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Auxin regulation of the gibberellin pathway in pea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Thermoperiodic stem elongation involves transcriptional regulation of gibberellin deactivation in pea 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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The physiological basis of thermoperiodic stem elongation is as yet poorly understood. Thermoperiodic control of gibberellin (GA) metabolism has been suggested as an underlying mechanism. We have investigated the influence of different day and night temperature combinations on GA levels, and diurnal steady-state expression of genes involved in GA biosynthesis (LS, LH, NA, PSGA20ox1, and PsGA3ox1) and GA deactivation (PsGA2ox1 and PsGA2ox2), and related this to diurnal stem elongation in pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Torsdag). The plants were grown under a 12-h light period with an average temperature of 17 degrees C. A day temperature/night temperature combination of 13 degrees C/21 degrees C reduced stem elongation after 12 d by 30% as compared to 21 degrees C/13 degrees C. This was correlated with a 55% reduction of GA1. Although plant height correlated with GA1 content, there was no correlation between diurnal growth rhythms and GA1 content. NA, PsGA20ox1, and PsGA2ox2 showed diurnal rhythms of expression. PsGA2ox2 was up-regulated in 13 degrees C/21 degrees C (compared to 21 degrees C/13 degrees C), at certain time points, by up to 19-fold. Relative to PsGA2ox2, the expression of LS, LH, NA, PSGA20ox1, PsGA3ox1, and PsGA2ox1 was not or only slightly affected by the different temperature treatments. The sln mutant having a nonfunctional PsGA2ox1 gene product showed the same relative stem elongation response to temperature as the wild type. This supports the importance of PsGA2ox2 in mediating thermoperiodic stem elongation responses in pea. We present evidence for an important role of GA catabolism in thermoperiodic effect on stem elongation and conclude that PsGA2ox2 is the main mediator of this effect in pea. 相似文献
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The SLENDER gene of pea encodes a gibberellin 2-oxidase 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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Jocelyn A. Ozga Dennis M. Reinecke Belay T. Ayele Phuong Ngo Courtney Nadeau Aruna D. Wickramarathna 《Plant physiology》2009,150(1):448-462
In pea (Pisum sativum), normal fruit growth requires the presence of the seeds. The coordination of growth between the seed and ovary tissues involves phytohormones; however, the specific mechanisms remain speculative. This study further explores the roles of the gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and catabolism genes during pollination and fruit development and in seed and auxin regulation of pericarp growth. Pollination and fertilization events not only increase pericarp PsGA3ox1 message levels (codes for GA 3-oxidase that converts GA20 to bioactive GA1) but also reduce pericarp PsGA2ox1 mRNA levels (codes for GA 2-oxidase that mainly catabolizes GA20 to GA29), suggesting a concerted regulation to increase levels of bioactive GA1 following these events. 4-Chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA) was found to mimic the seeds in the stimulation of PsGA3ox1 and the repression of PsGA2ox1 mRNA levels as well as the stimulation of PsGA2ox2 mRNA levels (codes for GA 2-oxidase that mainly catabolizes GA1 to GA8) in pericarp at 2 to 3 d after anthesis, while the other endogenous pea auxin, IAA, did not. This GA gene expression profile suggests that both seeds and 4-Cl-IAA can stimulate the production, as well as modulate the half-life, of bioactive GA1, leading to initial fruit set and subsequent growth and development of the ovary. Consistent with these gene expression profiles, deseeded pericarps converted [14C]GA12 to [14C]GA1 only if treated with 4-Cl-IAA. These data further support the hypothesis that 4-Cl-IAA produced in the seeds is transported to the pericarp, where it differentially regulates the expression of pericarp GA biosynthesis and catabolism genes to modulate the level of bioactive GA1 required for initial fruit set and growth. 相似文献
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Gibberellin A(1) (GA(1)) levels drop significantly in wild-type pea (Pisum sativum) plants within 4 h of exposure to red, blue, or far-red light. This response is controlled by phytochrome A (phyA) (and not phyB) and a blue light receptor. GA(8) levels are increased in response to 4 h of red light, whereas the levels of GA(19), GA(20), and GA(29) do not vary substantially. Red light appears to control GA(1) levels by down-regulating the expression of Mendel's LE (PsGA3ox1) gene that controls the conversion of GA(20) to GA(1), and by up-regulating PsGA2ox2, which codes for a GA 2-oxidase that converts GA(1) to GA(8). This occurs within 0.5 to 1 h of exposure to red light. Similar responses occur in blue light. The major GA 20-oxidase gene expressed in shoots, PsGA20ox1, does not show substantial light regulation, but does show up-regulation after 4 h of red light, probably as a result of feedback regulation. Expression of PsGA3ox1 shows a similar feedback response, whereas PsGA2ox2 shows a feed-forward response. These results add to our understanding of how light reduces shoot elongation during de-etiolation. 相似文献
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赤霉素(Gibberellin)是一类非常重要的植物激素,在高等植物生命活动的整个周期都起着重要的调控作用。从毛竹Phyllostachys edulis基因组中共鉴定出23个赤霉素途径基因,包括赤霉素生物合成相关的8个GA20ox和1个GA3ox基因、降解相关的8个GA2ox基因、参与赤霉素感知的2个GID1基因以及信号转导的2个GID2基因和2个DELLA基因。拟南芥、水稻和毛竹的系统进化树和保守基序分析显示赤霉素的合成代谢与信号转导在这些物种中是高度保守的。利用外源赤霉素处理毛竹种子和幼苗,发现赤霉素能显著提高种子的萌发率和幼苗的茎秆伸长,并且有着最佳的作用浓度。在GA3处理后,毛竹体内赤霉素生物合成基因GA20ox和GA3ox表达量均下调而降解活性赤霉素的GA2ox基因表达量上调;赤霉素受体GID1和正调控基因GID2的转录水平显著提高而负调控基因DELLA的表达受到抑制。这些基因在竹笋茎秆的不同形态学位置表达差异明显,大部分赤霉素生物合成与降解的相关基因GA20ox、GA3ox和GA2ox以及赤霉素受体GID1和正调控基因GID2都在竹笋的形态学上端大量表达,而赤霉素信号转导的阻遏基因DELLA在笋体形态学底端大量积累而顶端基本不表达。 相似文献
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Expression of a gibberellin 2-oxidase gene around the shoot apex is related to phase transition in rice 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
Sakamoto T Kobayashi M Itoh H Tagiri A Kayano T Tanaka H Iwahori S Matsuoka M 《Plant physiology》2001,125(3):1508-1516
A major catabolic pathway for gibberellin (GA) is initiated by 2beta-hydroxylation, a reaction catalyzed by GA 2-oxidase. We have isolated and characterized a cDNA, designated Oryza sativa GA 2-oxidase 1 (OsGA2ox1) from rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Nipponbare) that encodes a GA 2-oxidase. The encoded protein, produced by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, converted GA(1), GA(4), GA(9), GA(20), and GA(44) to the corresponding 2beta-hydroxylated products GA(8), GA(34), GA(51), GA(29), and GA(98), respectively. Ectopic expression of the OsGA2ox1 cDNA in transgenic rice inhibited stem elongation and the development of reproductive organs. These transgenic plants were deficient in endogenous GA(1). These results indicate that OsGA2ox1 encodes a GA 2-oxidase, which is functional not only in vitro but also in vivo. OsGA2ox1 was expressed in shoot apex and roots but not in leaves and stems. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that OsGA2ox1 mRNA was localized in a ring at the basal region of leaf primordia and young leaves. This ring-shaped expression around the shoot apex was drastically decreased after the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. It was absent in the floral meristem, but it was still present in the lateral meristem that remained in the vegetative phase. These observations suggest that OsGA2ox1 controls the level of bioactive GAs in the shoot apical meristem; therefore, reduction in its expression may contribute to the early development of the inflorescence meristem. 相似文献
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Yamauchi Y Takeda-Kamiya N Hanada A Ogawa M Kuwahara A Seo M Kamiya Y Yamaguchi S 《Plant & cell physiology》2007,48(3):555-561
Gibberellin levels in imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana seeds are regulated by light via phytochrome, presumably through regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis genes, AtGA3ox1 and AtGA3ox2, and a deactivation gene, AtGA2ox2. Here, we show that a loss-of-function ga2ox2 mutation causes an increase in GA(4) levels and partly suppresses the germination inability during dark imbibition after inactivation of phytochrome. Experiments using 2,2-dimethylGA(4), a GA(4) analog resistant to gibberellin 2-oxidase, in combination with ga2ox2 mutant seeds suggest that the efficiency of deactivation of exogenous GA(4) by AtGA2ox2 is dependent on light conditions, which partly explains phytochrome-mediated changes in gibberellin effectiveness (sensitivity) found in previous studies. 相似文献
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Davinder Pal Singh Fiona F. Filardo Richard Storey Angelica M. Jermakow Shinjiro Yamaguchi Stephen M. Swain 《Physiologia plantarum》2010,138(1):74-90
We have examined the role of gibberellins (GAs) in plant development by expression of the pea GA 2-oxidase2 ( PsGA2ox2 ) cDNA, which encodes a GA inactivating enzyme, under the control of the MEDEA (MEA) promoter. Expression of MEA:PsGA2ox2 in Arabidopsis caused seed abortion, demonstrating that active GAs in the endosperm are essential for normal seed development. MEA:PsGA2ox2 plants had reduced ovule number per ovary and exhibited defects in phyllotaxy and leaf morphology which were partly suppressed by GA treatment. The leaf architecture and phyllotaxy defects of MEA:PsGA2ox2 plants were also restored by sly1-d which reduces DELLA protein stability to increase GA response. MEA:PsGA2ox2 seedlings had increased expression of the KNOTTED1 -like homeobox (KNOX) genes, BP , KNAT2 and KNAT6 , which are known to control plant architecture. The expression of KNOX genes is also altered in wild-type plants treated with GA. These results support the conclusion that GAs can suppress the effects of elevated KNOX gene expression, and raise the possibility that localized changes in GA levels caused by PsGA2ox2 alter the expression of KNOX genes to modify plant architecture. 相似文献
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The role of gibberellins (GAs) during germination and early seedling growth is examined by following the metabolism and transport
of radiolabeled GAs in cotyledon, shoot, and root tissues of pea (Pisum sativum L.) using an aseptic culture system. Mature pea seeds have significant endogenous GA20 levels that fall during germination and early seedling growth, a period when the seedling develops the capacity to transport
GA20 from the cotyledon to the shoot and root of the seedling. Even though cotyledons at 0–2 days after imbibition have appreciable
amounts of GA20, the cotyledons retain the ability to metabolize labeled GA19 to GA20 and express significant levels of PsGA20ox2 message (which encodes a GA biosynthesis enzyme, GA 20-oxidase). The large pool of cotyledonary GA20 likely provides substrate for GA1 synthesis in the cotyledons during germination, as well as for shoots and roots during early seedling growth. The shoots
and roots express GA metabolism genes (PsGA3ox genes which encode GA 3-oxidases for synthesis of bioactive GA1, and PsGA2ox genes which encode GA 2-oxidases for deactivation of GAs to GA29 and GA8), and they develop the capacity to metabolize GAs as necessary for seedling establishment. Auxins also show an interesting
pattern during early seedling growth, with higher levels of 4-chloro-indole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA) in mature seeds and higher
levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in young root and shoot tissues. This suggests a changing role for auxins during early
seedling development. 相似文献
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Gallego-Giraldo L García-Martínez JL Moritz T López-Díaz I 《Plant & cell physiology》2007,48(4):615-625
Flowering of Nicotiana tabacum cv Xhanti depends on gibberellins because gibberellin-deficient plants, due to overexpression of a gibberellin 2-oxidase gene (35S:NoGA2ox3) or to treatment with the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol, flowered later than wild type. These plants also showed inhibition of the expression of molecular markers related to floral transition (NtMADS-4 and NtMADS-11). To investigate further the role of gibberellin in flowering, we quantified its content in tobacco plants during development. We found a progressive reduction in the levels of GA1 and GA4 in the apical shoot during vegetative growth, reaching very low levels at floral transition and beyond. This excludes these two gibberellins as flowering-promoting factors in the apex. The evolution of active gibberellin content in apical shoots agrees with the expression patterns of gibberellin metabolism genes: two encoding gibberellin 20-oxidases (NtGA20ox1 = Ntc12, NtGA20ox2 = Ntc16), one encoding a gibberellin 3-oxidase (NtGA3ox1 = Nty) and one encoding a gibberellin 2-oxidase (NtGA2ox1), suggesting that active gibberellins are locally synthesized. In young apical leaves, GA1 and GA4 content and the expression of gibberellin metabolism genes were rather constant. Our results support that floral transition in tobacco, in contrast to that in Arabidopsis, is not regulated by the levels of GA1 and GA4 in apical shoots, although reaching a threshold in gibberellin levels may be necessary to allow meristem competence for flowering. 相似文献