互叶白千层油化学成分的研究

采用水蒸汽蒸馏收集互叶白千层芳香油,对该油进行ＧＣ／ＭＳ／ＤＳ定性分析及其总离于流图的面积归一化定量分析,鉴定出２５种化合物,其中含氧化合物６种,碳氢化合物１９种。直接影响该油商品价值的化学成分４－萜品醇含量约为１７％,桧樟脑含量约为２．４％。     

白千层精油的化学成分比较

白千层属植物在澳洲多达 30多种。具有较高利用价值的主要为互叶白千层 (Ｍｅｌａｌｅｕｃａａｌｔｅｒｎｉｆｏｌｉａ )和白千层 (ＭｅｌａｌｅｕｃａｌｅｕｃａｄｅｎｄｒａＬｉｎｎ)。白千层原产澳大利亚 (朱亮锋等 ,1993) ,我国广东、广西、福建、台湾和云南均有引种栽培 ,为桃金娘科常绿乔木 ,又名玉树。以其枝叶水蒸气蒸馏得到精油 ,国际市场称互叶白千层精油商品名为茶树油(Ｔｅａｔｒｅｅｏｉｌ) (古佛政等 ,1999)。有较强的抑菌、镇痛、驱虫及防腐作用 ,具治疗牙痛、风湿痛、神经痛、耳痛和消炎杀菌等功效。本文采用气相色谱 (ＧＣ…     

4-松油醇型白千层芳香油树种优良单株的选择

根据植物选育的方法,白千层加工的特点和精油产品应用要求,开展了4-松油醇型白千层优良单株筛选工作。通过初选,扦插繁殖,苗期跟踪,测定不同生长阶段枝叶生物量、含油率及精油质量选出优良单株7株,其一年生的单株含油量为11.30 g~26.59 g,精油中4-松油醇含量为38.04%~40.27%,1,8-桉叶素含量为1.09%~2.21%,在精油年均产量和质量都优于国内选择的优良单株。     

4-松油醇型白千层芳香油树种优良单株的选择北大核心CSCD

根据植物选育的方法,白千层加工的特点和精油产品应用要求,开展了4-松油醇型白千层优良单株筛选工作。通过初选,扦插繁殖,苗期跟踪,测定不同生长阶段枝叶生物量、含油率及精油质量选出优良单株7株,其一年生的单株含油量为11.30 g^26.59 g,精油中4-松油醇含量为38.04%~40.27%,1,8-桉叶素含量为1.09%~2.21%,在精油年均产量和质量都优于国内选择的优良单株。     

广东地区互叶白千层栽培技术规程

互叶白千层Melaleuca alternifolia是一种生产周期短、收益快的药用和香料树种。文中总结广东地区互叶白千层的栽培技术规程,包括种苗繁育、种植方法、田间管理、采收等,为提高互叶白千层品质、保障精油质量提供标准化技术指导。     

淹水深度对互叶白千层幼苗气体交换、叶绿素荧光和生长的影响

实验设置对照、浅淹(水位高出土壤表面5cm)和深淹(水位高出土壤表面20cm)3种处理,研究了淹水深度对互叶白千层幼苗的气体交换、叶绿素荧光和生长状况的影响。研究结果表明,随着淹水深度的增加,互叶白千层受到的胁迫程度有所增强。经过270d的淹水处理,浅淹组和深淹组的株高和生物量有所下降,分别为对照的90.86%、64.58%和74.52%、36.46%。浅淹组植株叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔传导率和蒸腾速率略有下降,分别为对照的95.39%、94.26%、90.02%和88.94%。深淹组植株在淹水后180d内上述参数显著下降,分别为对照的79.44%、73.54%、61.79%和71.46%,随后逐渐接近对照组。浅淹组PSⅡ的最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)比较稳定,与对照组基本相同。深淹组在淹水后150d内Fv/Fm稍有下降,随后恢复到对照水平。浅淹组植株光化学淬灭系数(qP)稍有下降,非光化学淬灭(NPQ)略有上升,分别为对照的96.63%和105.66%。深淹组植株在淹水后120d内qP显著下降,NPQ明显上升,分别为对照的94.51%和126.66%,随后逐渐接近对照组。另外,淹水过程中,互叶白千层形成不定根和产生发达的通气组织,淹水植株的根孔隙度显著高于对照。     

绿色低共熔溶剂提取互叶白千层精油及成分分析

为探究绿色低共熔溶剂提取互叶白千层精油的最佳工艺,该研究采用四种提取工艺作对比,并在单因素实验的基础上结合响应面进行了工艺优化,利用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）对四种工艺提取到的互叶白千层精油进行了比较分析。结果表明：（1）互叶白千层精油最佳提取工艺为干燥原料低共熔溶剂蒸馏,最优提取条件为氯化胆碱与1,3-丁二醇摩尔比1∶3、含水量52 mol、原料干燥时间9 h、料液比1∶5 g·mL^-1、蒸馏时间60 min,在此条件下所得提取率为4.06%,实验值与响应面模型的预测值有较好的拟合性,证实模型有效,提取率比新鲜原料水蒸气蒸馏、干燥原料水蒸气蒸馏和冻融原料水蒸气蒸馏分别提高了383.33%、290.38%和497.06%。（2）经四种工艺提取所得精油主要成分大致相同,但含量差距很大,主要有醇类和烯烃类物质。（3）干燥原料低共熔溶剂蒸馏的精油提取率和特征组分含量都高于其他工艺,包括醇类8种,烯烃类9种,其他化合物3种;主要成分为γ-松油烯、松油烯、α-蒎烯、α-松油醇、香树烯,其中烯烃类化合物相对含量最大,为45.31%;特征组分松油烯-4-醇含量为30.58%...     

外来植物白千层生长区域土壤的化感作用研究

为了探究外来植物白千层生长区域土壤的化感作用, 选择邻近生长的本地植物榕树为对照, 以白菜和萝卜为受体植物, 通过对比研究白千层(Melaleuca leucadendra Linn)生长区域与邻近榕树生长区域的土壤水浸液对白菜和萝卜的种子萌发与幼苗生长的抑制作用, 同时设置不添加活性碳与添加活性碳处理, 探究白千层生长区域土壤的化感作用。结果表明, 白千层生长区土壤对白菜和萝卜的幼苗生长有明显的抑制作用, 且不同浓度水提液对不同受体植物的影响不同。相较于对照植物榕树, 白千层生长区的土壤水浸液在低浓度不添加活性碳条件下对白菜与萝卜苗高具有明显的抑制作用。与未添加活性碳处理相比, 经过活性碳处理的土壤浸提液对萝卜苗高与根长有一定的促进作用, 证明白千层生长区土壤水浸液对萝卜幼苗生长具有明显的抑制作用。     

水蜡树鲜花芳香油化学成分研究

选用苯、石油醚、环己烷3种溶剂对水蜡树不同发育阶段的花(即幼蕾,待开的花蕾,盛开的花)中芳香油进行提取,根据芳香油得率进行花采收期和提取溶剂筛选。同时采用气-质联用仪对其主要芳香油成分进行了分离鉴定。结果表明石油醚提取和开花期得油率最高。分离鉴定出20种化学成分,其中二十烷含量最高。     

百里香芳香油的提取

百里香(Thymus quinquecostatus),唇形科多年生灌木状芳香草本植物,大量分布于我国辽宁、山东、河北、山西、陕西等省的低山丘陵阴坡地带。百里香除供药用外,其茎叶还含有一定量的芳香油,所以,为重要的香料植物。如能将其芳香油进行提取利用,为百里香这种野生香料植物的利用开辟一条新的途径。我们利用生长于河北昌黎山坡地带百里香的茎叶,进行了芳香油提取工艺的探索,并初步确定了其较适宜的提取工艺。利用百里香茎叶提取芳香油的工艺,主     

Ecology and management of Melaleuca quinquenervia,an invader of wetlands in Florida,U.S.A.

Invasive weeds are potent agents of environmental change. Wetlands are valuable environments that frequently are impinged by a variety of threats including invasive weeds. Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake (broad-leaved paperbark), though experiencing major diminishment of native populations in Australia, is naturalized and highly invasive in most wetland habitats of south Florida, U.S.A., where it infests more than 202,000 ha. Wetlands in south Florida, including such renowned areas as the Everglades, are being transformed into M. quinquenervia swamps, with major environmental and economic impacts. Current management methods include herbicides, mechanical or hand removal of plants, flooding, and prescribed burning. Insufficient information, high costs, non-target impacts, and the resilience of M. quinquenervia (trunk and root sprouts and massive canopy seed banks) greatly constrain the effectiveness of these control methods. Biological control offers long-term management potential, most likely by reducing the rate of spread and the vitality and growth rate of plants, thus rendering them more vulnerable to other environmental stresses and control methods. The leaf weevil Oxyops vitiosa Pascoe, a natural enemy of M. quinquenervia in Australia, will likely be the first biocontrol agent released against the weed in Florida. More information is needed, especially ecological data, to better understand the invasiveness of M. quinquenervia in Florida and to facilitate its management there.     

Biological control increases the susceptibility of melaleuca quinquenervia to fire

A field experiment evaluating herbivory from biological control agents on Melaleuca quinquenervia saplings experienced a wildfire, which resulted in post-fire tree mortality of 64.6% and 28.1% in the unrestricted and restricted herbivory treatments, respectively. The fire did not negatively impact populations of the biological control agent Oxyops vitiosa.     

Phytochemical Analysis and in vitro Free‐Radical‐Scavenging Activities of the Essential Oils from Leaf and Fruit of Melaleuca leucadendra L.

The phytochemical profile of Melaleuca leucadendra L. leaf and fruit oils from Cuba was investigated by GC and GC/MS. Forty‐one and sixty‐four volatile compounds were identified and quantified, accounting for 99.2 and 99.5% of the leaf‐oil and fruit‐oil total composition, respectively. The main components were 1,8‐cineol (43.0%), viridiflorol (24.2%), α‐terpineol (7.0%), α‐pinene (5.3%), and limonene (4.8%) in the leaf oil, and viridiflorol (47.6%), globulol (5.8%), guaiol (5.3%), and α‐pinene (4.5%) in the fruit oil. The antioxidant capacity of these essential oils was determined by three different in vitro assays (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), and 2,2′‐Azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation), and significant activities were evidenced for all of them.     

Development of Melaleuca oils as effective natural-based personal insect repellents

For many decades effective insect repellents have relied on synthetic actives such as N,N -diethyl- meta -toluamide. Increasingly, consumers are seeking natural-based alternatives to many everyday products including insect repellents. While many studies have been published detailing the potential of essential oils to act as insect repellents, few oils have been identified as viable alternatives to synthetic actives. This study details the process involved in the selection of Australian essential oils effective as repellents and the subsequent testing of natural-based insect repellents using the selected oils. Using a combination of laboratory-based and field-based testing, oil from Melaleuca ericifolia was identified as being an effective insect repellent. When formulated into three different bases: an alcohol-based spray, an emulsion and a gel, these Melaleuca -based repellents were shown to be as effective at repelling mosquitoes Aedes vigilax (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Verrallina carmenti (Edwards) (Diptera: Culicidae), the bush fly Musca vetustissima (Walker) (Diptera: Muscidae), and biting midges Culicoides ornatus (Taylor) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and Culicoides immaculatus (Lee & Reye) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as a synthetic-based commercial repellent. This study has shown that effective insect repellents based on natural active ingredients can deliver repellency on par with synthetic actives in the field. Three Melaleuca -based formulations have been registered as repellents and are now commercially available.     

Arboreal arthropod biodiversity in woodlands. II. The pattern of recovery of diversity on Melaleuca linariifolia following defaunation

This study examines the level of isolation of arthropod faunas present on specimens of the endemic woodland tree Melaleuca linariifolia by investigating the recovery of faunas after defaunation using insecticide. One tree from each of 21 pairs of trees was sprayed at the beginning of the project (early April 1994). After predetermined periods, three test trees were resprayed along with matched control trees. A total of 95 154 arthropods were collected and sorted during the project. The number of species present on the trees recovered within 16 weeks of spraying, with common species recolonizing within a fortnight. The rarer species both of mobile (Diptera) and relatively sedentary (Araneae) taxa reappeared at similar rates. Complete recovery of numbers occurred by week 8 after spraying. Evenness (as Simpson’s D) recovered over the first 2 months; however, both the number of individuals and the evenness continued to diverge from the pattern seen on the control trees until the end of the study. While the rate of movement of individuals and species was such as to provide an apparently complete set of replacement species within several months of perturbation, the structure of the community found on the trees was still seriously disrupted after 1 year. Comparison of the suites of species originally found on the trees with those found in the respray samples and the control samples showed that the set of colonizing species was no more similar to the original fauna of the tree than it was to those on the control tree. The relatively rapid colonization of the trees by a suite of rare species – not necessarily those that were on particular trees before perturbation – indicates that rarity was due neither to inability of the species to colonize the trees nor to the suitability of the trees for these species. Recovery of rare species was to a level similar to that found on the control trees. That the divergences from the controls continued (in number of individuals and in evenness), implies a definite connection between the different faunas of a tree and their partial isolation from fauna communities on other trees. Whatever the forces that maintain suites of species on each tree, it is not the ability of the species to reach and colonize trees, nor certain attributes of a tree, that make it suitable only for a particular subset of the species available. Trees are not isolated entities but neither are they part of a fully integrated community, either chronologically or spacially, and issues of scale are also likely to be important in understanding and estimating the dynamics and factors regulating biodiversity levels.     

千层金嫩枝扦插繁殖技术

本研究用L_(16)(4~5)正交试验方法,研究了基质、穗条长度、植物生长调节剂及其浓度对千层金嫩枝扦插生根率的影响.结果表明,基质和生长调节物质对生根率有极显著的影响,而植物生长调节剂浓度与穗条长度对生根率有显著的影响,4个因素对干层金嫩枝大田扦插生根率影响从大到小分别是基质、生长调节物质、植物生长调节剂浓度和穗条长度.用浓度100 mg/L的NAA浸泡9 cm插穗2 h,在混和基质上扦插,平均生根率可达92%,且生根及新梢抽出时间早,侧根数量多,扦插效果最好.     

Responses of Melaleuca quinquenervia seedlings to flooding

Abstract Studies were conducted on effects of flooding for 15, 30, 60, and 90 days on morphological changes, stomatal aperture, water potential, and growth of seedlings of Melaleuca quinquenervia, a species often planted for reclamation of swamps. Flooding rapidly induced formation of many hair-like adventitious roots as well as a few thick adventitious roots that originated on the original root system. Some adventitious roots also formed on submerged portions of the stem. Melaleuca seedlings were very tolerant of flooding as shown by only slight reduction in dry weight increment of shoots after 30 days of flooding in stagnant water. Although flooding for 60 or 90 days significantly reduced dry weight increment of leaves, dry weight increment of roots was not inhibited by any flooding treatment, reflecting both degeneration of some of the original roots and compensatory growth of adventitious roots. On certain days flooding induced stomatal closure on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Extensive production of adventitious roots and some stomatal reopening after a critical period of flooding appeared to be important factors in the flooding tolerance of Melaleuca and are consistent with its aggressiveness and vigorous growth on wet sites.