江苏四个自然保护区保护效应的调查

本文在样方调查的基础上,对江苏徐州泉山,吴县光福,宜兴龙池和句容宝华山四个森林生态系统保护区 内的典型植被类型的材积量增长和群落结构的变化进行了估算和统计,并对比保护区建立前后的有关样方资料,证明各保护区在建立8－10年后均发生了明显的变化,地带性物种种群和群落的恢复均比较迅速。     

中国生物多样性就地保护的研究与实践

中国是世界上生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,但面临着较大的生态衰退风险。中国生物多样性受到的威胁来自包括人口众多、经济发展模式单一落后、工业化进程加快、气候变化和外来物种入侵等多种因素。生物多样性的就地保护对于维护国家生态安全具有重要意义,同时也是中国可持续发展的需要。本文就中国生物多样性就地保护的研究成果和保护成就进行了回顾,提出了未来应该着重加强的研究领域。中国生物多样性的就地保护研究与实践主要集中在生物多样性资源调查、濒危物种管理和自然保护区建设等方面。中国政府在生物多样性就地保护领域开展了大量卓有成效的工作,发布实施了一系列的保护行动规划,不断提高了生物多样性的保护水平。中国的生物多样性就地保护经过了由数量发展到质量发展的阶段后,未来的研究重点应该集中在生物多样性形成与维持机制、生物多样性受胁原因与响应机制、生物多样性长期监测与评估、自然保护区有效管理和自然保护区立法等方面。     

Quantitative method for identifying networks of minimum priority sites for protection of rare and endangered plant species in Guangdong, China

The approaches to enlarge the protected areas are deeply embedded in the conservation planning. In practice, however, even in some sites of top conservation priority, there exist problems of inefficient conservation for lack of funding, to say nothing of assisting all species under threat from the viewpoint of conservationists. Identifying priority sites for conservation and establishing networks of minimum priority sites (NOMPS) are helpful for promoting the transition from number and size oriented, to quality and effectiveness oriented practices of biological conservation, and for realizing the target of biodiversity conservation with the most benefits for the least costs. Based on heuristic algorithm and integer linear programming (ILP), we propose a refined method of heuristic integer linear programming (HILP) for quantitative identification of the NOMPS to protect rare and endangered plant species (REPS) in Guangdong Province, China. The results indicate that there are 19 priority sites which are essential for protecting all of the 107 REPS distributed in 83 sites in Guangdong. These should be the paramount targets of financing and management. Compared with the ILP, which uses minimum number of sites as the only constraint, HILP takes into consideration of the effect of species richness, and is thus more suitable for conservation practices though with a little more number of priority sites selected. It is suggested that ILP and HILP are both effective quantitative methods for identifying NOMPS and can yield important information for decision making, especially when economic factors are constraints for biological conservation.     

Quantitative method for identifying networks of minimum priority sites for protection of rare and endangered plant species in Guangdong,China

The approaches to enlarge the protected areas are deeply embedded in the conservation planning.In practice,however,even in some sites of top conservation priority,there exist problems of inefficient conservation for lack of funding,to say nothing of assisting all species under threat from the viewpoint of conservationists.Identifying priority sites for conservation and establishing networks of minimum priority sites (NOMPS) are helpful for promoting the transition from number and size oriented,to quality and effectiveness oriented practices of biological conservation,and for realizing the target of biodiversity conservation with the most benefits for the least costs.Based on heuristic algorithm and integer linear programming (ILP),we propose a refined method of heuristic integer linear programming (HILP) for quantitative identification of the NOMPS to protect rare and endangered plant species (REPS) in Guangdong Province,China.The results indicate that there are 19 priority sites which are essential for protecting all of the 107 REPS distributed in 83 sites in Guangdong.These should be the paramount targets of financing and management.Compared with the ILP,which uses minimum number of sites as the only constraint,HILP takes into consideration of the effect of species richness,and is thus more suitable for conservation practices though with a little more number of priority sites selected.It is suggested that ILP and HILP are both effective quantitative methods for identifying NOMPS and can yield important information for decision making,especially when economic factors are constraints for biological conservation.     

The genetic structure of the mountain forest butterfly Erebia euryale unravels the late Pleistocene and postglacial history of the mountain coniferous forest biome in Europe

The distribution of the mountain coniferous forest biome in Europe throughout time is not sufficiently understood. One character species of this habitat type is the large ringlet, Erebia euryale well reflecting the extension of this biome today, and the genetic differentiation of this species among and within mountain systems may unravel the late Pleistocene history of this habitat type. We therefore analysed the allozyme pattern of 381 E. euryale individuals from 11 populations in four different European mountain systems (Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, Rila). All loci analysed were polymorphic. The mean F(ST) over all samples was high (20%). Furthermore, the mean genetic distance among samples was quite high (0.049). We found four different groups well supported by cluster analyses, bootstraps and hierarchical variance analyses: Pyrenees, western Alps, eastern Alps and southeastern Europe (Carpathians and Rila). The genetic diversity of the populations was highest in the southeastern European group and stepwise decreased westwards. Interestingly, the populations from Bulgaria and Romania were almost identical; therefore, we assume that they were not separated by the Danube Valley, at least during the last ice age. On the contrary, the differentiation among the three western Alps populations was considerable. For all these reasons, we assume that (i) the most important refugial area for the coniferous mountain forest biome in Europe has been located in southeastern Europe including at least parts of the Carpathians and the Bulgarian mountains; (ii) important refugial areas for this biome existed at the southeastern edge of the Alps; (iii) fragments of this habitat types survived along the southwestern Alps, but in a more scattered distribution; and (iv) relatively small relicts have persisted somewhere at the foothills of the Pyrenees.     

广东杨东山十二度水省级自然保护区啮齿类、翼手类物种多样性初步研究

对广东杨东山十二度水省级自然保护区的啮齿类、翼手类物种多样性进行了初步调查,采集动物标本61号,为9种,观察或采访记录到3种,该保护区共有两个目的哺乳动物12种,其中我国特有种1种——贵州菊头蝠(为2000年发现的广东省翼手类新记录)。鼠类中进入国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、有科学研究价值的陆生野生动物名录的动物有5种,约占该保护区啮齿类种类的70％。初步调查显示,该保护区翼手类、啮齿类动物种类较为丰富,是食物链中的重要环节,在该保护区自然生态系统中占有极重要的地位,深入开展对它们的研究十分必要。     

Dolichopodid Biodiversity and Site Quality Assessment of Reed Marshes And Grasslands in Belgium (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

The conservation value of grassland and reed marsh habitats in Belgium was determined on the basis of dolichopodid communities (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Four grassland and one reed marsh sites within the 'Bourgoyen-Ossemeersen' Nature Reserve (B.O.) (Ghent) were sampled with white water traps from March 1993 until March 1994. Subsequently, these soil faunas were compared with those of reed marsh habitats in 'Het Meetjeslandse Krekengebied' (M.K.) sampled in 1990. Comparisons of species communities were carried out by means of multivariate analysis techniques. The DCA and CCA on the B.O. sites produced a clear separation between the grassland and the reed marsh communities. Light intensity and soil humidity were among the most important factors determining species distributions. The comparison between the B.O. and M.K. communities revealed that sampling sites were clustered according to their geographical location rather than to habitat type. Overall species richness and diversity was not significantly different between grasslands and reed marshes. However, conservation quality estimates of the sites using the Site Conservation Quality Index (SCQI) indicated that reed marshes comprise a considerably larger number of rare and Red Data Book species. Moreover, besides typical reed marsh-inhabiting species, reed marshes also house species with other ecological affinities sometimes in rather high abundance. As a result, reed marshes are considered highly valuable for the survival of several wetland dolichopodid species.     

福建省毛竹混交林群落结构特征的比较

通过设置临时标准地对龙栖山、武夷山和天宝岩3个国家级自然保护区的3种毛竹混交林群落类型结构进行调查与统计分析.结果表明,在物种数量上从多到少依次为:武夷山国家级自然保护区的毛竹 少叶黄杞(Phyllostachys pubescences Mazel ex H. Delehaie Engelhardtia fenzelii Merr.)混交林(68科125属230种),龙栖山国家级自然保护区的毛竹 南方红豆杉[Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. var. mairei (Lemee et Lévl.) Cheng et L. K. Fu]混交林(69科135属194种)和天宝岩国家级自然保护区的毛竹 长苞铁杉(Tsuga longibracteata Cheng)混交林(41科71属105种).3个毛竹混交林群落结构分明,毛竹在混交林群落乔木层中占绝对优势的地位.乔木层、灌木层和草本层层次清晰,还具有层间层.毛竹 南方红豆杉群落和毛竹 长苞铁杉群落乔木层可分为3个亚层,而毛竹 少叶黄杞群落乔木层可分为2个亚层.毛竹 少叶黄杞群落的灌木层物种数和草本层盖度均比其他2个群落高.     

广东森林和野生动物自然保护区生态经济持续发展探讨

本文总结了广东森林和野生动物自然保护区的建设和发展,从生态经济学原理和广东实际情况出发,探讨自然保护区生态经济的持续发展,并以车八岭国家级自然保护区为例,论述自然保护区持续发展的经营管理实践与经验。     

Population status and structure of mountain nyala in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia

The study on the population status and structure of mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) was carried out in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia during the wet and dry seasons of 2000/2001. Total counts were carried out in an area of 13.1 km². The count ranged between 682 and 732 individuals. Females comprised 62.9% while males 27.4%. The calf ratio was 9.7%. The group structure of the animals varied with season. Large herds were frequently observed during the wet season and smaller groups during the dry season. Group size changed seasonally. In both seasons, 7–12 individuals were the frequent group size formation. The maximum group (62) was observed during the wet season. The population trend of the animal from 1975 to 1990 indicated a recovery and increase. But between 1990 and 1995 the population showed a continuous and steep decline. However, between 1995 and 2000 the population trend showed a better condition when compared with the previous years.     

Conservation of vascular plants in single large and several small mires: species richness, rarity and taxonomic diversity

1. This study on vascular plant species of boreal spruce and pine mires concentrated on two geometrical principles: whether single large or several small (SLOSS) reserves contain more species and whether patch shape should be as nearly circular as possible.
2. SLOSS and patch shape have usually been tested by using species richness. Only a few studies have taken the rarity of species into account, and taxonomic diversity has never been used. In our study, all three of these factors were used.
3. Our results showed that the number of species was not related to the spruce mire size, but it increased in relation to the pine mire size. In contrast, the rarity score increased in relation to the area of spruce mires, but it was not related to the area of pine mires. Taxonomic diversity was not related to size in the case of spruce mires, but it increased with pine mires.
4. The SLOSS comparison showed that several small mires contained more vascular plant species than a large one of equal size. Several small mires also had higher rarity scores and taxonomic diversity than a single large mire. The number of species, rarity score and taxonomic diversity increased in relation to the number of small mires in a group. The same results were obtained with both spruce and pine mires.
5. Species richness, rarity score and taxonomic diversity were not related to mire shape. The results did not depend on the mire type.     

Buffer zones for forest reserves: opinions of land owners and conservation value of their forest around nature reserves in southern Sweden

Buffer zones around reserves are often suggested, but have rarely been evaluated. We examined their design for small forest reserves (5–225 ha), where buffer zones (200 m wide) would protect the reserves and reduce negative edge effects. The potential buffer zones could be partly protected, but remain as private land. Alternatively, the state may buy land outside reserves (to be included in reserves). To consider opinions of forest owners, we interviewed 33 private forest owners in potential buffer zones of reserves. The respondents were weakly positive to conservation, but disliked a state reserve on their land, or a buffer zone where 50% of the forest would be protected without compensation; however, with compensation the majority of them were neutral or positive to such a buffer zone. In a choice between buffer zone or reserve bought by the state, the great majority of the respondents chose the buffer zone (compensation paid, land still private). We found no relationships between opinions of respondents and conservation values of their forests (densities of old and dead trees), but older owners had forests of higher value. The forest in the potential buffer zones had higher conservation value than other non-protected forests in southern Sweden. Thus, buffer zones may be valuable, and we suggest they are created in cooperation with local residents where this is possible.     

Biomass,production and nutrient distribution of a natural oak forest in central Korea

Biomass, production, and nutrient distribution of a pure Quercus variabilis Bl. stand (stand 1) and two mixed Q. variabilis–Q. mongolica Fisch. stands (stand 2 and 3) were investigated in central Korea. Stand 1 naturally occurred on a site with a southern aspect while stand 2 and stand 3 occurred on sites with a northern aspect. Total (overstory+understory vegetation) biomass (tha^-1) and annual production (tha^–1year^–1) were 137.8 and 11.1 for stand 1, 216.2 and 16.6 for stand 2, and 253.3 and 19.7 for stand 3. Nutrient contents (kgha^–1) in the vegetation were distributed as follows: K, 478–860; N, 471–839; Ca, 428–791; Mg, 72–125; Na, 77–141; and P, 37–71, and were greatest in stand 3 followed by stand 2, and stand 1. Stand density influenced the differences in biomass, annual production and nutrient contents in the vegetation. Forest floor dry mass and N content (kgha^–1) were 13400 and 169 for stand 1, 10400 and 133 for stand 2, and 11200 and 127 for stand 3. Total amounts of N, P and Na in the ecosystem were greatest in the upper 40cm of mineral soil followed by the vegetation and forest floor. However, the vegetation contained a greater amount of K than the mineral soil. It appeared that microenvironments, such as, aspect influenced the distribution of natural oak species within a relatively small area and resulted in differences in biomass, production and nutrient distribution among the stands.     

太行山中低山区河谷内农田斑块特征及其分布格局—以河北省阜平县胭脂河主流河谷为例

以景观生态学原理为指导,调查了位于太行山中低山区的河北省阜平县胭脂河主流河谷,对河谷内农田斑块的特征及其分布格局进行了分析,结果表明,农田斑块了作河流源头外贯穿整个河谷,从上游向下游,人为活动的增加使农田的比重不断增加,导致自然景观减少,环境异质性降低,农田斑块破碎化和蔼减小,胭脂河河谷总面积为2297.09hm^2,构成河谷景观主体的农田有117个斑块,面积为1027.78hm^2,占河谷面积的44．74％,农田基本紧靠河岸分布,处在水分条件优越但易受洪水威胁的土地带上,农田在河流两侧是非对称分布,其中左岸农田面积587.58hm^2,占57．17％,斑块的宽度呈增加的态势,但变化比较大,基本上以狭长的特征出现。     

Tree diversity and distribution in undisturbed and human-impacted sites of tropical wet evergreen forest in southern Western Ghats, India

The composition, abundance, population structure and distribution patterns of all woody species ( 30 cm gbh) were investigated in an undisturbed and two adjacent human-impacted sites of a tropical wet evergreen forest in Kalakad National Park, Western Ghats, south India. Three 1-ha plots were established, one each in (i) an undisturbed site (named site UD), (ii) in a site selectively felled 35 years ago (site SF – small stems felled leaving the large trees (as shade) for developing it into a cardamom estate, on the failure of which the site was abandoned) and (iii) a frequently disturbed site (site FD – round woods logged for use in ovens for curing cardamom). These sites are 1 to 3 km apart in the same wet evergreen forest. In the three study plots a total of 2150 stems (mean density 716 ha^–1) covering 122 species in 89 genera and 41 families were enumerated. Species richness was greatest (85 species ha^–1) in the undisturbed site UD, intermediate (83) in SF and lowest (80) in FD. Tree density was greatest (855 stems ha^–1) in site SF, intermediate (720) in UD and lowest (575) in FD. The forest stand was exceptionally voluminous in site UD (basal area 94.64 m² ha^–1), intermediate (66.9 m²) in SF and least (61.7 m²) in FD, due to tree removal for fuel in the latter sites. Species composition and abundance patterns markedly varied between the three sites. In UD and SF, primary forest species (Cryptocarya bourdillonii , Cullenia exarillata Myristica dactyloides etc.) occurred in greater density. In FD heliophilic secondary forest species (Elaeocarpus venustus, Litsea wightiana, Viburnum punctatum and Vitex altissima) were abundant, while these were absent in UD and SF. The species–area curve did not reach an asymptote in any of the sites on the 1-ha scale. The stand population structure was clearly reverse J shaped in UD and SF, while small stems were 2- to 3-fold fewer in FD. Most trees exhibited clumped distribution of individuals on the 1-ha scale. Variation in the kind and richness of species and their abundance is related to human interference and the need for forest conservation is emphasized.     

Plant biodiversity of two tropical dry evergreen forests in the Pondicherry region of South India and the role of belief systems in their conservation

Natural vegetation on the south-eastern coast of Peninsular India has now been reduced to patches, some of which are preserved as sacred groves. The plant biodiversity and population structure of woody plants (>20 cm girth at breast height; gbh) in two such groves, Oorani and Olagapuram, occurring on the north-west of Pondicherry have been analyzed. A total of 169 angiosperms have been enumerated from both sites. The Oorani grove (3.2 ha) had 74 flowering plant species distributed in 71 genera and 41 families; 30 of them are woody species, 8 are lianas and 4 are parasites. The Olagapuram grove (2.8 ha) was more species-rich with 136 species in 121 genera of 58 families; woody species were fewer (21) while 9 lianas and 3 parasites occurred. The vegetation structure indicates that the Oorani grove is a relic of tropical dry evergreen forest, whereas Olagapuram is reduced to a thorny woodland. The latter is heavily degraded as it has lost the status of a sacred grove because of its conversion to Eucalyptus plantations. The Oorani grove has an Amman temple in the centre. The attendant cultural rites and religious rituals have perpetuated the status of a sacred grove which has ensured the protection of the grove.     

Riparian disturbance and community structure of a Quercus-Ulmus forest in central Japan

Population structure and ecological characteristics of component species of a riparian Ulmus-Quercus forest in central Japan were analyzed with special reference to riparian disturbance regime. Though the dbh distribution of the whole community was L-shaped, those of several component tree populations had several modes, suggesting intermittent regeneration periods in the past. Correlation of spatial distributions among tree populations and subpopulations showed 6 major groups reflecting riparian disturbances in the past and different establishment patterns among species. A cluster of small-sized tree populations (Salix sachalinensis, Alnus hirsuta and Populus maximowiczii <30 cm dbh) were distributed on the lower terrace along the active river channel, while large-sized subpopulations (dbh 60 cm) of Quercus crispula and Ulumus davidiana var. japonica occurred on the higher terrace. The Phellodendron amurense population also occurred on the higher terrace in small clumps though the trees were small (less than 55 cm dbh). Subpopulations of intermediate-sized individuals (30 dbh < 60 cm) of Q. crispula and U. davidiana var. japonica, together with Betula and Acer spp. populations occurred on the intermediate terrace. Dendrochronological analyses indicated that the large and intermediate-sized tree groups were established about 330 and 90 years ago, respectively, while the small-sized tree group established about 35 years ago. A survey of historical disturbances showed that these periods of establishment of the former two groups almost coincided with the historically major floods occurring in 1662 and 1902. However, the disturbance that resulted in the establishment of the youngest group could not be precisely identified. Thus, the forest is a mosaic of three differently-aged patches, which is closely related to the frequency and scale of riparian disturbances. Longevity of trees and the preferred conditions for seed germination and/or seedling establishment were particularly important for the guild structure in this forest community.