓克隆构型的影响。结果表明：随着相对光照强度的增加,间隔子的长度逐渐降低,分枝角度、分枝强度和分株密度呈二次曲线变化。结合植物对环境异质性的利用对策,对的揭示的蛇莓克隆构型可塑性进行了讨论。     

匍匐茎草本金戴戴对盐分梯度的表型可塑性

研究了匍匐茎型克隆草本金戴戴(Halerpestes ruthenica) 4种基株（基因型）对不同盐分处理（0,85.5, 171.0, 256.5和342.0 mM NaCl）的表型可塑性。随着盐分浓度的增加,实验植物与生长相关的性状指标 (如植株干重、总叶面积、分株数和总匍匐茎长度) 显著减小。植株干重、总叶面积和总匍匐茎长度具有显著的基株间差异。实验植物与形态相关的性状指标 (如平均叶柄长和根冠比) 对盐分梯度具有可塑性并具有显著的基株间差异;而其它形态指标 (如平均节间长、比节间长和比叶柄长)     

匍匐茎草本金戴戴对盐分梯度的表型可塑性

 研究了匍匐茎型克隆草本金戴戴(Halerpestes ruthenica) 4种基株（基因型）对不同盐分处理（0,85.5, 171.0, 256.5和342.0 mM NaCl）的表型可塑性。随着盐分浓度的增加,实验植物与生长相关的性状指标 (如植株干重、总叶面积、分株数和总匍匐茎长度) 显著减小。植株干重、总叶面积和总匍匐茎长度具有显著的基株间差异。实验植物与形态相关的性状指标 (如平均叶柄长和根冠比) 对盐分梯度具有可塑性并具有显著的基株间差异;而其它形态指标 (如平均节间长、比节间长和比叶柄长)     

沙米表型可塑性对土壤养分、水分和种群密度变化的响应

研究了土壤营养、土壤水分和种群密度等环境因素对沙米表型可塑性的影响．结果表明：土壤营养、土壤水分和种群密度对沙米的形态特性和生物量具有显著影响;随着土壤营养的增加,沙米的根冠比从0．135减小到0．073,但与土壤水分和种群密度无显著相关关系．对土壤营养和土壤水分变化响应的沙米繁殖分配可塑性是“真正的可塑性”;沙米繁殖分配与土壤营养呈负相关,与土壤水分呈正相关;在高土壤营养或低土壤水分条件下,沙米的繁殖分配随个体大小变化的速率较大;种群密度对沙米的繁殖分配无影响,其繁殖分配主要受个体大小的制约．在3个环境因素中,土壤营养对沙米形态特性和生物量特性的可塑性影响最大．     

土壤水分条件对克隆植物互花米草表型可塑性的影响

在互花米草草滩挖掘沙蚕是海岸带常见的行为,会造成土壤结构松散,蓄水能力下降,局部土壤水分含量低.能否利用这些条件,降低互花米草种群的入侵性,并进而对互花米草的控制提供对策是一个重要的生态学命题.为此,实验模拟3种不同土壤蓄水条件,并测定互花米草在该条件下的形态与存活指标、克隆特征参数及生物量积累与分配格局.结果表明:土壤水分条件对互花米草的叶长和根状茎生物量均没有显著影响(p> 0.05);而其株高、分枝强度、克隆存活数、克隆存活率及地上生物量在各土壤水分条件间差异显著(p< 0.05);在低水分条件下,互花米草的芽数、基茎粗、地上生物量比和叶生物量比均显著低于其他两组处理(p< 0.05),地下生物量比则显著高于其他两组处理(p< 0.05);在中等水分条件下,互花米草的根状茎长、根状茎节数、地下生物量和茎生物量比与其他两组处理差异不显著(p> 0.05),而在其他两组处理间差异显著(p< 0.05);在高水分条件下,总生物量、茎生物量和根生物量显著高于其他两组处理(p< 0.05),根状茎生物量比则显著低于其他两组处理(p< 0.05),而这些指标在其他两组处理间均差异不显著(p> 0.05).由此推断,土壤水分条件适中有利于互花米草的生长扩张以占领有利的资源环境,而土壤水分条件低则抑制互花米草的生长繁殖,影响其种群延续.     

四季竹立竹表型可塑性的林分密度效应

为了给优良的观赏和夏秋笋用竹种四季竹的丰产林分密度建立提供理论依据,开展了四季竹纯林4种林分密度(17500～27500株·hm-2,D1;37500～42500株·hm-2,D2;55000～62500株·hm-2,D3;72500～82500株·hm-2,D4)的分株构件因子调查,并对立竹主要形态特征因子进行了主成分分析。结果表明:随着林分密度的增大,四季竹立竹胸径和相同胸径下的节间长分别呈"∧"和"∨"形变化,极值分别出现在D3和D2密度。相同胸径下的立竹冠幅和枝盘数均呈"∨"形变化,并且最小值都出现在D2密度;立竹枝长和残枝率均呈倒"N"形变化,枝长最大值和残枝率的最小值均出现在D3密度。林分叶面积指数呈"∧"形变化,最大值出现在D3密度;立竹单叶面积与林分密度呈显著正相关。相同胸径下的立竹全高、胸高壁厚、枝下高和枝夹角、单叶质量、比叶面积在不同林分密度间无显著差异。经主成分分析,立竹表型形态与秆形构件关系最为密切,其次为枝条构件,最后是叶片构件。经通径分析,各林分密度立竹表型综合得分大小顺序为:D3D4D2D1。在试验林立竹胸径条件下,D3是四季竹无性系生理整合成本和效益的密度阀值,是分株形态良好建成的适宜林分密度。     

武汉东湖不同湖区底泥总磷含量及变化的研究

以武汉东湖为对象,研究了1998.03—1999.02期间不同营养水平湖区底泥中(0—5cm,5—10cm)总磷的含量及季节动态。6个站平均总磷含量为1.15mg/g,同80年代初相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ站底泥中总磷含量分别增高1.42倍和1.03倍。受污水排放影响较重的0站磷含量高达2.78mg/g,而受污水排放影响较小的Ⅳ、Ⅴ站仅分别为0.52mg/g和0.50mg/g。东湖底泥中磷年平均含量与湖水中磷年平均浓度相关系数极高(r=0.997,n=5,p＜0.02)。通过对不同湖泊的底泥磷含量、水柱磷含量和外源负荷的比较和相关分析可以看出,水柱中磷含量较高,磷负荷较大的湖泊底泥中磷含量也高。可以预测,即使东湖的外源负荷得以控制,巨大的底泥磷内源负荷将会继续对东湖水质构成威胁。     

鄂尔多斯高原风蚀沙化梁地克隆植物的分布及其与物种多样性的关系

 采用样线法和点样法对鄂尔多斯风蚀沙化梁地上的植物进行了调查,研究了梁地上克隆植物的分布、克隆植物在群落中的重要性及其与群落物种多样性之间的关系。结果表明：1）在梁顶的典型草原植物群落和梁底的滩地盐生植物群落中克隆植物的物种丰富度较高,而在梁坡的沙生植物群落中较少,非克隆植物物种在梁顶出现频率较高,在梁坡和梁底较少;密集型克隆植物物种丰富度的变化与非克隆植物相同,游击型克隆植物在梁顶植物群落中没有出现,在梁坡群落中也很少,而在梁底的滩地中较多。2）梁底群落中克隆植物的重要值高于梁顶和梁坡群落中克隆植物的重要值,梁顶与梁坡群落中非克隆植物的重要值高于梁底群落中非克隆植物的重要值;在梁坡与梁底群落中,克隆植物的重要值都高于非克隆植物的重要值,而在梁顶群落中克隆植物与非克隆植物的重要值之间无差异;梁顶与梁坡群落中密集型克隆植物的重要值高于梁底群落中密集型克隆植物的重要值,而游击型克隆植物的重要值在梁底群落中较高;在梁顶与梁坡群落中,密集型克隆植物的重要值分别高于游击型克隆植物的重要值,而在梁底群落中,密集型克隆植物的重要值低于游击型克隆植物的重要值。3）梁顶的典型草原植物群落中,群落物种多样性随非克隆植物的重要值、克隆植物的重要值、密集型克隆植物的重要值的变化趋势相同,都为抛物线型。梁坡的沙生植物群落中,群落物种多样性与非克隆植物的重要值呈正相关,而分别与克隆植物和密集型克隆植物的重要值呈负相关。梁底的滩地盐生植物群落中,群落物种多样性与非克隆植物的重要值呈正相关,而与克隆植物和游击型克隆植物的重要值呈负相关。     

THE RESPONSES OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER TO ARTIFICIAL SELECTION ON BODY WEIGHT AND ITS PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN TWO LARVAL FOOD ENVIRONMENTS

To investigate the potential response to natural selection of reaction norms for age and size at maturity, fresh body weight at eclosion was mass selected under rich and poor larval food conditions in Drosophila melanogaster. The sensitivity of dry weight at eclosion to the difference between rich and poor larval food was selected using differences in sensitivities among families. For both experiments, the correlated response to selection of age at eclosion was examined. The flies were derived from wild populations and had been mass cultured in the lab for more than six months before the experiments started. These flies responded to selection on body weight upwards and downwards on both rich and poor larval food. Selection on increased or decreased sensitivity of body weight was also successful in at least one direction. Sensitivity was reduced by selection upwards in a poor environment and downwards in a rich environment.     

林缘和荒草坡不同草本层盖度小生境中积雪草的等级可塑性

为研究克隆植物在不同生境中对小生境的利用能力和对不同尺度异质性生境的等级可塑性及其格局差异,比较了林缘和荒草坡不同草本层盖度小生境中积雪草(Centella asiatica)分株种群、克隆片段和叶水平的形态和生理特征。在分株种群水平,林缘和荒草坡积雪草被测的分株种群特征差异均不显著,不同草本层盖度小生境间积雪草根冠比差异显著,即在盖度小的小生境中其根冠比显著大于盖度大的小生境。在克隆片段水平,林缘和荒草坡生境显著影响积雪草的根干重、花果干重、一级匍匐茎节间长和总匍匐茎节间长,而不同草本层盖度小生境则显著影响花果干重、根冠比、一级匍匐茎数、二级匍匐茎节间长和总匍匐茎节间长。荒草坡积雪草拥有更大的根干重和花果干重,但一级匍匐茎节间长和总匍匐茎节间长较短。草本层盖度小的小生境中积雪草的根冠比和一级匍匐茎数显著高于盖度大的小生境,而花果干重、二级匍匐茎节间长和总匍匐茎节间长则相反。在叶水平,荒草坡和草本层盖度大的小生境中,积雪草的叶片长、叶片宽和叶面积都较大,而草本层盖度大的小生境中积雪草叶柄长和比叶柄长都显著大于盖度小的小生境;林缘和荒草坡生境与不同草本层盖度小生境对4个叶绿素指标影响均不显著,林缘和荒草坡生境与不同草本层盖度小生境的交互作用对所有测量特征均无显著影响。上述结果表明,积雪草对不同生境和有草本层盖度差异的小生境的反应存在等级可塑性,但是二者的等级差异格局不同;等级反应格局的差异反映出积雪草对不同生境条件有不同的生态适应对策,且对生境小尺度异质性的可塑性强于对大尺度异质性的可塑性。     

PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN POLYGONUM PERSICARIA. II. NORMS OF REACTION TO SOIL MOISTURE AND THE MAINTENANCE OF GENETIC DIVERSITY

Adaptive phenotypic plasticity is the predicted evolutionary response to fine-grained fluctuation in major environmental factors, such as soil moisture in plant habitats. This study examines genotypes from two natural populations of Polygonum persicaria, one from a relatively homogeneous, moderately moist site, and one from a site in which severe drought and root flooding occur within single growth seasons. Norms of reaction (phenotypic response curves) were determined for a random sample of eight and ten cloned genotypes, respectively, from each of the populations over a controlled moisture gradient ranging from drought to flooding.     

PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN POLYGONUM PERSICARIA. I. DIVERSITY AND UNIFORMITY IN GENOTYPIC NORMS OF REACTION TO LIGHT

Several aspects of genotype-environment interaction may act to modulate natural selection in populations that encounter variable environments. In this study the norms of reaction (phenotypic responses) of 20 cloned genotypes from two natural populations of the annual plant Polygonum persicaria were determined over a broad range of controlled light environments (8%-100% full sun). These data reveal both the extent of functionally adaptive phenotypic plasticity expressed by individual genotypes, and the patterns of diversity among genotypes for characters relevant to fitness, in response to an environmental factor that is both highly variable within populations and critical to growth and reproduction.     

QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF RESPONSE TO COMPETITORS IN NEMOPHILA MENZIESII: A GREENHOUSE STUDY

To determine the potential for adaptation to a local biotic environment, we examined the magnitude and nature of genetic variation in response to neighboring plants within a natural population of the native California annual, Nemophila menziesii. A total of 22 plants from a natural population were crossed in three reciprocal factorials. The progeny were grown in a greenhouse in nine treatments that varied in conspecific density and in the density of a naturally co-occurring grass species, Bromus diandrus. Increasing the density of each species significantly reduced individual survival, fruit number, and dry weight. Among survivors, we found small to moderate heritability of dry weight within treatments. Additive genetic correlations (r_A) of dry weight between competitive regimes were generally large and positive. In no case were they significantly different from 1, as expected under the null hypothesis that the relative performance of the genotypes under consideration is the same in all environments. On the basis of these results, we cannot conclude that the structure of genetic covariation within this population would promote genetic differentiation in response to locally varying conditions of density of these two species. Aspects of the experiment that may have compromised our ability to detect r_A differing from 1 are discussed.     

ADAPTIVE MATERNAL ADJUSTMENTS OF OFFSPRING SIZE IN RESPONSE TO CONSPECIFIC DENSITY IN TWO POPULATIONS OF THE LEAST KILLIFISH, HETERANDRIA FORMOSA

Given a trade-off between offspring size and number and an advantage to large size in competition, theory predicts that the offspring size that maximizes maternal fitness will vary with the level of competition that offspring experience. Where the strength of competition varies, selection should favor females that can adjust their offspring size to match the offspring's expected competitive environment. We looked for such phenotypically plastic maternal effects in the least killifish, Heterandria formosa , a livebearing, matrotrophic species. Long-term field observations on this species have revealed that some populations experience relatively constant, low densities, whereas other populations experience more variable, higher densities. We compared sizes of offspring born to females exposed during brood development to either low or high experimental densities, keeping the per capita food ration constant. We examined plastic responses to density for females from one population that experiences high and variable densities and another that experiences low and less-variable densities. We found that, as predicted, female H. formosa produced larger offspring at the higher density. Unexpectedly, we found similar patterns of plasticity in response to density for females from both populations, suggesting that this response is evolutionarily conserved in this species.     

EFFECTS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT ON BIOMASS AND CELL MORPHOLOGY OF CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA (CHLOROPHYTA) IN THE COLORADO RIVER, ARIZONA

This study assessed changes in biomass, filament length, and cell morphology in Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz. along a suspended sediment gradient in the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. Suspended sediments ranged from 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ at Lees Ferry (Rkm 0.8) to 4.2 mg·L⁻¹ at Gorilla Island (Rkm 352). There was a 74% decrease in Cladophora biomass along the river transect through Grand Canyon National Park and a significant decrease in filament and cell length, but cell width increased. Similar changes in cell morphology occurred after 19 days when C. glomerata was transplanted from a low suspended sediment site (2.0 mg·L⁻¹) at Lees Ferry to a habitat with high suspended sediments (≥20.0 mg·L⁻¹). Cell length increased and cell width decreased when plants were transplanted back to the low suspended sediment habitat for 24 days. In situ studies with reduced light in the absence of suspended sediments showed no change in cell morphology. These in situ experiments imply that changes in cell morphology by C. glomerata in waters with high suspended sediments are adjustments in structural integrity to accommodate the abrasive force of suspended particles. Our study suggests that cell dimensions in Cladophora might be too plastic under varying environmental conditions to be used in taxonomic determinations.