The effect of temporal variation in soil carbon inputs on interspecific plant competition

Aims Release of carbon from plant roots initiates a chain of reactions involving the soil microbial community and microbial predators, eventually leading to nutrient enrichment, a process known as the 'microbial loop'. However, root exudation has also been shown to stimulate nutrient immobilization, thereby reducing plant growth. Both mechanisms depend on carbon exudation, but generate two opposite soil nutrient dynamics. We suggest here that this difference might arise from temporal variation in soil carbon inputs.Methods We examined how continuous and pulsed carbon inputs affect the performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum), a fast-growing annual, while competing with sage (Salvia officinalis), a slow-growing perennial. We manipulated the temporal mode of soil carbon inputs under different soil organic matter (SOM) and nitrogen availabilities. Carbon treatment included the following two carbon input modes: (i) Continuous: a daily release of minute amounts of glucose, and (ii) Pulsed: once every 3 days, a short release of high amounts of glucose. The two carbon input modes differed only in the temporal dynamic of glucose, but not in total amount of glucose added. We predicted that pulsed carbon inputs should result in nutrient enrichment, creating favorable conditions for the wheat plants.Important findings Carbon addition caused a reduction in the sage total biomass, while increasing the total wheat biomass. In SOM-poor soil without nitrogen and in SOM-rich soil with nitrogen, wheat root allocation was higher under continuous than under pulsed carbon input. Such an allocation shift is a common response of plants to reduced nutrient availability. We thus suggest that the continuous carbon supply stimulated the proliferation of soil microorganisms, which in turn competed with the plants over available soil nutrients. The fact that bacterial abundance was at its peak under this carbon input mode support this assertion. Multivariate analyses indicated that besides the above described changes in plant biomasses and bacterial abundances, carbon supply led to an accumulation of organic matter, reduction in NO 3 levels and increased levels of NH 4 in the soil. The overall difference between the two carbon input modes resulted primarily from the lower total wheat biomass, and lower levels of NO 3 and soil PH characterizing pots submitted to carbon pulses, compared to those subjected to continuous carbon supply. Carbon supply, in general, and carbon input mode, in particular, can lead to belowground chain reactions cascading up to affect plant performance.     

耕作方式对紫色水稻土有机碳和微生物生物量碳的影响

以位于西南大学的农业部紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站始于1990年的长期定位试验田为对象,研究了冬水田平作(DP)、水旱轮作(SH)、垄作免耕(LM)及垄作翻耕(LF)等4种耕作方式对紫色水稻土有机碳(SOC)和微生物生物量碳(SMBC)的影响。结果表明,4种耕作方式下SOC和SMBC均呈现出在土壤剖面垂直递减趋势,翻耕栽培下其降低较均匀,而免耕栽培下其富集在表层土壤中。同一土层不同耕作方式间SOC和SMBC的差异在表层最大,随着土壤深度的增加,各处理之间的差异逐渐减小。在0—60 cm剖面中,SOC含量依次为:LM(17.6 g/kg)>DP(13.9 g/kg)>LF(12.5 g/kg)>SH(11.3 g/kg),SOC储量也依次为:LM(158.52 Mg C/hm2)>DP(106.74 Mg C/hm2)>LF(93.11 Mg C/hm2)>SH(88.59 Mg C/hm2),而SMBC含量则依次为:LM(259 mg/kg)>SH(213 mg/kg)>LF(160 mg/kg)>DP(144 mg/kg)。与其它3种耕作方式比较,LM处理显著提高SOC含量和储量以及SMBC含量。对土壤微生物商(SMBC/SOC)进行分析发现,耕作方式对SOC和SMBC的影响程度并不一致。SMBC与SOC、全氮、全磷、全硫、碱解氮、有效磷均呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01),与有效硫呈显著正相关(P<0.05);表明SMBC可以作为表征紫色水稻土土壤肥力的敏感因子。     

塿土土壤剖面中N2O浓度的时间和空间变异

用土壤探头法对塿土玉米—小麦轮作体系下不同剖面层次N2O浓度变化进行了2a的田间原位监测。结果表明：塿土土壤剖面中N2O浓度具有较大的时间变异,表现为土壤N2O浓度在一年的不同时期变化较大,以温度高、水分充足的7—8月份为最高,温度较低的冬季最低;全年中土壤剖面中各层N2O浓度在降水或者灌溉后均有一个峰值。从空间上来看,土壤不同剖面层次的N2O浓度的变化以60cm土层最高,表层10cm最低,浓度在剖面中的变化顺序为10cm＜30cm＜150cm＜90cm＜60cm。2a的研究结果相比,降水量较高的1999年土壤剖面各层的N2O浓度较高。2a试验期间对照和施肥处理各土壤层次的变异系数分别为7．1％-29．4％和10．8％-50．9％,其中1999年变异系数分别为20．2％-29．4％和32．11％-50．9％,2000年分别为7．14％-18．4％和10．8％-25．9％。从变异系数上来看,1999年高于2000年;施肥处理高于对照;N2O浓度较高的下层土壤高于10cm表层土壤。两个处理N2O出现的时间和剖面变化趋势相同,但施肥处理各时期、各土层的浓度均高于对照。这些结果充分说明塿土土壤存在明显的反硝化N2O气态损失,施肥显著地增加了其产生量,深层土壤N2O的产生是塿土N2O的一个不容忽视的来源;N2O的产生和排放具有极大的时间和空间变异。     

澳大利亚亚热带不同森林土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用

为阐明土壤微生物群落对碳源利用类型和强度,采用MicroRespTM方法研究3种森林类型不同土壤含水量微生物群落对不同类型碳源的利用情况,结果表明：湿地松（Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliotttii）林地土壤微生物碳源利用率依次为60%WHC>20%WHC>40%WHC,南洋杉（Araucaria cunninghamii）和贝壳杉（Agathis australis）林地土壤微生物对碳源利用的格局相似,为20%WHC>60%WHC>40%WHC。南洋杉和贝壳杉林地土壤对碳源利用率趋势相同,主要是对L-苹果酸、草酸和L-赖氨酸利用比较高。在40%WHC处理中,3种树种对碳源的利用均很低,差异不明显。除精氨酸和L-赖氨酸外,60%WHC处理土壤微生物利用单一碳源能力的大小顺序为：南洋杉>湿地松>贝壳杉。3种树种土壤Shannon多样性指数(H’)、Shannon均匀度(E)和Simpson指数(D)均无显著差异。土壤pH值影响微生物对L-丙氨酸、精氨酸、D-( )-葡萄糖、N-乙酰基-氨基葡萄糖的利用率较大,这些类群的微生物主要分布在贝壳杉林地;分布在南洋杉林地的微生物对柠檬酸、L-苹果酸和γ-酪氨酸利用率较大,且主要是受TP的影响;D-( )-果糖、柠檬酸和L-半胱氨酸-盐酸等受水分、TN和TC等影响较大,这类微生物类群主要分布在湿地松林地。     

疏勒河源高寒草甸土壤微生物生物量碳氮变化特征

土壤微生物生物量是土壤有机质的活性部分,是反映土壤质量和碳氮循环机制的重要指标。本文以青藏高原东北缘疏勒河源高寒草甸为研究对象,对土壤微生物生物量碳（SMBC, mg/kg）和微生物生物量氮（SMBN, mg/kg）的不同季节（春、夏、秋、冬）和土层（0—10、10—20、20—30、30—40、40—50 cm）变化特征及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明：（1）不同土层SMBC均表现为春季开始逐渐升高、夏季达到最大值、秋季逐渐降低、冬季值最小,而SMBN春季开始逐渐降低、夏季值最小、秋季逐渐升高、冬季达到最大值。（2）SMBC、SMBN随着土壤深度的增加而下降,0—10 cm层SMBC、SMBN显著高于40—50 cm层,且SMBC、SMBN0—10 cm层的季节变幅显著大于40—50 cm层。（3）0—50 cm土层SMBC/SMBN表现为春季开始逐渐升高、夏季达到最大值、秋季逐渐降低、冬季值最小,其季节变化范围为8.77—23.59,处于较高水平。（4）SMBC、SMBN、SMBC/SMBN的季节和土层变化主要受植被地下生物量和土壤温度的影响。（5）各土层SMBC/SOC均表现为春季开始逐渐升高、夏季达到最大值、秋季逐渐降低、冬季值最小,而SMBN/TN春季开始逐渐降低、夏季值最小、秋季逐渐升高、冬季达到最大值。除夏季土层间无显著差异外,SMBC/SOC与SMBN/TN均表现为0—10 cm层显著高于40—50 cm层。（6）0—50 cm土层SMBC/SOC夏秋季显著高于冬春季且其季节变化范围为0.58%—1.18%,而SMBN/TN秋冬季显著高于夏季且其季节变化范围为0.39%—0.72%。综上,季节变化和剖面深度均对SMBC、SMBN产生显著影响且0—10 cm土层对SMBC、SMBN的累积能力最强。     

Effects of plant diversity on soil carbon in diverse ecosystems: a global meta‐analysis

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a valuable resource for mediating global climate change and securing food production. Despite an alarming rate of global plant diversity loss, uncertainties concerning the effects of plant diversity on SOC remain, because plant diversity not only stimulates litter inputs via increased productivity, thus enhancing SOC, but also stimulates microbial respiration, thus reducing SOC. By analysing 1001 paired observations of plant mixtures and corresponding monocultures from 121 publications, we show that both SOC content and stock are on average 5 and 8% higher in species mixtures than in monocultures. These positive mixture effects increase over time and are more pronounced in deeper soils. Microbial biomass carbon, an indicator of SOC release and formation, also increases, but the proportion of microbial biomass carbon in SOC is lower in mixtures. Moreover, these species‐mixture effects are consistent across forest, grassland, and cropland systems and are independent of background climates. Our results indicate that converting 50% of global forests from mixtures to monocultures would release an average of 2.70 Pg C from soil annually over a period of 20 years: about 30% of global annual fossil‐fuel emissions. Our study highlights the importance of plant diversity preservation for the maintenance of soil carbon sequestration in discussions of global climate change policy.     

环丙沙星对土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物 群落碳代谢多样性的影响

采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法和Biolog法,分析环丙沙星作用下的土壤微生物量碳和微生物群落碳代谢多样性,以揭示环丙沙星在环境中残留对土壤微生物学性状的影响.结果表明,环丙沙星(wCIP≥0.1 μg/g)对土壤微生物量碳含量影响显著(P＜0.05),土壤中环丙沙星浓度愈高,微生物量碳含量愈低,100μg/g的环丙沙星处理使土壤微生物量碳含量下降58.69％.环丙沙星对土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能影响显著,环丙沙星降低了土壤微生物对碳水化合物、羧酸、氨基酸、聚合物、酚类和胺类的碳源利用率;环丙沙星(wCIP≥0.1 μg/g)显著影响了土壤微生物群落碳源代谢强度和代谢多样性,但不同浓度的环丙沙星对土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能的影响不同,0.1、1、10 μg/g的环丙沙星处理对土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能的影响主要表现在处理前期(用药第7天、21天),这种影响在处理后期(用药第35天)表现不明显,100μg/g的环丙沙星在用药的前期和后期均显著影响土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能,土壤中环丙沙星积累到该浓度可能对土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能产生难以逆转的长期影响.     

Effect of annual variation in soil pH on available soil nutrients in pear orchards

Soil pH is an important factor affecting the availability of soil nutrients that impact plant growth. Given the susceptibility of soil pH to excessive fertilization and the widespread use of manures, it is essential to examine the influence of soil pH on the distribution and availability of soil nutrients. We sampled and analyzed brown soils from pear orchards in thirteen towns in Wendeng county. Samples were obtained from areas along or between rows of trees at specified distances and depths. The results showed that the soil pH fluctuated from 4.06 to 6.59 in October 2008 and from 4.24 to 7.57 in April 2009. The quantity of soil samples with pH below 5.50 increased by 34.6%. Analysis of the soil pH for samples obtained along the rows of trees showed that the pH decreased as the depth increased (except for the range 5.5 to 6.0); soil pH in the samples obtained between the rows of trees demonstrated different trends. The average organic matter (O.M.) content as well as the N (NH₄⁺) and available P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents in the samples collected in October 2008 were higher than those observed in April 2009. Conversely, the values for other available nutrients were lower than those in the samples collected in April 2009. The available nutrients and organic matter (O.M.) content in different pH ranges varied. The soil pH was significantly or very significantly correlated with N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-), available K, Cu, Fe, and exchangeable Ca for the October 2008 samples, while a significant or very significant correlation existed between N (NH₄⁺), available P, Zn, exchangeable Ca, and exchangeable Mg for the April 2009 samples. The correlations between soil pH and the amounts of available nutrients and organic matter (O.M.) along the rows of trees in September 2009 were nearly consistent with those between the rows.     

Effect of annual variation in soil pH on available soil nutrients in pear orchards

Soil pH is an important factor affecting the availability of soil nutrients that impact plant growth. Given the susceptibility of soil pH to excessive fertilization and the widespread use of manures, it is essential to examine the influence of soil pH on the distribution and availability of soil nutrients. We sampled and analyzed brown soils from pear orchards in thirteen towns in Wendeng county. Samples were obtained from areas along or between rows of trees at specified distances and depths. The results showed that the soil pH fluctuated from 4.06 to 6.59 in October 2008 and from 4.24 to 7.57 in April 2009. The quantity of soil samples with pH below 5.50 increased by 34.6%. Analysis of the soil pH for samples obtained along the rows of trees showed that the pH decreased as the depth increased (except for the range 5.5 to 6.0); soil pH in the samples obtained between the rows of trees demonstrated different trends. The average organic matter (O.M.) content as well as the N (NH₄⁺) and available P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents in the samples collected in October 2008 were higher than those observed in April 2009. Conversely, the values for other available nutrients were lower than those in the samples collected in April 2009. The available nutrients and organic matter (O.M.) content in different pH ranges varied. The soil pH was significantly or very significantly correlated with N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-), available K, Cu, Fe, and exchangeable Ca for the October 2008 samples, while a significant or very significant correlation existed between N (NH₄⁺), available P, Zn, exchangeable Ca, and exchangeable Mg for the April 2009 samples. The correlations between soil pH and the amounts of available nutrients and organic matter (O.M.) along the rows of trees in September 2009 were nearly consistent with those between the rows.     

盐碱土壤转Bt基因棉花外源蛋白表达量时空变化及对抗虫性的影响

盐碱地是潜在的可利用耕地资源,但土壤盐碱化严重制约了农业生产的可持续发展。基于棉花机械化程度低、劳动力成本和生产资料投入剧增、比较效益下降和实施粮食生产安全战略等因素影响,我国长江流域和黄河流域棉花面积锐减,种植区域向内陆盐碱旱地或滨海盐碱地转移,但目前针对盐碱地转Bt基因棉种植可能带来的生态安全性问题研究甚少,正成为国内外研究的焦点和热点。伴随着棉花向盐碱地大面积转移种植趋势,检测盐胁迫是否影响转基因抗虫棉抗虫性,明确其影响程度,直接关系到转基因抗虫棉种植的安全性,也是目前抗虫棉扩大生产中迫切需要解决的问题。以非转基因棉花为对照,分别在低盐、中盐和高盐土壤种植的棉花的苗期、蕾期和花铃期采样,室内测定了转Bt基因棉花叶片对棉铃虫幼虫校正死亡率和外源蛋白表达量。研究结果发现盐分胁迫下转Bt基因棉花苗期叶片对棉铃虫幼虫校正死亡率下降了9.22%—47.46%,蕾期下降了31.61%—45.42%,花铃期下降了3.59%—18.52%;土壤盐分显著降低了转Bt基因棉花叶片中外源蛋白的表达量,苗期功能叶外源蛋白表达量下降了7.66%—29.86%;蕾期下降了3.77%—36.85%;花铃期下降了18.13%—41.02%;相关性分析表明,盐分胁迫条件下转Bt基因棉花叶片中外源蛋白表达量与其对棉铃虫抗性程度存在正相关关系。结果表明,盐碱土壤显著降低了转Bt基因棉花叶片外源杀虫蛋白表达量,从而导致转Bt基因棉花叶片对棉铃虫的抗虫性下降。研究土壤盐分对转Bt基因棉花对棉铃虫的影响及其作用机制,可为建立盐碱地转Bt基因棉花田害虫综合防控技术体系、转Bt基因棉花环境安全评价及转Bt基因棉安全管理提供依据。     

Estimation of carbon allocation to the roots from soil respiration measurements of oil palm

CO₂ flux from the soil was measured in situ under oil palms in southern Benin. The experimental design took into account the spatial variability of the root density, the organic matter in the soil-palm agrosystem and the effect of factors such as the soil temperature and moisture.Measurements of CO₂ release in situ, and a comparison with the results obtained in the laboratory from the same soil free of roots, provided an estimation of the roots contribution to the total CO₂ flux. The instantaneous values for total release in situ were between 3.2 and 10.0 mol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1. For frond pile zones rich in organic matter, and around oil palm trunks, root respiration accounted for 30% of the efflux when the soil was at field capacity and 80% when the soil was dry with a pF close to 4.2. This proportion remained constant in interrow zones at around 75%, irrespective of soil moisture.Subsequently carbon allocation to the roots was determined. Total CO₂ release over a year was 57 Mg of CO₂ ha^-1 yr^-1 (around 1610 g of C per m² per year), and carbon allocation to the roots was approximately 53 Mg of CO₂ ha^-1 yr^-1 of which approximately 13 Mg CO₂ ha^-1 yr^-1 (25%) was devoted to turn-over and 40 Mg CO₂ ha^-1 yr^-1 (75%) to respiration.     

Temporal variation of resource allocation between sexual and asexual structures in response to nutrient and water stress in a floating-leaved plant

Aims Adaptive plasticity of biomass allocation to different environmental stressors enables plants to maintain functional relationships among reproductive structures. In freshwater systems, water depth and nutrient content of sediments can have a major effect on biomass allocation in aquatic macrophytes. However, the relative importance of these two stressors is unknown as it is the temporal variation of biomass allocation to the stressors during the growing period. This information may be critical for understanding the tolerance of a plant to environmental conditions.Methods Here, we used four levels of environmental stressors generated by deep and shallow water and high or low sediment nutrient content in a factorial experiment to investigate the biomass allocation responses of a floating macrophyte, Trapella sinensis, during the growing period.Important findings The results showed that the lower sediment nutrient content inhibited biomass increase, whereas the lower water depth increased the sexual reproduction of the plants. The lower sediment content also led to a delay in flowering and compensated trade-offs among sexual reproduction and elongation and clonal reproduction during the growing period. These results indicated that water depth affected the ratio of biomass allocation, whereas the sediment nutrient content affected biomass accumulation when the plants faced these two environmental factors simultaneously. The temporal changes in allocation under lower sediment nutrient content underscored the importance of collecting data at different stages of growth when trying to interpret resource allocation, especially in resource-limited environments.     

长期施肥对红壤微生物生物量碳氮和微生物碳源利用的影响

采集湖南省祁阳县红壤长期定位施肥19年的土壤样品,分析长期不同施肥红壤的微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物碳源利用率,以揭示长期施肥对红壤微生物学性状的影响.结果表明：施肥19年后,有机肥单施或与化肥配合施用均显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物碳源利用率.单施有机肥的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别为231和81 mg·kg^-1,化肥有机肥配施分别为148和73 mg·kg^-1,均显著高于化肥配施秸秆、不施肥和单施化肥;施用有机肥和化肥配施秸秆的土壤微生物生物量氮占全氮的比例平均为6.0%,显著高于单施化肥和不施肥.Biolog-ECO分析中,平均吸光值(AWCD)的大小为：化肥有机肥配施、单施有机肥>对照>单施化肥、化肥配施秸秆.单施有机肥或与化肥有机肥配施增加了红壤微生物对碳水化合物、羧酸、氨基酸、聚合物、酚类和胺类的碳源利用率;化肥配施有机肥的红壤微生物对聚合物类碳源利用率最高,化肥配施秸秆的红壤微生物对碳水化合物类碳源的利用率最高.表明施用有机肥能显著提高红壤的微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物碳源利用率,提高红壤肥力,保持作物高产.     

保护性耕作对土壤微生物群落及其介导的碳循环功能的影响

农田生态系统耕作方式显著影响土壤微生物群落结构和功能,进而影响土壤微生物介导的土壤碳循环过程。以免耕结合作物秸秆还田为核心的保护性耕作是提升土壤碳汇功能和肥力的重要措施,其中土壤微生物发挥了关键作用。尽管有较多关于保护性耕作下微生物群落结构与功能的研究,但由于土壤系统的复杂性、环境因素以及微生物群落评价方法的差异性,尚未形成对保护性耕作下土壤微生物群落响应规律的系统认知。此外,研究多关注土壤微生物作为分解者的作用以及植物源碳对土壤碳库形成的贡献,而忽略了微生物源碳对土壤碳库形成和稳定的贡献。本文在归纳土壤有机质形成和稳定理论体系演变的基础上,梳理了土壤微生物研究方法的进展,重点阐述了保护性耕作对土壤微生物生物量、群落多样性和组成、碳代谢活性以及微生物源有机碳截获的影响,并对未来该领域的研究方向进行展望,以期为探索农田生态系统土壤微生物群落响应规律及其介导的土壤碳循环功能提供参考。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面上土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的季节变化

对黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西延安羊圈沟小流域退耕后2种典型植被类型刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林和撂荒草地夏、秋和春3个季节土壤微生物生物量及其主要影响因子(土壤有机碳、土壤温度和水分及空气温湿度)进行了研究,旨在揭示土壤微生物生物量的季节变化规律及其主控因子.结果表明,2种植被类型下,土壤微生物生物量均存在明显的季节变化趋势,刺槐林土壤微生物生物量碳夏季和春季高于秋季,而撂荒草地土壤微生物生物量碳在秋季最高,土壤微生物生物量氮与微生物生物量碳季节变化趋势不同,2种类型均表现为夏季＞秋季＞春季.土壤微生物生物量碳季节变化受有机碳、空气及土壤温度的变化影响较大,而土壤微生物生物量氮与土壤水分和空气湿度具有显著的相关性.     

施氮对不同有机碳水平桉树林土壤微生物群落碳代谢的影响

土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能既受土壤氮素水平的影响,也与土壤有机碳水平密切相关,但二者如何共同影响土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能的研究尚不多见。以我国南方广泛种植的桉树林为对象,采用野外控制实验比较研究了4种施氮处理(对照:0kg/hm2,低氮:84.2 kg/hm2,中氮:166.8 kg/hm2,高氮:333.7 kg/hm2)对有机碳水平差异显著的两桉树林样地土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能的影响,结果表明:(1)两种有机碳水平桉树林土壤微生物群落碳代谢强度和代谢碳源丰富度显著不同,高有机碳水平桉树林土壤微生物群落碳代谢强度和代谢碳源丰富度显著高于低有机碳水平桉树林(P0.01);(2)施氮显著改变了桉树林土壤微生物群落的碳代谢强度和代谢碳源丰富度(P0.05),随着施氮水平的升高,土壤微生物群落碳代谢强度和代谢碳源丰富度均呈现先增加后降低的变化规律,但是高、低有机碳水平桉树林土壤微生物群落碳代谢强度和代谢碳源丰富度对施氮梯度的响应各不相同,高、低有机碳水平桉树林的土壤微生物群落碳代谢指标分别在中氮、低氮处理中达到最高值;(3)施氮影响土壤微生物群落代谢的碳源类型主要是碳水化合物类、氨基酸类和羧酸类,土壤微生物生物量是影响土壤微生物碳代谢强度和代谢碳源丰富度的重要因素。由此可知,施氮对土壤微生物碳代谢功能影响,也与土壤本底中有机碳水平的调节有关,所以在研究土壤微生物群落对施氮等条件的响应时,不能忽略土壤中有机碳水平。     

鼎湖山不同自然植被土壤动物群落结构时空变化

2001年10月~2002年8月采用大型改良干漏斗和手拣法对鼎湖山鼎湖山南亚热带典型常绿阔叶林、河岸常绿阔叶林、山地常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、沟谷常绿阔叶林和灌木草丛6种自然植被类型土壤动物群落结构时空变化进行初步调查。结果表明,蜱螨目(A carina)和弹尾目(Co llem bo la)为6种自然植被常年优势类群,缨翅目(T hysanoptera)、鞘翅目(Co leoptera)、膜翅目(Hym enoptera)和双翅目(D iptera)幼虫则为常年常见类群。土壤动物群落类群和个体数量的消长规律分别是:10月=6月=8月>4月>2月=12月和4月>10月>6月>8月>2月>12月。土壤动物个体数量总数依次为南亚热带典型常绿阔叶林>河岸常绿阔叶林>山地常绿阔叶林>沟谷常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>灌木草丛;不同月份、不同植被类型以及不同月份和不同植被类型之间土壤动物群落的组成具有较大变化,组成差异极显著(F=5.63,α=0.0001;F=11.08,α=0.0001;F=2.97,α=0.0001),不同类群之间个体数量差异极显著(F=102.38,α=0.0001),但月份间类群数差异不显著(F=0.50,α>0.05)。多样性分析表明,类群多样性和均匀性指数除南亚热带典型常绿阔叶林、山地常绿阔叶林12月最高外,其它则2月最高,优势度指数则相反;山地常绿阔叶林土壤动物群落多样性指数和均匀性指数最大,针阔混交林则最小。     

黄土高原不同土壤微生物量碳、氮与氮素矿化势的差异

以采自于黄土高原差异较大的25个农田石灰性耕层土壤为供试土样,对黄土高原主要类型土壤中微生物量碳(Bc)、微生物量氮(BN)和氮素矿化势(NO)的差异性进行了比较研究.结果表明,Bc、BN和NO在不同类型土壤间存在显著差异,由关中平原至陕北风沙区,BC、Bn和NO总体呈现下降趋势,其中以土垫旱耕人为土最高,简育干润均腐土最低,黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土居中:土垫旱耕人为土、简育干润均腐土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土等各土类平均BC分别为305.2μg·g-1,108.4μg·g-1,161.7μg·g-1和125.4μg·g-1,BN分别为43.8μg·g-1,20.3μg·g-1,26.0μg·g-1和30.6μg·g-1,NO分别为223μ·g-1,75μg·g-1,163μg·g-1和193μg·g-1.土壤氮素矿化速率(k)则以简育干润均腐土最大,干润砂质新成土最低,土垫旱耕人为土和黄土正常新成土居中:土垫旱耕人为土、简育干润均腐土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土的k分别为0.039w-1,0.044w-1,0.031w-1和0.019w-1.不同类型土壤BC、BN与NO的差异,主要与土壤形成过程、输入土壤的植物同化产物和土壤有机质的差异等有关,从较大尺度进一步证明了在黄土高原,土壤有机质是影响BC、BN的主要因子.研究结果对分析黄土高原土壤生产力形成过程具有一定参考价值.