特异性标记EIAV感染性克隆的构建及鉴定

用FLAG^TM或6His对EIAV疫苗株全基因感染性克隆pFD3的S2分子进行分子标记,以建立EIAV疫苗株与野毒株感染鉴别诊断的方法。标记产物pFD3-FLAG和pFD3-HISADD转染驴胎皮细胞(FDD)后收获衍生病毒并用逆转录酶活性检测和PCR方法确定其感染性。在FDD细胞上盲传至第五代后收获细胞培养上清再感染驴单核巨噬细胞(DL),盲传三代后pFD3-FLAGRT酶活性显示弱阳性,未见明显的细胞病变;pFD3-HISADD为强阳性,且细胞病变效应明显,在电镜下可见明显的病毒颗粒。与父本克隆pFD3相比,在细胞水平上二者复制特性有明显的不同。证明在DL细胞上S2基因的完整性是病毒复制很重要的因素。     

马传染性贫血病毒基因非编码区LTR嵌合克隆的构建

在已有全长感染性克隆pLGFD3-8和pD70344的基础上,根据马传贫弱毒疫苗致弱过程中不同代次毒株LTR序列的分析,在LTR U3区选取特定的酶切位点对EIAV非编码区LTR基因进行了部分替换.将替换的全基因克隆转染驴胎皮肤细胞(FDD)并以驴白细胞(DL)传代,用逆转录酶活性检测、RT-PCR方法及Real-time RT-PCR验证其感染性.结果发现,其衍生病毒感染上述两种细胞均出现明显的细胞病变;细胞培养上清可检测到RT酶活性和RT-PCR阳性.电镜下可见大量典型的EIAV颗粒.pLGFD9-12嵌合克隆衍生病毒与其父本克隆衍生病毒pLGFD3-8具有相似的复制水平,pLGFD9-12嵌合克隆衍生病毒在DL细胞上复制水平略高于FDD细胞.此结果为进一步深入研究LTR对马传染性贫血病毒复制水平和毒力的影响奠定了基础.     

中国株EIAV S2基因逆向突变感染性克隆的构建及体外感染性评价

以中国株EIAV的驴强毒株EIAVDV115与疫苗株EIAVFDDV15的S2基因变化规律为依据,利用反向遗传技术对EIAV弱毒疫苗株全基因组感染性克隆pFDDV3-8的S2基因区进行逆向突变,构建了含有强毒株EIAVDV115S2基因区内4个稳定点突变的克隆质粒pFDDVS2r1-3-4-5,将该质粒转染FDD后进行体外继代盲传,经RT-PCR、逆转录酶活性、间接免疫荧光等检测后,显示经EIAV克隆质粒pFDDVS2r1-3-4-5转染的FDD盲传3代后,可在转染的FDD细胞培养物的上清液中检测到EIAV逆转录酶活性;该细胞培养物经RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光检测均呈EIAV阳性;在电镜下可观察到典型EIAV粒子。证明已成功拯救经EIAVS2基因逆向突变后的衍生病毒vpFDDVS2r1-3-4-5。比较vpFDDVS2r1-3-4-5衍生病毒与亲本克隆衍生病毒的复制动力学,表明前者的复制比后者略滞后。以上结果提示,对疫苗株S2基因的突变未明显影响EIAV的体外复制。     

马传染性贫血病毒基因非编码区LTR嵌合克隆的构建

在已有全长感染性克隆pLGFD3 8 和pD70344 的基础上,根据马传贫弱毒疫苗致弱过程中不同代次毒株LTR序列的分析,在LTR U3区选取特定的酶切位点对EIAV非编码区LTR基因进行了部分替换。将替换的全基因克隆转染驴胎皮肤细胞(FDD)并以驴白细胞(DL)传代,用逆转录酶活性检测、RT PCR方法及Real time RT PCR验证其感染性。结果发现,其衍生病毒感染上述两种细胞均出现明显的细胞病变;细胞培养上清可检测到RT酶活性和RT PCR阳性。电镜下可见大量典型的EIAV颗粒。pLGFD9 12 嵌合克隆衍生病毒与其父本克隆衍生病毒pLGFD3 8具有相似的复制水平,pLGFD9 12嵌合克隆衍生病毒在DL细胞上复制水平略高于FDD细胞。此结果为进一步深入研究LTR对马传染性贫血病毒复制水平和毒力的影响奠定了基础。     

逆向突变型EIAV全长基因组感染性克隆的构建及体外感染性评价

在已有全长基因组感染性克隆pLGFD3-8的基础上,按照疫苗制作过程中EIAV结构基因的变化规律,对其中gag基因进行定点逆向回复改造.并在gag突变的基础上增加env突变位点.将所改造的突变克隆转染驴胎皮肤细胞(FDD)以及驴单核巨噬细胞(DL),并用逆转录酶活性检测和RT-PCR方法验证其感染性.结果发现,衍生病毒感染上述两种细胞均出现明显的细胞病变效应;细胞培养上清可检测到RT酶活性和RT-PCR阳性.电镜下可见大量典型的病毒颗粒.然而单核巨噬细胞培养病毒感染滴度要明显高于驴胎皮肤细胞培养病毒滴度.驴胎皮肤细胞内嵌合克隆衍生病毒和父本克隆衍生病毒的复制动力学比较分析显示前者的复制比后者略有滞后.此结果为深入研究马传染性贫血病毒致病的分子机制和疫苗保护机理奠定了基础.     

逆向突变型EIAV全长基因组感染性克隆的构建及体外感染性评价

在已有全长基因组感染性克隆 pLGFD3 8的基础上,按照疫苗制作过程中 EIAV结构基因的变化规律,对其中gag基因进行定点逆向回复改造。并在gag突变的基础上增加env 突变位点。将所改造的突变克隆转染驴胎皮肤细胞(FDD)以及驴单核巨噬细胞(DL),并用逆转录酶活性检测和 RT PCR方法验证其感染性。结果发现,衍生病毒感染上述两种细胞均出现明显的细胞病变效应;细胞培养上清可检测到 RT酶活性和 RT PCR阳性。电镜下可见大量典型的病毒颗粒。然而单核巨噬细胞培养病毒感染滴度要明显高于驴胎皮肤细胞培养病毒滴度。驴胎皮肤细胞内嵌合克隆衍生病毒和父本克隆衍生病毒的复制动力学比较分析显示前者的复制比后者略有滞后。此结果为深入研究马传染性贫血病毒致病的分子机制和疫苗保护机理奠定了基础。     

逆向突变型ELAV全长基因组感染性克隆的构建及体外感染性评价

在已有全长基因组感染性克隆pLGFD3-8的基础上,按照疫苗制作过程中EIAV结构基因的变化规律,对其中gag基因进行定点逆向回复改造。并在gag突变的基础上增加e一突变位点。将所改造的突变克隆转染驴胎皮肤细胞(FDD)以及驴单核巨噬细胞(DL),并用逆转录酶活性检测和RT-PCR方法验证其感染性。结果发现,衍生病毒感染上述两种细胞均出现明显的细胞病变效应;细胞培养上清可检测到RT酶活性和RT-PCR阳性。电镜下可见大量典型的病毒颗粒。然而单核巨噬细胞培养病毒感染滴度要明显高于驴胎皮肤细胞培养病毒滴度。驴胎皮肤细胞内嵌合克隆衍生病毒和父本克隆衍生病毒的复制动力学比较分析显示前者的复制比后者略有滞后。此结果为深入研究马传染性贫血病毒致病的分子机制和疫苗保护机理奠定了基础。     

感染性马传染性贫血病毒嵌合克隆的构建

在已有的全长感染性克隆pFD3的基础上,构建了新的低拷贝的全长克隆pLGFD3-8。按照疫苗制备过程中env基因的变化情况,采用基因替换和定点突变的方法,构建了一系列具有马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)强毒株env基因及其主要突变特征的嵌合克隆。利用这些克隆转染FDD细胞,并用逆转录酶活性检测和PCR方法确定其感染性。结果发现,在FDD细胞中传代3次后,可在细胞培养物中检测到逆转录酶活性和原病毒DNA的存在,在电镜下可以观察到典型的EIAV病毒颗粒。这一结果为进一步研究马传染性贫血病毒致病的分子机制和免疫保护机理奠定了良好的基础。     

马传染性贫血病毒弱毒疫苗株跨膜蛋白截短突变对其体外复制特性影响

马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)减毒疫苗是世界首例慢病毒疫苗,但其作用机理尚不明了.研究发现,EIAV疫苗株EIAVFDDV12的跨膜蛋白gp45在马体内发生高频率261W位点翻译终止突变,使该蛋白质C端出现154个氨基酸的截短.为了探讨该截短对EIAV疫苗株生物学特性的作用,以EIAV弱毒疫苗株感染性克隆为骨干,构建了gp45截短型感染性病毒株,检测该截短突变对EIAV疫苗株在体外培养的马外周血单核细胞由来的巨噬细胞(MDM)、驴MDM和驴胎皮细胞(FDD)中的复制.实验结果表明,gp45截短型毒株在马和驴MDM中复制能力比未截短型毒株显著降低(P<0.01),特别是在马MDM中此差异更明显.相反,截短型毒株在FDD中的复制能力则显著高于未截短型毒株(P<0.01).此外,结果显示gp45截短型毒株在马MDM中的低水平复制降低了EIAV对其靶细胞诱导的凋亡.以上结果提示,EIAV疫苗的gp45截短型毒株是适应在体外FDD细胞中传代致弱的变异,该变异导致疫苗株在EIAV体内主要靶细胞巨噬细胞中复制能力的降低,导致毒力进一步减弱.     

马传染性贫血病毒N-连接糖基化回复突变的感染性克隆构建

根据马传贫强毒株EIAV-L和疫苗株EIAV-FDD表面蛋白gp90的N-连接糖基化的变化规律,采用PCR定点突变的方法,对全长感染性克隆pLGFD3-8上的N-连接糖基化的差异区域进行改造后,构建成含有3个N-连接糖基化位点突变的感染性克隆pLGNl91N236N246.将其转染驴胎皮肤细胞(FDD),通过用逆转录酶活性、间接免疫荧光和RT-PCR方法检测而确定其感染性.结果表明,在FDD细胞中盲传三代后,在细胞培养物中可检测到逆转录酶活性,RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光检测均呈阳性,电镜下见到典型的EIAV颗粒.这一结果可能对N-连接糖基化在我国马传贫弱毒疫苗致弱机理的作用研究而奠定良好的基础.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.