西双版纳片断热带雨林的结构、物种组成及其变化的研究

通过对西双版纳地区的６个“龙山”片断热带雨林与同样类型的原始热带雨林的比较研究,探讨了片断热带雨林的群落结构、种类组成、生活型构成、种群结构、植物丰富度及多样性等的变化及其规律。随着热带雨林的片断化,森林边缘效应和人为干扰加剧,热带雨林群落的结构变得不完整,植物丰富度降低。在生活型构成上,附生植物,大、中高位芽植物以及地上芽植物比例减少,藤本植物和小高位芽植物比例明显增高。在种群结构上,受轻、中度干扰的片断雨林,仅含１～２个个体的种类在群落中的相对数量有所增加,乔木种类组成变得不稳定,随着人为干扰的加剧,那些仅有１～２个个体为代表的种类将首先消失。在单位面积种数和物种多样性指数上,情况比较复杂,热带雨林片断化和受到一定干扰可能会增加藤本植物多样性指数,但干扰过度又会减低其多样性指数,附生植物多样性指数则随干扰和隔离时间呈明显下降趋势,但总的说来,片断热带雨林单位面积上的种数远比原始林少得多,随着人为干扰和隔离的加剧,物种多样性指数显著降低。     

西双版纳片断热带雨林的结构,物种组成及其变经变化的研究

通过对西双版纳地区的６个“龙山”片断热主林与同样类型的原始热带雨林的比较研究,探讨了片断热主林的群落结构、种类组成、生活型构成,种群结构,植物丰富度及多样性等的变化及其规律,随着热带雨林的片断化,森林边缘效应和人为干扰加剧,热带雨林群落的结构变得不完整,植物丰富度降低。在生活型构成上,附生植物,大、中高位芽植物以及地上芽植物比例减少,藤本植物和小高效芽植物比例明显增高。在种群结构上,受轻、中度干扰     

西双版纳片断热带雨林植物获纱成分及变化趋势

本文以西双版纳地区的５个“龙山”片断热带雨林的植物物种多样性编目为基础,通过与同样类型的原妈热带雨林的比较,探讨了片断热带雨林植物区系成分的变化。随着热带雨林的片断化,森林边缘效应和人为干扰加剧,阳性先锋植物和藤本植物等的侵入,导致这些先锋植物和藤本植物所诉科属在群落中的种数增多,优势度增大。而一些含喜荫湿的荫生植物、群落顶极树种及附生植物较多的科属则在群落中的种数减小和,优势度下降。在植物属的地     

西双版纳片断热带雨林土壤动物组成的比较

本文对西双版纳国家自然保护区勐仑片和城子,曼峨,曼养广傣族“龙山”４个热带雨林片断土壤动物群落组成及其季节性变动规律进行了比较研究。调查方法：在每片森林沿直角线路布设７个样点,每点取５０ｃｍ×５０ｃｍ面积的枯枝落叶及表层土,用于漏斗法收集土壤动物。干季和雨季各取样１人,统计单面积个体数理。     

西双版纳片断热带雨林植物区系成分及变化趋势

本文以西双版纳地区的6个“龙山”片断热带雨林的植物物种多样性编目为基础,通过与同样类型的原始热带雨林的比较,探讨了片断热带雨林植物区系成分的变化。随着热带雨林的片断化,森林边缘效应和人为干扰加剧,阳性先锋植物和藤本植物等的侵入,导致这些先锋植物和藤本植物所属的科属在群落中的种数增多,优势度增大。而一些含喜荫湿的荫生植物、群落顶极树种及附生植物较多的科属则在群落中的种数减小了,优势度下降。在植物属的地理成分构成上,片断热带雨林中全热带分布和热带亚洲—热带非洲分布成分比例相对增高,而热带亚洲成分相对减少。在种的地理成分构成上,片断热带雨林中广域分布种比例相对增高,显示了与属的地理成分类似的变化。这也是森林片断化后,由于边缘效应和林内生境在一定程度上干暖化,喜光的先锋成分增多,而先锋成分大多为一些广域分布属种所致。     

西双版纳片断热带雨林蝶类群落结构与多样性研究

对西双版纳片断热带雨林蝴蝶群落结构和多样性进行了研究。样地内共收集蝴蝶9 204号,隶属于10科,62属,84种。主要成分是：粉蝶科(粉蝶属、迁粉蝶属)、凤蝶科 (凤蝶属、麝凤蝶属)、蛱蝶科(斐豹蛱蝶属、尾蛱蝶属),眼蝶科(幕眼蝶属、矍眼蝶屑)等属的种类。属、种以风蝶科最丰富;个体数量以粉蝶科最多;喙蝶科的属、种和个体数量最少。各样地的多样性指数、均匀度和种类丰富度是：热带原始雨林自然保护区>城子片断热带雨林>植物园片断热带雨林>曼峨片断热带雨林。     

西双版纳傣族“龙山”片断热带雨林植物多样性的变化研究

本文选择了西双版纳地区６个傣族“龙山”片断热带雨林和一个同样植被类型的自然保护区原始林为研究样地,在各样地中均设置一个２５００ｍ２面积的样方,采用植物群落学与植物种类编目相结合的方法,比较研究了各“龙山”片断雨林的群落结构（层次和覆盖度）,植物丰富度（单位面积上的植物个体数）和物种多样性指数的变化情况,得出结论：随着隔离（孤立）时间的增加和人为干扰的加剧,“龙山”片断热带雨林的群落结构和植物丰富度将越趋偏离原始热带雨林,亦即群落结构变得不完整,植物丰富度降低,以及物种多样性指数显著下降,片断热带雨林中的雨林成分也将在一定程度上被先锋成分等其它植被类型成分替换。本文也对导致这些变化的原因作了探讨。     

云南西双版纳片断化热带雨林植物叶片δ^13Ｃ值的特点及其对水分利用效率的

通过测定西双版纳两个热带雨林类型中２２６个植物种叶片的δ^13Ｃ值,以其为植物水分利用效率的指示物,研究了本地区热带雨林植物叶片δ^13Ｃ值的特点及水分利用状况,比较了不同样线植物叶片δ^13Ｃ平均值以及不同生活型植物叶片δ^13Ｃ平均值的差异。研究发现：１．西双版纳地区热带雨林植物叶片δ^13Ｃ值的范围在－３．８６５％－－２．７６０％之间,与其他典型热带地区的研制结果相近,表明该地区具有世界其他典型热麻的特征;２．补蚌样地所有植物叶片δ^13Ｃ平均值低于城子样地,植物叶片δ^13Ｃ平均值在同一样地不同样线之间也存在显差异,表明水分状况和样线的方法位是样线之间存在差异的主要原因;３．常绿植物叶片的δ^13Ｃ值显低于落叶植物,乔木、灌木、草本和藤本植物叶片的δ^13Ｃ值之间也存在显差异,水分利用状况因此而不同。     

长江河口浮游动物的种类组成、群落结构及多样性

于1999年枯水期(2—3月份)、丰水期(8月份)、2000年枯水期(2—3月份)对长江河口浮游动物采样调查,研究了长江河口浮游动物的种类组成、群落结构及多样性并初步探讨了三峡工程对长江河口浮游动物的影响及长江河口水环境的生物监测。调查共发现浮游动物87种,甲壳动物占绝对优势,共59种。在所有浮游动物中挠足类31种。其次为水母类,有9种,此外,枝角类、毛颚类各8种。3次采样浮游动物的优势种主要有河口半咸水种和近岸低盐种类如华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus sinensis)、火腿许水蚤(Schmackeria poplesia)、虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus),真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)等,还有长江径流带到河口的淡水种如近领剑水蚤（Cyclops vicinus vicinus)、英勇剑水蚤（Cyclops strenuus）、透明溞（Daphnia hyalina)等。一些浮游动物可作为水系指示种,其分布、数量反映了不同水系分布变化,长江河口浮游动物有;类水系指示种。通过对长江河口浮游动物群落聚类分析发现。1999、2000年枯水期浮游动物群落结构相似。可分为河口类群、近岸类群和近外海类群。1999年丰水期只形成近岸和近外海类群。浮游动物种类数由口门内向口门外方向有逐渐增加的趋势。浮游动物种类数由北向南变化趋势一致。大潮与小潮、涨憩与落强等潮汐作用对浮游动物影响往往因采样时间与区域等的不同而不同。对长江河口3次采样的物种多样性指数和均匀度指数进行了计算,结果表明：浮游动物多样性指数1999年枯水期最低,1999年丰水期最高。     

Forest Structure and Biomass of a Tropical Seasonal Rain Forest in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China1

Xishuangbanna is a region located at the northern edge of tropical Asia. Biomass estimates of its tropical rain forest have not been published in English literature. We estimated forest biomass and its allocation patterns in five 0.185–1.0 ha plots in tropical seasonal rain forests of Xishuangbanna. Forest biomass ranged from 362.1 to 692.6 Mg/ha. Biomass of trees with diameter at 1.3 m breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm accounted for 98.2 percent of the rain forest biomass, followed by shrubs (0.9%), woody lianas (0.8%), and herbs (0.2%). Biomass allocation to different tree components was 68.4–70.0 percent to stems, 19.8–21.8 percent to roots, 7.4–10.6 percent to branches, and 0.7–1.3 percent to leaves. Biomass allocation to the tree sublayers was 55.3–62.2 percent to the A layer (upper layer), 30.6–37.1 percent to the B layer (middle), and 2.7–7.6 percent to the C layer (lower). Biomass of Pometia tomentosa, a dominant species, accounted for 19.7–21.1 percent of the total tree biomass. The average density of large trees (DBH ≥100 cm) was 9.4 stems/ha on two small plots and 3.5 stems/ha on two large plots, illustrating the potential to overestimate biomass on a landscape scale if only small plots are sampled. Biomass estimations are similar to typical tropical rain forests in Southeast Asia and the Neotropics.     

西双版纳热带山地雨林群落学特征分析

根据4块样地的调查资料,分析了西双版纳热带山地雨林的群落学特征。结果表明：在2500m^2的样地中,共计有维管束植物105～178种,分属于46～61科、80～130属。区系成分可分为11个类型,4块样地均以热带区系成分为主（约90％）,其中又以热带亚洲（印度-马来西亚）分布（23．40％～32．88％）和泛热带分布（25．20％～36．67％）的成分占优势。群落以高位芽植物为主,其中又以中（约50％）、小高位芽植物（21．30％～27．78％）占优势;在叶片特征上,群落以中叶（72．66％～82．54％）、单叶（75％～86．96％）、纸质（58．73％～62．22％）、全缘（76．67％～83．33％）、非尾尖（约90％）为主。低海拔带上山地雨林的热带区系成分以及藤本植物、中叶和全缘叶植物所占的比例高于高海拔带上的山地雨林,而小高位芽植物比例则低于后者,体现出较强的热带雨林性质。西双版纳的山地雨林与本地区的沟谷雨林、低丘雨林相比表现为热带区系成分、藤本植物、大高位芽植物以及巨叶、大叶植物较少,而温带成分、小高位芽植物、小叶植物较为丰富,体现出向常绿阔叶林的过渡特征。     

西双版纳热带雨林与海南热带雨林的比较研究

西双版纳的热带雨林与海南低地热带雨林和热带季雨林有基本一致的植物区系组成,群落中优势科无论在种数百分比还是重要值排名上均较接近,显然属于同样性质的植物区系。在生态特征上,西双版纳热带雨林群落高大,分层不明显,B层为林冠层,散生巨树常见,在生活型谱上以高位芽植物占绝对优势,大、中高位芽植物相对较多,落叶树种比例小;以中叶、纸质,全缘和复叶比例较高为特征,具有最接近海南低地湿润雨林的群落垂直结构和生态外貌,其雨林特点虽不如湿润雨林浓厚,但明显强于海南的热带常绿季雨林和山地雨林,海南常绿季雨林群落高度明显较矮,小叶比例通常较高,革质叶比例亦较高,群落具遥明显的旱生特点,海南的山地雨林群落高度较矮,A层连续,成为林冠,无散生巨树,分层明显,在生活型谱上大高位芽植物比例减少,附生植物丰富,并具有相当比例的地面芽植物;叶级虽以中叶占优势,但通常革质,非全缘和单叶比例较高,明显由于热量不足的影响而带有亚热带森林特色,在物种多样性上,西双版纳热带雨林的乔木物种多样性指数似乎与海南的低地热带雨林相当,低于海南的山地雨林群落,海南的热带雨林群落种类丰富度不同人研究的结果差异较大,如果这些用于比较的数据可靠和具有可比性的话,西双版纳热带雨林的物种多样性要比海南的山地雨林低。     

Soil Seedbank in a Dipterocarp Rain Forest in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China1

Dipterocarp rain forest reaches its northern latitudinal limit in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. We studied the soil seedbank of dipterocarp rain forest in Xishuangbanna during the dry and wet seasons. Results showed that there were large seed accumulations in both the dry (mean ± SD; 3925 ± 2533 seeds/m²) and wet seasons (5415 ± 3232 seeds/m²). One hundred and sixteen species of seed plants were identified from germination, 66 percent of which were woody species. Weed or pioneer species dominated the seedbank. The soil seedbank in Xishuangbanna had similar species composition as compared to those in tropical Asia, but higher seed storage reflects the intense disturbance and forest fragmentation in this area.     

海南尖峰岭热带林土壤动物群落——群落的组成及其特征

以海南尖峰岭自然保护区热带山地雨林为标准样地,研究热带土壤动物在原始生境中的群落结构。样地设５个固定取样点,每月固定时间用３种方法,对原生动物、线虫和其它大、中型土壤动物分别取样。调查结果显示：（１）以风干土培养法获得的原生动物共有１８目７２种,种类以纤毛虫类为主,数量则以肉足虫类为主。本调查点与以北各地带相比,其分布的种类较少,这与热带林枯枝落叶层薄有关。（２）以湿漏斗法获得的线虫有７目７６种,为国内各地带之首。其中矛线目种类及个体数量均占多数。（３）以手拣和大、小于漏斗法获得的土壤动物共有３２个类群（以目为主）,其多样性指数（Ｈ′）高于本区以北各地带调查点。类群的重要性,按平均数量及其稳定性来排序,排在最前的几个类群有蚂蚁、鞘翅目、蚯蚓、及等翅目等。比西双版纳热带沟谷雨林的土壤动物群落结构更具热带性。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林土壤氮含量对乔木树种多样性的影响?

大气氮沉降或人类活动导致生态系统氮输入增加,可能会提高土壤氮含量水平,促进优势种的生长和减少环境异质性,从而使物种共存的生态位减少,群落物种多样性降低。为研究土壤氮含量的增加对森林群落乔木树种多样性的影响,本研究在西双版纳热带季节雨林随机设置了14个1 ha的样方,对各样方土壤总氮( TN)含量、乔木树种丰富度以及西双版纳热带季节雨林20 ha动态监测样地中各样方乔木树种及建群种望天树( Parashorea chinensis)生物量进行了调查。结果表明：土壤氮含量与乔木树种丰富度具有显著负相关而与群落及建群种望天树生物量具有显著正相关。我们推测其机制可能是：土壤氮含量增加促进了建群种望天树等的生长及群落生物量的积累,减少树种共存的生态位,由于竞争排斥等原因而导致群落树种丰富度降低。因此,减少生态系统人为氮输入,对于保护西双版纳热带季节雨林乔木树种多样性具有重要意义。     

Arthropod Abundance,Canopy Structure,and Microclimate in a Bornean Lowland Tropical Rain Forest1

This study applies a novel, vertically stratified fogging protocol to document arthropod abundance, density, and biomass across a vertical gradient in a primary, lowland dipterocarp forest canopy in Borneo. We fogged arthropods at 5 m vertical intervals and 20 m horizontal intervals along six full‐canopy transects and measured leaf surface areas along the same transects. The results show that arthropod biomass in the aboveground regions was 23.6 kg/ha, the abundance was 23.9 million individuals/ha, and the density on leaf surfaces was 280 individuals/m² leaf area. All three numbers are five to ten times higher than estimated by previous surveys of tropical lowland rain forest canopies using mass‐collection techniques. Arthropod abundance and biomass were analyzed in relation to canopy structure, composition, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), and height. Using stepwise regression we found that 13 of 14 arthropod groups had significant positive relationships with one‐sided leaf area, 11 had significant negative relationships with VPD, 3 had significant relationships with height, and none showed positive relationships with light. Classifying the 14 taxa based on their responses to leaf area and VPD created three groups that corresponded roughly to the biology of these taxa. This study suggests that the biomass and abundance, and perhaps therefore—by extrapolation—the biodiversity, of tropical canopy arthropods may be very much higher than previously estimated.     

Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Release in a Tropical Seasonal Rain Forest of Xishuangbanna,Southwest China1

We studied litter decomposition and nutrient release in a tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. The monthly decay rates (k) of leaf litter ranged from 0.02 to 0.21/mo, and correlated with rainfall and soil moisture. Annual k values for leaf litter (1.79/yr) averaged 4.2 times of those for coarse wood (2.5–3.5 cm in diameter). The turnover coefficients of forest floor mass (annual litterfall input/mean floor mass) were: 4.11/yr for flowers and fruits, 2.07/yr for leaves, and 1.17/yr for fine wood (≤2 cm in diameter), with resident time decreasing from fine woods (0.85 yr) to leaves (0.48 yr) and to flower and fruits (0.24 yr). Nutrient residence times in the forest floor mass were ranked as: Ca (1.0 yr) > P (0.92 yr) > Mg (0.64 yr) > N (0.36 yr) > K (0.31 yr). Our data suggest that rates of litter decomposition and nutrient release in the seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna are slower than those in typical lowland rain forests, but similar to those in tropical semideciduous forests.     

Landscape-Scale Environmental and Floristic Variation in Costa Rican Old-Growth Rain Forest Remnants

Studies of tropical rain forest beta-diversity debate environmental determinism versus dispersal limitation as principal mechanisms underlying floristic variation. We examined the relationship between soil characteristics, terrain, climate variation, and rain forest composition across a 3000 km² area in northeastern Costa Rica. Canopy tree and arboreal palm species abundance and soils were measured from 127 0.25-ha plots across Caribbean lowlands and foothills. Plot elevation, slope, temperature, and precipitation variation were taken from digital grids. Ordination of forest data yielded three floristic groups with strong affinities to foothills and differing lowland environments. Variation in floristics, soil texture, and climate conditions showed parallel patterns of significantly positive spatial autocorrelation up to 13 km and significantly negative correlation beyond 40 km. Partial Mantel tests resulted in a significant correlation between floristic distance and terrain, climate and soil textural variables controlling the effect of geographical distance. Separate comparisons for palm species showed significant correlation with Mg and Ca concentrations among other soil factors. Arboreal palm species demonstrated a stronger relationship with soil factors than did canopy trees. Correlation between floristic data and geographical distance, related to seed dispersal or unmeasured variables, was not significant after controlling for soil characteristics and elevation. Canopy trees and palms showed differing relationships to soil and other environmental factors, but lend greater support for a niche-assembly hypothesis than to a major role for dispersal limitation in determining species turnover for this landscape.