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牧民对高寒牧区生态环境的感知——以甘南牧区为例 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6
地处青藏高原的甘南牧区是典型的生态敏感区,牧民作为牧区最主要的经济活动主体与最基本的决策单位,其对生态环境的认识和响应影响着牧区的生态安全.采用参与性农户评估方法(PRA)对甘南牧区的97户牧民家庭进行了调查,并根据分布区域将其分成纯牧区牧户和半农半牧区牧户两组,就牧民的环境意识、对环境变化的感知、对环境变化原因的认识进行比较分析,基于分析结果,提出了相关的政策建议.研究结果表明:研究区牧民对生态环境重要性的认识非常明确,但在生产中却较少真正考虑对生态环境的影响;与20a前相比,85%的牧户认为生态环境有所恶化,纯牧区牧户的感受更为深刻;对于生态环境恶化的原因,超过40%的牧户认为是超载过牧,其次是破坏植被(22.68%)和气候变化(18.56%).两组牧户对于生态环境恶化原因的认识具有一定差别,纯牧区牧户认为主要原因是过度放牧及气候变化,半农半牧区牧户认为是过度放牧与破坏植被、滥垦土地. 相似文献
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海南植物区系的多样性 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
记载海南维管束植物的多样性,表明蕨类植物区系已有古生代和中生代的孑遗,又有白垩纪以来的现代蕨类,它们都存在着许多特有种;裸子植物则以泛热带成分及华夏成分为主;有花植物包括全球植物区系8个植物区的成分,而以热带成分全球性分布成分最多。最后,文章分析了海南植物区系多样性的地史背景及自然条件的因素。 相似文献
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海南植物区系的多样性 总被引:15,自引:2,他引:13
记载海南维管束植物的多样性,表明蕨类植物区系已有古生代和中生代的孑遗,又有白垩纪以来的现代蕨类,它们都存在着许多特有种;裸子植物则以泛热带成分及华夏成分为主;有花植物包括全球植物区系8个植物区的成分,而以热带成分及全球性分布成分最多。最后,文章分析了海南植物区系多样性的地史背景及自然条件的因素。 相似文献
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In recent years, protein structure prediction using local structure information has made great progress. In this study, a novel and effective method is developed to predict the local structure and the folding fragments of proteins. First, the proteins with known structures are split into fragments. Second, these fragments, represented by dihedrals, are clustered to produce the building blocks (BBs). Third, an efficient machine learning method is used to predict the local structures of proteins from sequence profiles. Finally, a bi-gram model, trained by an iterated algorithm, is introduced to simulate the interactions of these BBs. For test proteins, the building-block lattice is constructed, which contains all the folding fragments of the proteins. The local structures and the optimal fragments are then obtained by the dynamic programming algorithm. The experiment is performed on a subset of the PDB database with sequence identity less than 25%. The results show that the performance of the method is better than the method that uses only sequence information. When multiple paths are returned, the average classification accuracy of local structures is 72.27% and the average prediction accuracy of local structures is 67.72%, which is a significant improvement in comparison with previous studies. The method can predict not only the local structures but also the folding fragments of proteins. This work is helpful for the ab initio protein structure prediction and especially, the understanding of the folding process of proteins. 相似文献
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J. Ashley Roach 《Ocean Development & International Law》2013,44(3):239-259
International courts and tribunals, governments, and scholars over the past half-century (many in the past two decades) have identified various provisions of the 1958 and 1982 treaties on the law of the sea that are customary international law and thus binding on all states, including those not party to these treaties. This article systematically collects these opinions and identifies provisions that have not yet attracted their attention. 相似文献
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Kohmei Kadowaki 《Population Ecology》2023,65(4):240-256
Community ecology beginners often struggle to understand theories expressed in complex mathematical formulas and to master computer programming. To remedy this situation, this article provides a practical, R-based introduction to community ecology by illustrating core concepts (vital rates, carrying capacity, and density dependence) and models that can be used to explore the patterns of species abundance and diversity. The structure of this article consists of three modeling exercises, each asking a general question that can be answered by a combination of theory and R programming: (1) what determines the abundance of species, and what makes a population persist and go extinct?; (2) what determines the distribution of species and species diversity?; (3) what determines the relative abundance of species and what allows species to coexist? Through the exercises, I discuss the following five concepts and ideas that provide valuable insights into the questions: (i) the tragedy of the commons, (ii) the theory of island biogeography, (iii) competitive exclusion, (iv) the neutral theory of biodiversity, and (v) frequency dependence. These materials are thus designed to guide the reader in developing an intuition for ecological thinking that will help capture the essence of the global environmental and biodiversity crisis. Although this article does not delineate the scope and depth of the vast field of community ecology, I hope that it will motivate the reader to step up to a more formal introduction to community ecology. 相似文献
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“探究问题”的课题研究,让学生学会如何收集、处理和提取信息,如何运用相关知识分析和解决实际问题,如何与他人交流与合作,如何表述或展示研究的成果等等,达到学以致用的目的。 相似文献
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Michaela Young 《Ocean Development & International Law》2016,47(2):165-185
The principle of freedom of the seas remains the governing paradigm of the high seas in modern law of the sea. Although the principle, as embraced by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), is no longer an absolute norm, it continues to present fundamental challenges for achieving effective conservation on the high seas as it stands in direct contrast to the conservation duty imposed on states by LOSC. The recent UN General Assembly resolution calling for the adoption of a further Implementing Agreement under LOSC to address conservation on the high seas, highlights the need to build a new ethos for management of the high seas, which will require states to loosen their firm grip on the Grotian doctrine. This article seeks to contribute toward shifting attitudes in relation to the principle of freedom through an examination of the nature and scope of the principle in its historic context and in contemporary law of the sea. 相似文献
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Zhen Lin 《Ocean Development & International Law》2013,44(2-3):170-189
AbstractThe Chinese initiative of constructing the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road could be identified as a new chance to promote the protection of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in the South China Sea. However, uncertainties concerning the jurisdictional issue over the UCH in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or on the continental shelf constitute an obstacle. The Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage has, to some extent, enlarged the coastal state’s jurisdiction. State practice differs on this issue. This article focuses on the domestic legislations of states bordering the South China Sea related to the jurisdiction over UCH found in their EEZ or on their continental shelf. 相似文献
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黑河中下游绿洲生态安全评价 总被引:42,自引:7,他引:42
生态安全包括自然生态安全、经济生态安全和社会生态安全 ,尤指自然和半自然生态系统的安全 ,即生态系统完整性和健康的整体水平反映。生态安全是维护地区或国家乃至全球的生态环境不受威胁的状态 ,能为整个生态经济系统的持续发展提供生态保障。从水安全、土地安全、经济社会安全出发 ,选取水资源量供需比、地表水质量、地下水埋深和地下水矿化度 4种水安全评价指标 ;土地人口承载度、林地覆盖率、草地载畜度、绿洲面积变化率、绿洲土地沙化率、绿洲土地盐碱化率和抗灾度等 7种土地安全评价指标 ;人均 GDP产值、单位面积农业生产总值、农民人均纯收入、绿洲人口密度、城市化率和文明度等经济社会安全评价指标 ;共计 17项 ,建立了绿洲生态安全评价综合指标体系。然后 ,应用综合评价法、层次分析法和 GIS等多种方法与手段 ,在绿洲尺度上对黑河干流中下游地区的张掖、临泽、高台、鼎新和额济纳 5个绿洲进行绿洲生态安全综合评价。评价结果显示 :自黑河中游至下游 ,各个绿洲的生态安全状况依次降低 ,最下游的额济纳绿洲生态安全仅为 4级的差状态。其中 ,水安全是关键 ,土地安全是载体 ,经济社会安全是保障 ,以上几方面相互关联 ,共同作用导致绿洲的生态安全综合水平。 相似文献
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长江三峡淹没区与移民安置区植物多样性及其保护策略 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
随着三峡大坝的修建,三峡地区淹没区和移民安置区的植物多样性调查与保护工作相继展开。从多年考察采集到的标本及历史资料补充确定,两区高等植物为170科,762属,1784种。分别占到三峡地区高等植物科、属、种数的85.85%,75.30%和59.19%。其中特有植物27种。而三峡地区的灌木和草丛群落基本分布在沿江两岸的低海拔地区,受水库蓄水影响较大。对两区内21个马尾松(Pinus massoniana)群落物种多样性进行的Shannon-Wiener指数及Pielou均匀度指数的测定结果表明,马尾松群落的多样性变化总体趋势为:灌木层>草本层>乔木层;对该地区具有代表性的11种灌丛类型进行的物种多样性指数的测定结果表明:盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)、毛黄栌(Cotinus coggygriavar.pubescens)、荆条(Vitex negundo)、马桑(Coriaria sinic)等4种群落的灌木层丰富度较高,分别为16,26,20和15。多样性指数分别为1.791,3.427,2.949和1.718;对沿江分布的9种主要草丛群落进行的物种多样性指数的测定结果表明:芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)、五节芒(Miscanthus floridutus)、白茅(Imperatacylindricavar.major)、荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)等4种海拔分布较高的群落物种多样性指数较高,分别达到1.697,1.354,1.144和1.018。另外,对淹没区及移民安置区的物种调查结果显示:受淹的自然植被类型共有22种。其中木本群落4种,灌丛9种,草丛9种。小鞍叶羊蹄甲(Bauhinia brachycarpavar.microphylla)、中华蚊母树(Distylium chinensis)、水杨梅(Geum aleppicum)、小叶黄杨(Buxus sinica var.parvifolia)、铁仔(Myrsine africana)、疏花水柏枝(Myricaria laxiflora)等灌丛被全部淹没;巫溪叶底珠(Securinega wuxiensis)、宜昌黄杨(Buxus ichangensis)和荷叶铁线蕨(Adiantum reniformevar.sinense)大部分被淹没。目前,已建立了库区植物物种保护站及监测站,200多种植物已得到迁地保护,包括已列入中国植物红皮书的37种珍濒物种和11种三峡库区建群种。 相似文献
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多异瓢虫的发育与温度的关系 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
测定多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata(Goeze)在13,17,21,25,29和33℃下各虫态的发育历期。结果表明,在不同温度梯度下,多异瓢虫全世代历期依次为:(62.23±3.42)d,(48.31±2.96)d,(25.01±2.53)d,(20.78±1.83)d,(13.68±0.67)d和(10.92±0.58)d。利用最小二乘法确定出多异瓢虫各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温,其全世代的分别为10.85℃和249.79日.度;由微分法求出Logistic曲线方程中的最大发育速率K,进而由最小二乘法求出a、r,从而确定出多异瓢虫各虫态的发育速率与温度的Logistic曲线关系,其全世代的为:V=0.101156/[1+exp(3.905041-0.183509T)];由Lagrangc中值定理求出各虫态的发育最适温度、适宜温区,其全世代的分别为:Tmid(最适温度)=21.28℃、Tmin(适宜温区下限)=11.55℃、Tmax(适宜温区上限)=31.01℃。 相似文献
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本研究是用向家兔肺内充气的方法观察30只活体家兔呼吸器官的压—容特性及肺损伤的程度。实验中用压力传感器测量气管内压力,用全身体积描记法测量肺—胸容积。实验结果表明,家兔呼吸器官的充放气曲线有三种类型,这与肺损伤的程度有关。充气压—容曲线呈S形,肺破裂时形成钝峰。充气压为750~800mmH_2O时,多数肺有重度肺气肿及广泛性出血,甚至肺破裂使家兔死亡,故确定此值为兔肺破裂强度值。充气压为650~700mmH_2O时,无一例肺破裂,只有小灶性出血及轻度肺气肿,故确定此值为兔肺生理耐限值。 相似文献
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云南哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林树种萌生特征研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
在云南省哀牢山徐家坝地区选择保存完好的原生林与20多年前受到砍伐的森林两种类型的样地。通过调查其中各树种的更新方式和萌生状况,探讨该地区砍伐林的主要恢复途径、树种的萌生特征。结果表明,在种子萌发、地面萌生和地上萌生三种更新方式中,地上萌生所占的比例最大,尤其是变色锥、木果柯、蒙自连蕊茶等树种。在砍伐林中,<0.5m残桩上的萌枝数量显著高于1~2m以及≥2m高的残桩;萌生位置距地面高度与全株高度之比(以下简称萌高比)<0.1处所具有的萌枝数量显著高于其它位置;而在原生林中,残桩高度对萌枝数量无影响,萌高比<0.1处所具有的萌枝数量显著高于萌高比为0.5~0.9处的。 相似文献
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Jonathan G. Odom 《Ocean Development & International Law》2018,49(1):1-51
In contemporary international discourse about maritime freedom (e.g., “freedom of navigation”), nations often speak in generalities, but rarely clarify what they mean. To reduce the risk of misunderstanding, nations should navigate their use of language between two purposes simultaneously. First, any discussion should be concise, communicable, and comprehendible. Additionally, nations should also be prepared to dialogue on these matters in greater depth and detail, and any substantive discussion should be faithful to the applicable international law that binds nations. A way to ensure such discourse is meaningful is by following a three-step process of labeling, framing, and applying. This article details this approach. 相似文献