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1.
Mouse blastocyst attaches on the antimesometrial side of the uterus through mural trophoblasts. Later the polar trophoblasts begin proliferation, and rapid multiplication towards the mesometrial side of the uterus occurs resulting in the formation of an excrescence designated as ectoplacental cone. The morphogenesis of ectoplacental cone, viewedin utero, initiates on day 6post-coitum when microvilli of the trophoblast and the uterine epithelial cells are lost and as a result of this opposing membranes appear interlocked with each other. Soon following the invasion by surrounding trophoblasts the necrosis of the epithelial cells starts. Mitochondriae of the epithelial cells, at this stage, are shrunken and lack well defined cristae. Several leucocytes are seen at the site and few electron dense structures appear wedged between the trophoblasts and epithelial cells. At places the cell membrane is studded with the basement membrane of the uterine epithelium giving an impression of a bristle coated membrane. By day 7post-coitum the basement membrane has almost disappeared leaving trophoblast cells to develop close contact with stromal cells. Collagen fibres appeared between the trophoblasts and the stromal cells, many large inclusions of high electron density representing engulfed necrotic epithelial cells are discernible. On day 8post-coitum the ectoplacental cone is fully developed. Four types of trophoblast cells can be identified in it: (i) basal cells lying on the base of the cone, are polyhedral and compactly arranged. They have a large nucleus and well developed nucleoli, (ii) central cells forming the middle area of the cone are of two types; one contained several osmiophilic granules enclosing translucent area (eccentric) and a well developed golgi complex around the nucleus, while the other has many heterophagosomes, vacuoles and residual bodies and (iii) peripheral cells contained several pleomorphic structures resembling secondary lysosomes. Minute dense granules and band of microfibrils on the apical region of these cells are seen. Dense granules probably release lytic proteins at the site and microfibrils help in forming cytoplasmic projections.  相似文献   

2.
Ectoplacental cones of mouse embryos collected on day 8 of pregnancy were grafted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of host mice. The grafts were collected between days 3 and 8 after transfer and processed for light and electron microscope morphological analysis as well as for cytochemistry of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase. Fragments of normal mouse placentas collected between days 12 and 18 of pregnancy were processed similarly. About 37% of the grafts were nonhemorrhagic nodules formed by different kinds of trophoblastic cells. These cells had many morphological and cytochemical features of cells present in normal mouse placentas. Nonphagocytic giant cells, glycogen cells, as well as cells with a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum were similar to cells found in the placenta and were always present in the grafts. Cells showing features intermediate between the above-mentioned cells and those whose cytoplasm was poor in organelles also were found in the grafts. The latter resembled cells of layer 1 of the labyrinth of the placenta. These results suggest that trophoblastic cells of the ectoplacental cones had differentiated into placental cells following their transfer to the subcutaneous tissue.  相似文献   

3.
Summary During the peri-implantation stages of mouse development, the secondary trophoblast invades into the uterine decidua. This uniquely controlled invasive process results in the formation of the placenta. We have analyzed this process in vitro using cultures of decidua and microdissected ectoplacental cones from Day 7 embryos. The results showed that the interaction between these two cell types is comparable to that seen in vivo. Morphologically, the decidua maintained close contact with the spreading trophoblast, limiting its invasion and producing a multilayered trophoblast outgrowth. Attachment to the decidua was not mediated through cell-matrix binding, but the subsequent invasion into the decidua was dependent on normal matrix interactions. Secretion of proteinases by the trophoblast also seemed to be a requirement for successful invasion, but not attachment.  相似文献   

4.
The role of differentiated trophoblast glycogen cells (GCs) in the ectoplacental cone (EPC) has not been elucidated yet. Recently, GC progenitors have been shown to be present from embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5), but glycogen is found in GC only from E10.5. Herein, we investigated the origin, localization and characterization of mouse GCs in EPC and their relationship with blood cells and trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) during placentation. Implantation sites (E5.5–E12.5) were processed for histological studies, histochemical detection (glycogen) and immunohistochemical staining (Ki67). Three-dimensional reconstruction of the EPC was obtained from suitably oriented embryos at E7.5. Our findings evidence that GCs are present and assembled in clusters from E6.5 to E12.5, and that they exhibit the classic vacuolated appearance and contain PAS-positive glycogen, which is amylase-sensitive and acetylation-resistant. In fact, only GCs were stained after acetylation, confirming unequivocally their presence in tissues. At E6.5, GCs showed numerous mitoses and vacuoles with scattered glycogen particles. At E7.5, GCs showed low numbers of mitoses and abundant vacuoles full of glycogen. During E7.5–E8.5, GCs were in close proximity to TGCs, and cells were intercalated by thin maternal blood spaces; placental GCs lost maternal blood contact during E9.5–E12.5. Our results indicate that GCs are originated and proliferate in the upper portion in the midregion of EPC at E6.5, and that at E7.5–E8.5 they show consistent glycogen deposits, which are likely metabolized to glucose. This compound may be directly transferred to circulating maternal blood, and used as a source of energy by GCs and TGCs during placentation.  相似文献   

5.
The invasiveness of trophoblast cells is well known, but it is not clear whether they achieve this property by being transformed to other cell types (like malignant ones) or remain benign. Trophoblasts, in culture, were studied ultrastructurally by examining the surface morphology of the cell vis-à-vis their cytoplasmic outgrowth, and the presence and/or absence of ruffling membranes, filopodia, microvilli, pinocytotic pits or bleb-like structures was observed. Results revealed formation of ruffling membranes only on the leading edge, a presence of slender filopodia and pinocytotic pits but an absence of microvilli and bleb-like structures, the characteristic features of a transformed cell. The study indicated that the trophoblast cells, in spite of being invasive, do not convert to any other cell type.  相似文献   

6.
7.
M Chen  K Wang  B Lin 《PloS one》2012,7(8):e44036
Retinal photoreceptors die during retinal synaptogenesis in a portion of retinal degeneration. Whether cone bipolar cells establish regular retinal mosaics and mature morphologies, and resist degeneration are not completely understood. To explore these issues, we backcrossed a transgenic mouse expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in one subset of cone bipolar cells (type 7) into rd1 mice, a classic mouse model of retinal degeneration, to examine the development and survival of cone bipolar cells in a background of retinal degeneration. Our data revealed that both the development and degeneration of cone bipolar cells are independent of the normal activity of cone photoreceptors. We found that type 7 cone bipolar cells achieved a uniform tiling of the retinal surface and developed normal dendritic and axonal arbors without the influence of cone photoreceptor innervation. On the other hand, degeneration of type 7 cone bipolar cells, contrary to our belief of central-to-peripheral progression, was spatially uniform across the retina independent of the spatiotemporal pattern of cone degeneration. The results have important implications for the design of more effective therapies to restore vision in retinal degeneration.  相似文献   

8.
Ultrastructure of mouse olfactory mucosa   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
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9.
Summary The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of MPC-11 cells released as vesicles upon cell disruption by nitrogen cavitation was separated from the bulk of mitochondria, lysosomes and plasma membranes by a low speed centrifugation. The ER membranes were fractionated on discontinuous sucrose gradients into heavy rough (HR), light rough (LR) and smooth (S) membranes. The morphology of subcellular fractions was studied by electron microscopy and the ER membranes were shown to be virtually free of contaminating organelles. The S fraction was easily distinguishable because of the lack of ribosomes but there were no apparent morphological differences between the HR and LR fractions. Of total activity in the microsomal subfractions, 70% of the UDPase and 67% of the 5′-nucleotidase activity was associated with the S fraction. Polysomes were present in the HR, LR and nuclear-associated ER fractions but not in the S fraction. The HR and LR fractions did not appear to be contaminated to any great extent with free polysomes. RNA/protein and RNA/phospholipid ratios of the HR fraction were higher than those of the LR fraction, indicating a greater density of ribosomes in the former fraction. These ratios were much lower in the S fraction reflecting the low ribosome content.  相似文献   

10.
11.
Ultrastructure of pericytes in mouse heart   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
The pericytes of mouse myocardium are extensively branched cells that form an incomplete layer around the endothelium of capillaries and postcapillary venules. The membranes of pericytes and endothelial cells are connected by specialized junctions. Microtubules, intermediate (10-nm) filaments and microfilaments are oriented within circumferentially-arranged cytoplasmic processes of pericytes so as partially to encircle the endothelial cylinder. The intracellular organization of these myocardial pericytes suggests that they are smooth muscle-like cells which may be capable of influencing microvascular dynamics in the heart.  相似文献   

12.
13.
14.
The method of isolation of trophoblast cell types from ectoplacental cone of hamster embryo of day 8 post coitum (plug day as day 1) and examination of their growth pattern in vitro is presented in this study. Based on their size, three types of trophoblast cells were identified: (1) the smaller cells having clear cytoplasm formed the major portion (70% to 80%) of the total cell population (2) moderately bigger cells having mono or binucleated appearance and containing minute granules in the nuclear region formed 5% to 10% and (3) extra large and multinucleated cells shared 10% to 20% of the total cell number. While the smaller and slightly bigger cells showed moderate growth the larger ones had extensive growth and were seen to acquire different shapes on extending the duration of culture, such as fusiform, dumb-bell, polygonal, rectangular or flowery. The extremities of the cytoplasmic growth of these cells were seen to be thickened at one end giving the impression of a pad-like structure. The significance of these adaptations are not known at present.  相似文献   

15.
Hopkins  J. M  Boycott  B. B 《Brain Cell Biology》1997,26(5):313-325
One each of bipolar cell types DB2 and DB4, together with a flat and an invaginating midget bipolar cell, were taken from a Golgi-stained rhesus macaque retina; then serially sectioned for EM examination of their synapses with cone pedicles. The cone input to the dendrites of the DB2 cell was exclusively at basal junctions; it had a characteristic distribution. Fifty per cent of the basal synapses were with cone pedicle membrane immediately adjacent to the dendrite of a bipolar cell invaginating to end opposite the ribbon of a cone triad (this, therefore, is called triad-associated). The remainder were one or more synapses distant from the triad-associated position (and, therefore, non-triad associated). The DB4 cell had both basal (predominantly in the triad-associated position) and ribbon-related synaptic input. But the basal to invaginating ratio differed from that of our previously published cell; 56% basal, 43% invaginating, as compared with 31% basal and 69% invaginating. Like foveal IMB cells the synapses of the mid-peripheral invaginating midget bipolar cell were exclusively invaginating; but were about 25% more numerous. The flat midget bipolar cell made exclusively basal synapses. These were 2.5 times more numerous than those of foveal flat midget bipolar cells, and 3.5 times the number of invaginating midget bipolar synapses at equivalent eccentricity. The synapses between cones and diffuse and midget bipolar cells are characteristic for each particular bipolar cell type, but the details depend on a cell’s distance from the fovea (eccentricity). A rather constant number of cone pedicle synaptic ribbons 38.6±2.5 (n±:60) was found across mid-peripheral macaque and vervet monkey retinae. The smaller mean number for vervet monkey, 27.4±3.5 (n ±:23), suggests there can also be generic differences in synaptic detail at cone bipolar cell synapses.  相似文献   

16.
17.
Summary Enterochromaffin cells of adult mouse duodenum were studied with light- and electron-microscopical techniques. They were distinguished from other enteroendocrine cells by their pleomorphic, electron-dense secretory granules in the basal cytoplasm. At the apices of enterochromaffin cells, tufts of short microvilli bordered the gut lumen. At their bases, irregular cytoplasmic extensions were either in contact with or passed through the basal lamina. The presence of cytoplasmic extensions in close proximity to fenestrated capillaries and subepithelial nerves suggested an endocrine or paracrine function. Electron micrographs of serial thin sections were used to reconstruct an enterochromaffin cell from the crypt epithelium in three dimensions and to determine its relationship with the underlying neural plexus. Although extensions from the serially sectioned and reconstructed cell and other enterochromaffin cells studied in crypt epithelia protruded through the basal lamina, no synaptic contacts were seen. Evidence of a synaptic contact between a neurite and another type of enteroendocrine cell (possibly an intestinal A cell), suggested a neurocrine role for some of the basally-granulated cells. Possible functions of enterochromaffin cells are discussed in the light of recent literature on the system of enteroendocrine cells, also known as APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) cells and/or paraneurons.  相似文献   

18.
Summary Mouse embryos have been examined with light and electron microscopy after fixation by perfusion with glutar aldehyde, and embedding in plastic.The Zona pellucida is dissolved gradually around the blastocyst just prior to attachment, and Zona free blastocysts exist only for a very short time.Blastocyst attachment is established when the trophoblast and uterine cell surface membranes lie within 150 Å apart over wide areas. The uterine epithelium does not show any signs of degeneration.Trophoblast attachment probably precedes decidual cell reaction.This work was supported by the Swedish Government Funds for Supporting Medical Research and the Swedish Medical Research Council (Project No. 12 X-70-02).  相似文献   

19.
Summary The ultrastructure of mouse blastocysts with nascent and expanded blastocoele is described. In the early blastocyst cells adhere tightly and the blastocoele is often limited at its apex by cells containing a midbody. The expanding blastocyst exhibits a loose cell arrangement due to the presence of intercellular spaces and a cortical layer of filaments develops in cells enclosing the expanded blastocoele. When the blastocoele exceeds 1/2 the embryo diameter desmosomes appear between trophectoderm cells. Possible factors essential for blastocoele formation are discussed.  相似文献   

20.
Summary Mouse thyroids were preserved for electron microscopy by means of freeze-drying. The tissue specimens were frozen in liquid isopentane, dried at a temperature of –79° C to a pressure of 4×10-5 mm Hg, stained in vacuo with osmium tetroxide vapour at room temperature, and embedded in vacuo in Epon or Vestopal W.The ultrastructure of the freeze-dried thyroid gland was found to be fundamentally similar to that observed after ordinary chemical fixation. However, some differences were noticed. Thus the plasma membrane of the lateral cell surfaces appeared to be asymmetrical, its inner dense layer being thicker than the outer one. The mitochondria had a finely undulating contour and a matrix of rather high density. The mitochondrial outer and inner membranes appeared as five-layered structures and comprised three dense and two less dense layers. Small dense granules with an undulating outline and larger, less dense granules with a distinct surface membrane were observed. The intra-cisternal space had a lower density than the extra-cisternal space. 150 Å particles occurred very sparsely. The karyoplasm had a low density and the particulate component of the nucleus was rather scanty. By means of pores in the nuclear envelope the karyoplasm appeared to communicate with the extra-cisternal space. No basement membranes were observed. The appearance of myelin sheaths in freeze-dried specimens seemed to agree well with the picture after chemical fixation.  相似文献   

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