副锥同蝽Sastragala edessoides Distant

该种隶属昆虫纲半翅目同蝽科同蝽属 ,分布于北京、山西、陕西、四川、云南以及国外鳊和锡金等地。躯体呈长椭圆形 ,褐绿色。头褐黄色 ,中叶光滑 ,侧叶具黑色刻点 ;触角 1、2节和第 3节基部黄褐色或绿褐色 ,其余各节棕褐色。前胸背板中域暗黄绿色 ,后棕色 ,侧角强烈延伸呈较粗的长刺 ,末端尖锐 ,伸向侧前方 ,刺前缘通常橘红色 ,刺基部中央具黑色粗大刻点 ;小盾片黄绿色或浅褐色 ,具分布不均匀的黑色刻点 ,端部光滑 ,黄白色 ;革片刻点较细密、均匀 ,外域及顶角绿色或黄褐色 ;膜片淡 ,棕色半透明。中胸隆脊高起 ;气门黑色 ;侧接缘黄褐色 ;腹刺…     

中国瓢蜡蝉科一新记录属--德里瓢蜡蝉属

报道了瓢蜡蝉科中国1新记录属——德里瓢蜡蝉属Delhina Distant及中国新记录种德里瓢蜡蝉D.eurybrachydoides Distant,绘制了其主要外形特征,首次描记雄性外生殖器特征。     

Distant interactions in bacteria

Exchange of information between bacteria via physical signals, referred to as “distant interactions” (DI), is the subject of this review. All cases of DI reported to date are discussed, as well as the history of these studies and the place of DI in bacterial communication. Bacterial DI are a particular case of DI occurring in nature (in plants, animals, and fungi). Along with the chemical signals of intracellular communications, DI play a significant role in the life of microorganisms, especially during critical and transitional periods.     

Genetic Structure of Acetobacter diazotrophicus Populations and Identification of a New Genetically Distant Group

A total of 55 isolates of Acetobacter diazotrophicus recovered from diverse sucrose-rich host plants and from mealybugs associated with sugarcane plants were characterized by the electrophoretic mobilities of 12 metabolic enzymes. We identified seven different electrophoretic types (ETs), six of which are closely related within a genetic distance of 0.195 and exhibit high DNA-DNA homology. The seventh ET was largely divergent, separated at a genetic distance of 0.53, and had only 54% DNA homology to the reference strain. Strains corresponding to ET 7 could represent a distinct nitrogen-fixing species of the genus Acetobacter. More genetic diversity was found in isolates from Brazil than in those from Mexico, probably due to the very different crop nitrogen fertilization levels used.     

广西结角蝉属一新种(半翅目:角蝉科)

记述半翅目角蝉科结角蝉属1新种：双峰结角蝉Antialcidas binodulus Caiel Xu,sp．nov．,标本产自广西罗城。模式标本保存在苏州大学农业科学与技术学院园艺系。     

中国角蝉科耳角蝉属一新种(半翅目:角蝉科)

本文记述了中国角蝉科耳角蝉属1新种——未来耳角蝉Maurya dreamonia,sp．nov．模式标本保存于四川大学生命科学学院动物标本馆。 未来耳角蝉Maurya dreamonia Zeng,新种 体中型,体长6．5mm,褐色,肩角间宽2．5mm,上肩角间宽3．2mm。近似于脊顶耳角蝉M．verticicarinalis Yuan,1988和瘤耳角蝉Mparadoxa（Lethierry,1876）,新种最显著特征在于上肩角发达,无弯曲,直伸向外上方：后突起中部更为拱起。与脊顶耳角蝉相比,新种前翅翅脉还具有小瘤结颗粒。 正模：♀,四川卧龙自然保护区（1980m）,2004-Ⅶ-06,曾昱采。     

中国颜袖蜡蝉属一新种（半翅目：袖蜡蝉科）

综述了颜袖蜡蝉属Vivaha Distant,1906的分类研究历史,提供了分种检索表。记述中国颜袖蜡蝉属1新种——洁颜袖蜡蝉Vivaha rectificata,sp.nov.,模式标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

Distant effects of toxic agents

Toxic solutions applied at one end of a Nitella cell 6 cm. long may produce little or no visible change in the structure of the protoplasm at the place of application but if the opposite end is covered with water its protoplasm soon disintegrates. If the middle of the cell is covered with mineral oil this region remains normal in appearance for half an hour or more. The result is due to the movement of substances in the cell. The loss of substances at the end where the toxic agent is applied results in loss at the opposite end if it is covered with water since water enters and travels along inside the cell carrying substances with it. This causes injury at the spot where the water enters. The conception developed here differs fundamentally from the usual view that the effects of injury spread gradually from the region where the toxic agent is applied to the immediately adjoining regions and thence to more remote places. The change produced by loss of substances produces an interesting pattern which deserves study.     

中国蛾蜡蝉科一新记录属并记一新种(半翅目:蛾蜡蝉科:涩蛾蜡蝉族)

报道了中国新记录属长蛾蜡蝉属Gomeda Distant,1906,该属隶属于蛾蜡蝉科Flatidae、涩蛾蜡蝉族Selizini,综述了该属的分类研究历史,并记述1新种——素长蛾蜡蝉Gomeda unicolorata,sp.nov.,提供了新种的形态和雌性外生殖器特征图,编制了本属分种检索表。新种模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

Distant informational interactions in bacteria

Exchange of information between bacteria via physical signals, referred to as "distant interactions" (DI), is the subject of this review. All cases of DI reported to date are discussed, as well as the history of these studies and the place of DI in bacterial communication. Bacterial DI are a particular case of DI occurring in nature (in plants, animals, and fungi). Along with the chemical signals of intracellular communications, DI play a significant role in the life of microorganisms, especially during critical periods.     

Asymmetric Competition Among Distant Taxa

For purposes of theoretical analysis, competition between distantlyrelated taxa is interpreted as asymmetric competition. Severalkinds of situations are examined: A predator competes with oneof its prey species for a second resource; competitors utilizesuccessive stages in the life cycles of prey; one predator facilitatesthe resource utilization of its competitor; competitors differin their vulnerability to predation. Methods of signed digraphs(loop analysis) and statistics over time are used to predictthe qualitative consequences of the different interaction patterns.     

尼泊尔小头叶蝉属一新种记述（同翅目：叶蝉科：秀头叶蝉亚科）

本文记述了采自尼泊尔的叶蝉科秀头叶蝉亚科小头叶蝉属1新种：凹瓣小头叶蝉Placidus incurvatus,sp.nov,并确认小头叶蝉属应隶属于秀头叶蝉亚科。新种模式标本保藏于英国自然历史博物馆(BMNH)。该新种额唇基具1近似漏斗形的纵长黄色区域,阳基侧突外基突端部向外侧弯折翘起,生殖瓣端部凹入,明显有别于同属其它种类。     

并不遥远的森林记忆

不知道大兴安岭幸运地拥有了鄂温克人，还是鄂温克人幸运地拥有了大兴安岭。     

Distant hybridization leads to different ploidy fishes

Distant hybridization makes it possible to transfer the genome of one species to another, which results in changes in phenotypes and genotypes of the progenies. This study shows that distant hybridization or the combination of this method with gynogenesis or androgenesis lead to different ploidy fishes with genetic variation, including fertile tetraploid hybrids, sterile triploid hybrids, fertile diploid hybrids, fertile diploid gynogenetic fish, and their derived progenies. The formations of the different ploidy fishes depend on the genetic relationship between the parents. In this study, several types of distant hybridization, including red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var.) (2n=100, abbreviated as RCC) (♀)×common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) (2n=100, abbreviated as CC) (♂), and RCC (2n=100) (♀)×blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) (2n=48, abbreviated as BSB) (♂) are described. In the distant hybridization of RCC (♀)×CC (♂), bisexual fertile F3–F18 allotetraploid hybrids (4n=200, abbreviated as 4nAT) were formed. The diploid hybrid eggs and diploid sperm generated by the females and males of 4nAT developed into diploid gynogenetic hybrids and diploid androgenetic hybrids, respectively, by gynogenesis and androgenesis, without treatment for doubling the chromosome. Improved tetraploid hybrids and improved diploid fishes with genetic variation were derived from the gynogenetic hybrid line. The improved diploid fishes included the high-body RCC and high-body goldfish. The formation of the tetraploid hybrids was related to the occurrence of unreduced gametes generated from the diploid hybrids, which involved in premeiotic endoreduplication, endomitosis, or fusion of germ cells. The sterile triploid hybrids (3n=150) were produced on a large scale by crossing the males of tetraploid hybrids with females of diploid fish (2n=100). In another distant hybridization of RCC (♀)×BSB (♂), different ploidy fishes were obtained, including diploid bisexual fertile natural gynogenetic fish (2n=100), sterile triploid hybrids (3n=124), and bisexual fertile tetraploid hybrids (4n=148). Furthermore, two kinds of pentaploid hybrids (5n=172 and 5n=198) were formed. The biological characteristics and the mechanisms of formation of the different ploidy fish were compared and discussed at the cellular and molecular level. The results indicated distant hybridization or the combination of this method with gynogenesis or androgenesis affects the formation of different ploidy fish with genetic variation.