共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
J. Bříza D. Pavingerová P. Přikrylová J. Gazdová J. Vlasák H. Niedermeierová 《Biologia Plantarum》2008,52(3):453-461
Two selection systems for Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of tomato and potato were compared. In the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Moneymaker), the highest transformation rate, 4.2 %, of cotyledon explants on mannose-selection medium was obtained when
mannose/sucrose concentration in the regeneration medium was 5/15 g dm−3. The best transformation efficacy with the commonly used concentration of 100 mg dm−3 kanamycin as a selection agent was 9 %. In the potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. Bintje), the highest transformation frequency was 53.3 % when mannose concentration in the regeneration medium was 5
g dm−3 during the first 3 weeks after transformation and 10 g dm−3 afterwards. The optimum concentration of sucrose was 20 g dm−3. The transformation efficiency using kanamycin as a selection agent at a concentration 100 mg dm−3 was 33.3 % with potato. Our results demonstrate that the transformation efficiency using mannose selection is 1.6-fold higher
for potato and about 2 times lower for tomato comparing with the ordinary protocol using kanamycin. 相似文献
2.
Li Liu Xiaoli Fan Junwei Zhang Meiling Yan Manzhu Bao 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2009,45(6):673-680
In this study, we have demonstrated that Zoysia japonica callus induced from mature seeds can produce high frequencies of plant regeneration and somatic embryogenesis, even following
a prolonged period of subculturing. Initial callus cultures were induced from mature seeds of Japanese lawngrass (Z. japonica Steud.) incubated on a medium containing major N6 medium salts, minor Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium salts, and modified MS medium organic elements supplemented with 3 mg
L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.01–0.02 mg L−1 6-benzyladenine. Compact callus were selected and subcultured monthly on a medium containing 2 mg L−1 2,4-D, 0.5 mg L−1 kinetin, 500 mg L−1 casein hydrolysate, 500 mg L−1 proline, and 500 mg L−1 myoinositol. Callus maintained in vitro for 18 mo could be induced to regenerate plantlets with a frequency of >90%. By contrast, 36-mo-old callus cultures failed
to produce normal shoot regeneration. However, the addition of CuSO4 to the subculture media maintained >90% regeneration frequencies in such long-term callus cultures. Histological observations
revealed that plant regeneration occurred both through somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis pathways. The ability to sustainable
regeneration in long-term callus cultures will be valuable to the program of genetic transformation and somaclonal variant
selection. 相似文献
3.
Embryos of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, were treated with 1, 10 or 50 μg ml−1 all-trans retinoic acid (AtRA) for 2 days. Survival and hatching rates were not affected. However, an increase in the number
of primordial germ cells (PGCs), progenitors of gametes, and a slightly more advanced stage of the gonads were found in those
treated with 10 or 50 μg ml−1 AtRA. Newly hatched larvae were treated with 0.1, 0.5 or 1 μg ml−1 AtRA for 2 days. Survival rates were lower in those treated with 0.5 or 1 μg ml−1 AtRA; nevertheless, the gonads were slightly more developed. The results indicated that AtRA, an active metabolite of vitamin
A, affected germ cell and gonad development of embryos and the larvae of giant freshwater prawn. 相似文献
4.
5.
The effect of several plant growth regulators on the number of tumors developing on potato tuber discs (Solatium tuberosum L. cv. Radka) inoculated withAgrobacterium tumefaciens, strain C 58 was studied. The plant growth regulators used in appropriate range of concentrations stimulated the formation
of tumors byA. tumefaciens.
Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was most active in concentration of 10−4 mg ml−1. Kinetin gave a biphasic response with optimal promotions of tumor initiation at 10−4 − 2 × 10−3 mg ml−1. High kinetin concentration (10−1 mg ml−1) inhibited the formation of tumors completely. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) stimulated the initiation of tumors in the same range
of concentrations as kinetin, except that very high concentrations did not inhibit but enhanced tumor formation. 2,4-diehlorphenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D) showed a biphasic response with maxima in 10−4 mg ml−1 and 10−1 mg ml−1. All the tumors scored for nopaline production showed nopaline synthase activity independently whether their formation was
stimulated by l0−1 mg ml−1 IAA or they were initiated without any treatment by plant growth regulators. 相似文献
6.
Ehsan Ullah Khan Xing-Zheng Fu Ji-Hong Liu 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2012,109(2):383-390
In this study, attempts were made to develop a protocol for regeneration of transgenic plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of leaf segments from ‘Valencia’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) using gfp (green fluorescence protein) as a vital marker. Sensitivity of the leaf segments regeneration to kanamycin was evaluated,
which showed that 50 mg l−1 was the best among the tested concentrations. In addition, factors affecting the frequency of transient gfp expression were optimized, including leaf age, Agrobacterium concentration, infection time, and co-cultivation period. Adventitious shoots regenerated on medium containing Murashige
and Tucker basal medium plus 0.1 mg l−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.5 mg l−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.5 mg l−1 kinetin (KT). The leaf segments from 3-month-old in vitro seedlings, Agrobacterium concentration at OD600 of 0.6, 10-min immersion, and co-cultivation for 3 days yielded the highest frequency of transient gfp expression, shoots regeneration response and transformation efficiency. By applying these optimized parameters we recovered
independent transformed plants at the transformation efficiency of 23.33% on selection medium (MT salts augmented with 0.5 mg l−1 BA, 0.5 mg l−1 KT, 0.1 mg l−1 NAA, 50 mg l−1 kanamycin and 250 mg l−1 cefotaxime). Expression of gfp in the leaf segments and regenerated shoots was confirmed using fluorescence microscope. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
analysis using gfp and nptII gene-specific primers further confirmed the integration of the transgene in the independent transgenic plants. The transformation
methodology described here may pave the way for generating transgenic plants using leaf segments as explants. 相似文献
7.
Isaac Neibaur Maria Gallo Fredy Altpeter 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2008,44(6):480-486
Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) is a salt tolerant, fine textured turfgrass used on golf courses in coastal, tropical, and subtropical regions. A
callus induction and plant regeneration protocol for this commercially important turfgrass species has been developed. Induction
of highly regenerable callus with approximately 400 shoots per cultured immature inflorescence (1 cm in length) was achieved
by culturing 0.2 cm segments on media with 3 mg l−1 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) and 0.1 or 1.0 mg l−1 benzylaminopurine (BA). A multifactorial experiment demonstrated the combination of 3 mg l−1 dicamba and 1.0 mg l−1 BA for induction of callus resulted in 12 times higher plant regeneration frequency compared to 3 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) alone or ten times higher plant regeneration frequency than the combination of 3 mg
l−1 2,4-D and 1.0 mg l−1 BA. These results are expected to support the development of a genetic transformation protocol for seashore paspalum. 相似文献
8.
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) transformation varies by genotype. Various culture parameters have been studied in order to improve the transformation efficiency
of lettuce cultivars. However, no improved transformation procedure for recalcitrant lettuce cultivars has yet been established.
Here, we demonstrate the effects of varying concentrations and distinct combinations of growth regulators on recalcitrant
lettuce transformation efficiency. More precisely, we assessed differences in the effects of several growth regulator combinations,
including N-6(2-isopentenyl)-adenine (2ip), on induction of callus and regeneration of shoots after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium. When two commercial recalcitrant cultivars, Red Romaine and Bibb, were cultured on a medium with 2ip 1 mg l−1, IAA 0.1 mg l−1, and subsequently transferred to a second medium with BA 0.4 mg l−1, NAA 0.05 mg l−1 for selection and shoot regeneration, transformation efficiencies reached 8 and 9%, respectively. Stable integration and
transmission of the transgene in T1 generation plants were confirmed by molecular analysis. This procedure represents a simple,
efficient, and general means of transforming various lettuce cultivars, including recalcitrant commercial cultivars. 相似文献
9.
Efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Scoparia dulcis L. was developed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring the binary vector pCAMBIA1301 with β-glucuronidase (GUS) (uidA) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) genes. Two-day precultured leaf segments of in vitro shoot culture were found to be suitable for cocultivation with the
Agrobacterium strain, and acetosyringone was able to promote the transformation process. After selection on shoot organogenesis medium
with appropriate concentrations of hygromycin and carbenicillin, adventitious shoots were developed on elongation medium by
twice subculturing under the same selection scheme. The elongated hygromycin-resistant shoots were subsequently rooted on
the MS medium supplemented with 1 mg l−1 indole-3-butyric acid and 15 mg l−1 hygromycin. Successful transformation was confirmed by PCR analysis using uidA- and hpt-specific primers and monitored by histochemical assay for β-GUS activity during shoot organogenesis. Integration of hpt gene into the genome of transgenic plants was also verified by Southern blot analysis. High transformation efficiency at
a rate of 54.6% with an average of 3.9 ± 0.39 transgenic plantlets per explant was achieved in the present transformation
system. It took only 2–3 months from seed germination to positive transformants transplanted to soil. Therefore, an efficient
and fast genetic transformation system was developed for S. dulcis using an Agrobacterium-mediated approach and plant regeneration via shoot organogenesis, which provides a useful platform for future genetic engineering
studies in this medicinally important plant. 相似文献
10.
Ajit Kumar Shasany Suman P. S. Khanujia Sunita Dhawan Usha Yadav Srikant Sharma Sushil Kumar 《Journal of biosciences》1998,23(5):641-646
Media and incubation conditions have been defined for highly efficient regeneration of shoots from internode explants of slow
and fast growing cultivars ofMentha arvensis. Internodal segments excised from thein vitro raised shoots were inoculated on the MS medium supplemented with combinations of 5 concentrations of l-napthalene acetic
acid (NAA) and 3 concentrations of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP). The media containing 2 μg ml−1 NAA, 10 Μg ml−1 BAP and 1 μg ml−1 NAA, 5 μg ml−1 BAP proved best for shoot regeneration and growth responses on cv Himalaya and cv Kalka explants, respectively. In 12 weeks
time, on average one explant of cv Himalaya produced about 200 shoots and that of cv Kalka produced about 180 shoots. The
Himalaya explants required higher concentrations of NAA and BAP for high efficiency proliferation as compared to the Kalka
explants. The experiments demonstrated that internodal tissue inMentha arvensis can be induced to obtain direct shoot regenerants with high efficiency. The analysis of the RAPD profiles of 100 regenerated
plantlets each of cv Himalaya and Kalka showed more than 99.9% homogeneity in bands with respect to the parents. 相似文献
11.
Inhibition of galectin-3 mediated cellular interactions by pectic polysaccharides from dietary sources 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pectic polysaccharides from dietary sources such as Decalepis hamiltonii—swallow root (SRPP), Hemidesmus indicus (HPP), Nigella sativa—black cumin (BCPP), Andrographis serpyllifolia—(APP), Zingiber officinale—ginger (GRPP) and, citrus pectin (CPP) were examined for galectin inhibitory activity. Inhibition of (a) galectin-3 of MDA-MB-231
cells induced hemagglutination of red blood cells; (b) galectin-3 mediated interaction between normal/metastatic human buccal
cells (NBC)/(MBC) and; (c) invasion of MDA-MB-231 and MBC in the invasive chamber was assessed. Results indicated that SRPP
inhibited hemagglutination at Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 1.86 μg ml−1 equivalent of carbohydrate as apposed to those of BCPP (130 μg ml−1), APP (40 μg ml−1), HPP (40 μg ml−1) and CPP (25 μg ml−1). GRPP even at concentration >1–6 mg ml−1 did not inhibit agglutination. Also SRPP showed ∼15 and 2 fold potent anti hemagglutination activity relative to that of
galectin-3 specific sugars—galactose (MIC-27.1 μg ml−1) and lactose (MIC-4.16 μg ml−1) respectively. Further, SRPP at 10 μg ml−1 inhibited agglutination of NBC by galectin-3 of MDA-MB-231 cells. Modified swallow root pectic polysaccharide (MSRPP) of
50 kDa retained anti hemagglutination activity (MIC of 1.03 μg ml−1) and inhibited MDA-MB-231 and MBC invasion by 73 and 50% with an IC50 of 136 and 200 μg ml−1 respectively. Both SRPP and MSRPP induced apoptosis up to 80% at 100 μg ml−1 concentration by activating ∼2 and 8 folds of Caspase-3 activity. Sugar composition analysis and its correlation with the
galectin inhibitory property indicated that pectic polysaccharides with higher arabinose and galactose content—arabinogalactan
inhibited hemagglutination significantly. 相似文献
12.
Pre- and post-agroinfection strategies for efficient leaf disk transformation and regeneration of transgenic strawberry plants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Amjad Masood Husaini 《Plant cell reports》2010,29(1):97-110
Following previously described Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation procedures for Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Chandler’, we undertook several experiments to establish the importance of some parameters affecting transformation.
The most important factor that increased the percent recovery of transformants was the introduction of a pre-selection phase,
in-between co-cultivation and selection, in which leaf disks were cultured on pre-selection regeneration medium containing
validamycin A, timentin, and cefotaxime. The average percentage of leaf disks forming shoots on selection medium containing
cefotaxime (250 mg l−1) + timentin (250 mg l−1) was 5.4% and about three shoots per regenerating leaf disk. Maximum transformation percentage, based on polymerase chain
reaction, was 31.25%. Transgene integration and copy number were assessed by Southern hybridization confirming single copy
as well as multiple copies of transgene integration in shoots as well as roots separately. This confirmed the non-chimeric
nature of these transgenic plants. The system is very promising for the regeneration of genetically transformed cells and
obtaining transgenic strawberry plants at high efficiency. 相似文献
13.
A genetic transformation system has been developed for selected embryogenic cell lines of hybrids Abies alba × A. cephalonica (cell lines AC2, AC78) and Abies alba × A. numidica (cell line AN72) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The cell lines were derived from immature or mature zygotic embryos on DCR medium containing BA (1 mg l−1). The T-DNA of plant transformation vector contained the β-glucuronidase reporter gene under the control of double dCaMV 35S promoter and the neomycin phosphotransferase selection marker gene driven by the nos promoter. The regeneration of putative transformed tissues started approximately 1 week after transfer to the selection medium
containing 10 mg geneticin l−1. GUS activity was detected in most of the geneticin-resistant sub-lines AN72, AC2 and AC78, and the transgenic nature of
embryogenic cell lines was confirmed by PCR approach. Plantlet regeneration from PCR-positive embryogenic tissues has been
obtained as well. The presence of both gus and nptII genes was confirmed in 11 out of 36 analysed emblings. 相似文献
14.
Plant and soil carbon accumulation following fire in Mediterranean woodlands in Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We measured plant and soil carbon (C) storage following canopy-replacing wildfires in woodlands of northeastern Spain that
include an understory of shrubs dominated by Quercus coccifera and an overstory of Pinus halepensis trees. Established plant succession models predict rapid shrub recovery in these ecosystems, and we build on this model by
contrasting shrub succession with long-term C storage in soils, trees, and the whole ecosystem. We used chronosequence and
repeated sampling approaches to detect change over time. Aboveground plant C increased from <100 to ~3,000 g C m−2 over 30 years following fire, which is substantially less than the 5,942 ± 487 g C m−2 (mean ±1 standard error) in unburned sites. As expected, shrubs accumulated C rapidly, but the capacity for C storage in
shrubs was <600 g C m−2. Pines were the largest plant C pool in sites >20 years post fire, and accounted for all of the difference in plant C between
older burned sites and unburned sites. In contrast, soil C was initially higher in burned sites (~4,500 g C m−2) than in unburned sites (3,264 ± 261 g C m−2) but burned site C declined to unburned levels within 10 years after fire. Combining these results with prior research suggests
two states for C storage. When pine regeneration is successful, ~9,200 g C m−2 accumulate in woodlands but when tree regeneration fails (due to microclimatic stress or short fire return intervals), ecosystem
C storage of ~4,000 g C m−2 will occur in the resulting shrublands. 相似文献
15.
Margarita Velcheva Zehava Faltin Aliza Vardi Uri Hanania Yuval Eshdat Oded Dgani Nachman Sahar Avihai Perl 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2010,46(6):477-484
A system for genetic transformation and subsequent plant regeneration via indirect organogenesis from callus was developed
for Aloe vera. Young seedlings served as primary explants. Callus cultures were established on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium supplemented
with 3 mg l−1 benzylaminopurine and 2 mg l−1 indole acetic acid. A protocol was developed to switch from the differentiated stage, using in vitro shoots or young regenerated plants, back to the de-differentiated stage of the callus and vice versa. Long-term maintenance
of this callus paved the way for genetic manipulation of Aloe vera. Calluses were bombarded with a plasmid containing uidA and hpt genes, both under the control of the 35S promoter. Dithiothreitol and gibberellic acid were found to play a major role in
reducing tissue necrosis following bombardment. Transformed shoots were regenerated under stepwise selection in hygromycin-containing
liquid medium supplemented with different antioxidants. Amberlite XAD-4 resin was embedded into alginate beads and added to
the selection medium. Amberlite was best for adsorbing different phenolic compounds and blocking explant necrosis. Shoot initiation
occurred after transfer of the transformed cells to Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l−1 thidiazuron and 0.1 mg l−1 indole butyric acid. Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1 mg l−1 zeatin riboside promoted shoot elongation. Rooting and plant development were obtained on Murashige and Skoog basal medium
supplemented with 15 mg l−1 hygromycin lacking growth regulators. The transgenic nature of the regenerated plants was verified by histochemical GUS assay
and Southern blot hybridization. 相似文献
16.
Mya Thuzar Apichart Vanavichit Somvong Tragoonrung Chatchawan Jantasuriyarat 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2011,33(1):123-128
An efficient and rapid plant regeneration system through somatic embryogenesis was developed using 13-week-old zygotic embryos
of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) cv. ‘Tenera’. Zygotic embryos were cultured on MS and N6 media supplemented with 2.0 mg L−1 picloram, 2,4-D and dicamba. The highest embryogenic callus formation (32%) was observed on N6 medium with 2,4-D after 3 month
culture on callus induction medium. Somatic embryos were continuously formed from nodular calli on embryo maturation medium
[N6 + 0.1 mg L−1 2,4-D, 0.16 g L−1 putrescine, 0.5 g L−1 casein amino acids and 2.0 g L−1 activated charcoal(AC)] for 3–5 months. Histological analysis confirmed that embryo development occurred via somatic embryogenesis.
For plant regeneration, modified N6 medium (MN6) with AC (0.5 g L−1) without growth regulators, induced both shoot and root formation simultaneously with the highest regeneration rate of 56%.
This combined shoot and root induction protocol shortened the culture time to 9–12 months. Furthermore, after acclimatization,
more than 85% of transferred plants from our protocol developed successfully in the soil. 相似文献
17.
Haijun Wu Qingbiao Li Rui Lu Yuanpeng Wang Xiaoling Zhuang Ning He 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2010,37(11):1203-1209
The constant-rate fed-batch production of the polygalacturonic acid bioflocculant REA-11 was studied. A controlled sucrose-feeding
strategy resulted in a slight improvement in biomass and a 7% reduction in flocculating activity compared with the batch process.
When fed with a 3 g l−1 urea solution, the flocculating activity was enhanced to 720 U ml−1 in 36 h. High cell density (2.12 g l−1) and flocculating activity (820 U ml−1) were obtained in a 10-l fermentor by feeding with a sucrose-urea solution, with values of nearly two times and 50% higher
than those of the batch process, respectively. Moreover, the residual sucrose declined to 2.4 g l−1, and residual urea decreased to 0.03 g l−1. Even higher flocculating activity of 920 U ml−1 and biomass of 3.26 g l−1 were obtained by feeding with a sucrose-urea solution in a pilot scale fermentation process, indicating the potential industrial
utility of this constant-rate feeding strategy in bioflocculant production by Corynebacterium glutamicum. 相似文献
18.
G. Selvakumar S. Kundu Piyush Joshi Sehar Nazim A. D. Gupta P. K. Mishra H. S. Gupta 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(7):955-960
Pantoea dispersa strain 1A is a Gram-negative rod-shaped, yellow-pigmented bacterium isolated on nutrient agar plates incubated at 4°C. The
identity of the bacterium was confirmed by sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene. It was capable of growing at temperatures ranging
from 4 to 42°C, but maximum growth was observed at 30°C. It is endowed with multiple plant growth promotion attributes such
as phosphate solubilization, IAA production, siderophore production and HCN production, which are expressed differentially
at sub-optimal temperatures (15 and 4°C). It was able to solubilize phosphate (17.6 μg of P2O5 ml−1 day−1), and produce IAA (3.7 μg ml−1 day−1), at 15°C. Qualitative detection of siderophore production and HCN were also observed at 15°C. At 4°C it was found to express
all the plant growth promotion attributes. This bacterial isolate was able to positively influence and promote the growth
and nutrient uptake parameters of wheat (cv. VL.802) under glasshouse conditions. Hence in the context, of cold wheat-growing
environments, it is proposed that Pantoea dispersa 1A (MTCC 8706), could be deployed as an inoculant to attain the desired results of bacterization. 相似文献
19.
Mingxi Liu Jing Yang Shaoyun Lu Zhenfei Guo Xiping Lin Hong Wu 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2008,44(2):100-104
Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides [Munro] Hack.) is an important warm-season turfgrass and pasture grass. To explore the potential use of biotechnical tools
in breeding of centipedegrass, we established an efficient plant regeneration system for this species. Four basal media and
24 combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzyladenine (BAP) were examined for their effects on callus
induction from mature seed explants. Twenty combinations of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and BAP were tested for their effect
on plant regeneration. Results indicated that Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 4.5 mg l−1 2,4-D and 1 mg l−1 BAP was the best medium for callus induction, while the combination of 2 mg l−1 BAP and 1 mg l−1 NAA induced the highest rate of regeneration and development of shoots and roots. This work provides a basis for the breeding
of centipedegrass through somaclonal variation and genetic transformation. 相似文献
20.
Anber Hassanein Latifa Hamama Karine Loridon Noëlle Dorion 《Plant cell reports》2009,28(10):1521-1530
Direct genetic transformation of mesophyll protoplasts was studied in Pelargonium × hortorum. Calcein and green-fluorescent protein (GFP) gene were used to set up the process. Electroporation (three electric pulses
from a 33-μF capacitor in a 250-V cm−1 electric field) was more efficient than PEG 6000 for membrane permeation, protoplast survival and cell division. Transient
expression of GFP was detected in 33–36% of electroporated protoplasts after 2 days and further in colonies. A protoplast
suspension conductivity of >1,500 μS cm−1 allowed high colony formation and plant regeneration. Stable transformation was obtained using the plasmid FAJ3000 containing
uidA and nptII genes. When selection (50 mg l−1 kanamycin) was achieved 6 weeks after electroporation, regenerated shoots were able to grow and root on 100 mg l−1 kanamycin. The maximum transformation efficiency was 4.5%, based on the number of colonies producing kanamycin-resistant
rooted plants or 0.7% based on the number of cultured protoplasts. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis on in vitro micropropagated
plants showed that 18 clones out of 20 contained the nptII gene, while the uidA gene was absent. These results were confirmed after PCR analyses of five glasshouse-acclimatized clones. 相似文献