三北地区农田防护林面积的多尺度遥感估算

农田防护林是三北防护林体系工程重要组成部分,准确估算农田防护林(林带)的数量与空间分布对了解该林种防护效应的发挥程度及促进农田防护林体系建设进程具有重要作用.本研究利用多尺度遥感影像获取林带长度,结合实地调查的林带宽度,估算三北地区(东北西部、华北北部和西北大部;依据地貌特征,将三北地区划分为东北、华北、黄土高原和蒙新4区)农田防护林面积.东北和华北区的林带长度通过建立Landsat TM和SPOT5解译得到的林带长度的关系获得;黄土高原和蒙新区则通过建立有林带农田面积(基于Landsat TM获得)和林带长度(基于CBERS-02B获得)关系获得.结果表明:至2008年,三北地区农田防护林(包括中龄林、成熟林、过熟林;不包括新造林、未成林和部分残次林;下同)总长度为106.40×107 m,其中,东北区23.82×107 m,华北区6.07×107 m,黄土高原区25.58×107 rn,蒙新区50.93×107 m;三北防护林体系工程农田防护林面积约为130.31×104 hm2(114.98×104 ～ 145.64×104 hm2),其中,东北区42.88×104 hm2(37.52×104 ～48.24×104 hm2),华北区10.79×104 hm2(9.56×104 ～ 12.29×104 hm2),黄土高原区25.58×104 hm2(22.70×104 ～ 28.45×104 hm2),蒙新区50.93×104 hm2(45.20×104 ～ 56.66× 104 hm2);估算的平均精度为89.54％,其中,东北和华北区79.27％,蒙新和黄土高原区99.80％.     

遥感在森林地上生物量估算中的应用

生物量是地表C循环研究的重要组成部分,生物量研究有助于深入认识区域乃至全球的C平衡。森林作为地球最重要的陆地生态系统,区域乃至全球尺度的森林地上生物量估算一直是生态学研究的难点之一。在大的空间尺度上,遥感技术是估算森林地上生物量的有效手段。TM、AVHRR、SAR等数据以及多源数据的融合在森林生物量估算方面广泛应用,并取得了显著效果。运用遥感技术进行森林生物量估算时,所采用的数据源不同,分析方法也不相同,主要分析方法有:相关分析、多元回归分析、神经网络和数学模型模拟等。随着测定不同空间、时间和波谱分辨率的各种传感器的广泛使用,以及生物量遥感估算模型的进一步发展和完善,大尺度森林生物量的遥感估算研究必将向前迈进一大步。     

基于遥感分析的锦州湾海域填海造地变化

利用Landsat TM和高精度ALOS影像数据,在比较不同水体指数提取海域面积精度的基础上,利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI),研究了1988、1995和2006年锦州湾海域填海造地情况.结果表明:1988-2006年间,锦州湾海域填海造地面积达23.63 km2,其中,12.38 km2被用作开发区建设,5.48 km2用于工业用地,3.47 km2用于码头建设,1.37 km2被用作养殖用地,0.93 km2被用为滨海浴场.大面积填海造地反映了锦州湾沿海城市建设和经济发展对土地的强烈需求,同时也必然会对该区域的生态环境造成较大影响,需要进一步加强监测和评价.     

Validation of a remote sensing based index of forest disturbance using streamwater nitrogen data

Vegetation disturbances are known to alter the functioning of forested ecosystems by contributing to export (“leakage”) of dissolved nitrogen (N), typically nitrate-N, from watersheds that can contribute to acidification of acid-sensitive streams, leaching of base cations, and eutrophication of downstream receiving waters. Yet, at a landscape scale, direct evaluation of how disturbance is linked to spatial variability in N leakage is complicated by the fact that disturbances operate at different spatial scales, over different timescales, and at different intensities. In this paper we explore whether data from synoptic streamwater surveys conducted in an Appalachian oak-dominated forested river basin in western MD (USA) can be used to test and validate a scalable, synthetic, and integrative forest disturbance index (FDI) derived from Landsat imagery. In particular, we found support for the hypothesis that the interannual variation in spring baseflow total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and nitrate-N concentrations measured at 35 randomly selected stream stations varied as a linear function of the change in FDI computed for the corresponding set of subwatersheds. Our results demonstrate that the combined effects of forest disturbances can be detected using synoptic water quality data. It appears that careful timing of the synoptic baseflow sampling under comparable phenological and hydrometeorological conditions increased our ability to identify a forest disturbance signal.     

Three decades of pastoralist settlement dynamics in the Ethiopian Omo Delta based on remote sensing data

Human Ecology - River deltas provide important livelihoods to local populations, but at the same time are under increasing anthropogenic pressure. The opening of the Gibe III dam on the Omo River...     

兰州中心城区用地扩展及其热岛响应的遥感分析

以兰州中心城区为研究区,以1978、1993、2001和2010年的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+影像为数据源,采用NDBI-SAVI指数相结合的方法,提取建设用地信息,利用热红外波段的单窗算法反演城市地表温度.结合城市热岛比例指数和地表温度分级,定量研究城镇用地扩张对城市热环境的影响.结果表明:兰州中心城区建设用地在1978-2010年的30余年间面积由87.47 km2增加到172.61 km2,增幅近l倍.城市扩展与热岛扩展趋势具有空间一致性,在城市扩张的同时,城区地表温度逐渐上升,城市热岛面积不断扩大.     

A twenty year retrospective on the forest carbon dynamics in Russia

A regional forest carbon budget accounting technique based on carbon pools balance with incomes from growing woodstocks and losses from harvesting, fires and other disturbances have been developed. Forest carbon budgets of the Russian administrative units during 1988–2009 have been accounted. The carbon sink to Russian forests have increased from 80 Mt C × yr⁻¹ in 1988 to 230–240 Mt C × yr⁻¹ in late 2000s. This tendency is explained with the decline in harvesting, which have started in 1990s. European part of Russia was found to have higher areally averaged carbon sink compared with the Asian part. It have been associated with peculiar ways of wildfires governance in these two parts.     

Long-term forest composition and its drivers in taiga forest in NW Russia

Understanding the processes behind long-term boreal forest dynamics can provide information that assists in predicting future boreal vegetation under changing environmental conditions. Here, we examine Holocene stand-scale vegetation dynamics and its drivers at the western boundary of the Russian taiga forest in NW Russia. Fossil pollen and conifer stomata records from four small hollow sites and two lake sites are used to reconstruct local vegetation dynamics during the Holocene. Variation partitioning is used to assess the relative importance of the potential drivers (temperature, forest fires and growing site wetness) to the long-term stand-scale dynamics in taiga forest. All the main tree taxa, including the boreal keystone species Picea abies (Norway spruce) and Larix sibirica (Siberian larch), have been locally present since 10,000 cal yr bp. The constant Holocene presence of L. sibirica at three small hollow sites suggests a fast postglacial immigration of the species in northern Europe. Picea was present but not dominant at all study sites until its expansion between 8,000 and 7,000 cal yr bp markedly changed the forest structure through the suppression of Betula (birch), Pinus (pine) and Larix. Our results demonstrate that in general, the Holocene forest dynamics in our study region have been driven by temperature, but during short intervals the role of local factors, especially forest fires, has been prominent. The comparison between sites reveals the importance of local factors in stand-scale dynamics in taiga forests. Therefore, the future responses of taiga forest to climate change will be predominantly modulated by the local characteristics at the site.     

Estimation of forest cover extent over peatlands and paludified shallow-peat lands in Russia

On the basis of the geoinformational system “Peatland ecosystems of Russia”, developed at the Institute of Forest Science (Russian Academy of Sciences), and the Map of Forests of Russia (2004), the areas of forest cover on peatlands (139 mln ha) and on paludified shallow-peat lands (230 mln ha) were estimated. Trees are present on 38% of the peatland area, of which more than half (21%) is sparsely treed. Forests (peatland forests) cover only 17% (24 mln ha). The majority of peatlands (over 62%) are open. More than half of the paludified shallow-peat habitats are also open, and the remainder (23 and 24%) are almost equally divided between forested and sparsely forested types.     

基于遥感和地统计学方法的小麦生长管理分区

以江苏省如皋市和海安县冬小麦种植区域为研究对象,将基于小麦不同生育时期30m分辨率的HJ-1A/B CCD影像提取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)与土壤养分指标(全氮、有机质、有效磷、速效钾)分布状况有机结合,在空间变异性分析和主成分提取的基础上进行聚类分区.结果表明,基于抽穗期NDVI与土壤养分指标耦合的分区方法效果最佳,分区后各子区域内部NDVI值和土壤养分指标的变异系数分别在4.5%～6.1%和3.3%～87.9%,低于单纯基于土壤养分指标或NDVI进行分区的子区域内部的变异系数,大大缩小了区域管理单元内部的变异性.分区结果能提高按区管理作业的精度,可为区域性小麦生长管理和过程模拟奠定基础.     

Estimation of phenological stages and physiological states of grasslands from remote sensing data

Two radiometers measuring reflectance factors have been used at a height of 1.50 m above some grasslands in C. France. The results show that both spectral data are sensitive to the photosynthetic activity of the grassland. Measurements made in April, May, June and July show that grasslands have quite different spectral behaviour according to soil conditions or to grazing level. Grasslands on dry or wet soils may be separated from those of normal soils for which overgrazing and trampling affecting the growth of species, are shown by the different spectral values. Such on the ground remote sensing measurements may then be proposed for evaluating the range of growth and development of different grasslands.Convention C.N.E.S./I.N.A.P-G. ref.: 80/CNES/24 I thank CNES and IGN for the facilities given to assume this experiment. Many thanks to Lynn Erselius, who revised the text. Mr. Lecordix, a student from the Ecole Nationale des Sciences Géographiques and Mr. Besnard, a student from the Orsay University (Plant Biology) helped in the collection and handling of spectral resp, floristical data.     

Assessment of forest spatial differentiation in Murmansk Province using field surveys and remote sensing data

The results of study of the spatial differentiation of forest using field data, remote sensing, and map data are presented. Different classification approaches are used while analyzing the diversity of forest communities, i.e., ecological-dominant, ecological-topological, and dynamical. The interpolation of local chatacteristics of plant associations and syntaxonomic units at the upper levels using the data of spectral satellite imagery and quantitative methods of processing allow to use in mapping important information on the structure and properties of vegetation. The results of our studies include thematic maps of the specific parameters of forest and a 1: 100000-scale vegetation map of the central part of Murmansk Province. The role of natural and anthropogenic factors is reflected in the legend to the map.     

东北地区植被物候期遥感模拟与变化规律

使用1982—2003年GIMMS-NDVI数据,借助GIS空间分析功能,提取东北地区不同植被NDVI时间序列数据,使用分段式Logistic函数模拟了东北地区不同植被物候期,分析了1982—2003年不同植被物候期的变化趋势。结果表明:针叶林、阔叶林、草丛、草甸和沼泽植被生长季开始日期提前,生长季延长,其中沼泽植被生长季开始日期提前和生长季延长的趋势明显,针叶林次之;结束日期的变化趋势表现不一,针叶林和沼泽植被生长季结束日期推迟,阔叶林、草丛和草甸植被呈现微弱提前趋势;针阔混交林、灌丛、草原和农田植被生长季开始日期推迟,生长季缩短,其中农田植被生长季开始日期推迟和生长季缩短的趋势明显,草原次之;针阔混交林、灌丛、草原和农田4种植被生长季结束日期呈现提前的变化趋势,其中灌丛结束日期的提前趋势明显。     

基于MODIS遥感监测的东南亚地区植被动态

利用2000-2008年的MODIS陆地产品MOD15A2(fPAR)与空间插值的气温和热带降雨观测卫星(TRMM)数据,分析了东南亚地区植被时空动态,主要分析了常绿阔叶林、灌丛草原、热带草丛和农田4种植被fPAR的年际变化、季节变化特征及其与气候的相关性.结果表明:(1)2000-2008年研究区植被的fPAR平均为47.58%,呈由西北向东南递增、沿海高于内陆的空间分布格局.(2)研究区87.34%的区域植被fPAR变化不显著.(3)fPAR能够反映植被时空动态,对气候变化具有较好的响应.fPAR的动态变化表明,不同区域的各植被生长年际变化各有差异,其所受气温和降水的影响程度也不同.