ERK在17β-雌二醇抑制大鼠血管损伤后平滑肌细胞增殖中的作用

本实验旨在研究细胞外信号调节激酶(extmcellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)在17β-雌二醇(17β-estra-diol,E2)介导的一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)抑制血管损伤后平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth musclecell,VSMC)增殖中的作用。在去势雌性大鼠中建立颈总动脉球囊损伤模型,实验分单纯去势组(OVX)、去势给予E2治疗组(E2 OVX)、去势后球囊损伤组(OVA Inj)和去势后球囊损伤给予E2治疗组(E2 OVA Inj)。分别检测各组血管壁的厚度、血浆中NO的浓度、ERK蛋白表达和活性的变化以及eNOS蛋白表达情况。结果显示,与OVX组相比,OVA Inj组血浆NO含量明显下降和血管壁厚度明显增厚,E2可增加血浆中NO含量和抑制球囊损伤后血管壁的增厚;E2可以抑制ERK蛋白表达和活化,诱导eNOS蛋白的表达。血浆中：NO含量与eNOS蛋白的表达呈正相关,与血管壁厚度和ERK蛋白表达呈负相关。以上结果提示,E2可通过增加血管组织eNOS蛋白表达,促进NO生成,抑制ERK蛋白的表达和活性,从而抑制血管损伤后VSMC的增殖。     

17β—雌二醇抑制内皮素诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖作用

目的和方法：利用组织块贴壁法进行大鼠VSMC培养,胰蛋白酶分散细胞法传代。实验采用第4-6代细胞。采用氚-胸腺嘧啶核苷（[^3H]-TdR)掺入和细胞计数来作为VSMC增殖的指标,以RT-PCR的方法检测ETAR的表达,观察17β-雌二醇（E2）对内皮素-I（endothelin-l,ET-1)介导的血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）增殖反应以及对内皮素A型受体（ETAR）表达的影响。结果：ETAR特异性拮抗剂BQ123能完全阻断ET-1介导的VSMC增殖反应;E2可明显抑制ET-1促进VSMC增殖的作用,RT-PCR结果显示E2能抑制ETAR的表达,12h时抑制作用最为明显;E2受体阻断剂Tamoxifen亦能部分抑制ET-1对VSMC的增殖及ETAR的mRNA的表达。结论：ET-1促进VSMC增殖作用主要通过ETAR介导的,雌激素可通过抑制ETARmRNA表达来发挥对ET-1促进VSMC增殖的抑制作用。     

一氧化氮在17-β雌二醇抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖和原癌基因c -fos表达中的作用

实验利用大鼠血管平滑肌细胞（vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMC)作为模型,观察17-β雌二醇（E2）对VSMC增殖和原癌基因c-fos表达的影响,并探讨VSMC源性一氧化氮（NO）在基中的作用,检测指标包括NO释放的测定,细胞计数、^3H-Tdr掺入,噻唑蓝（MTT）测定和c-fosmRNA表达,结果显示,E2（10^-12-10^-8mol/L)呈浓度依赖性地促进VSMC中NO的释放;10^-8mol/LE2能明显抑制10%小牛血清（FCS）和10^-7mol/L内皮素-1（ET-1）诱导的细胞增殖和DNA合成,E2的抑制作用均可被雌激素受体（ER）拮抗剂tamoxifen(10^-7mol/L)和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NAME（10^-6mol/L)明显减轻;E2（10^-8mol/L)可明显抑制10^-7mol/LET-1诱导的VSMCc-fos表达,这种抑制作用可被L-NAME（10^-6mol/L)明显减轻,这些结果提示E2能抑制VSMC增殖和原癌基因c-fos表达,这种促进VSMC的NO释放密切相关,而且该作用至少部分通过ER介导。     

DNA损伤反应中细胞周期检查点蛋白p27~(Kip1)表达及其调控机制

为了研究DNA损伤反应中p2 7Kip1的表达及其调控机制 ,应用免疫印迹的实验结果表明 :10Gy 60 Coγ射线照射后 3h ,HeLa细胞中p2 7Kip1蛋白水平开始下降并持续到 2 4h ,进而失去它对CDKs的抑制功能 .Northern印迹结果显示 ,电离辐射 (IR)对p2 7Kip1mRNA表达水平无明显影响 ,说明电离辐射诱导p2 7Kip1表达水平的降低主要与蛋白质降解相关 ,但其具体的调控机制还不清楚 .已知在G1—S期p2 7Kip1蛋白的降低主要依赖细胞周期蛋白E Cdk2激酶将其磷酸化后的泛素化蛋白酶体途径 (ubiquitin proteasomepathway) .酶动力学研究结果揭示 :电离辐射后细胞周期蛋白E Cdk2激酶活性增高 ,12h细胞周期蛋白E Cdk2激酶活性达到最大 .当在照前用细胞周期蛋白E Cdk2抑制剂olomoucine (10 μmol L)抑制细胞周期蛋白E Cdk2激酶活性时 ,p2 7Kip1蛋白表达水平增加 .此外 ,还观察到电离辐射可诱导p2 7Kip1泛素化水平的增高 ,而在使用蛋白酶体抑制剂MG 132 (5 μmol L)处理HeLa细胞后 ,可抑制辐射诱导p2 7Kip1蛋白水平的下调 .研究结果提示 :泛素化蛋白酶体途径参与了辐射诱导P2 7Kip1蛋白表达下调的降解机制 .     

血管平滑肌细胞的体外氧化应激反应及雌激素的影响

目的探讨雌激素对VSMC氧化应激反应的影响及机制。方法第3-4代雌性大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)在有或无10-8mol/L 17b-雌二醇(E2)存在下用不同浓度(0-250mmol/L)H2O2诱导氧化应激;MTT法,流式细胞术,Western blot分别检测VSMC活力,细胞周期,MAPK信号通路活性的变化。结果当浓度低于25mmol/L时,H2O2对VSMC活力无影响;当浓度为50-150mmol/L时,VSMC活力呈剂量依赖性下降,并伴随G0/G1期细胞升高;当浓度达到200mmol/L时,细胞活力下降至最低点并出现凋亡峰。10-8mol/L E2可显著抑制150mmol/L H2O2诱导的VSMCERK和p38的磷酸化、从而缓解VSMC G0/G1期阻滞,并降低高浓度H2O2诱导的VSMC凋亡。结论中等浓度的H2O2(50-150mmol/L)抑制VSMC增殖;高浓度H2O2(≥200mmol/L)不仅抑制VSMC生长、且导致部分VSMC凋亡;雌激素可通过抑制ERK和p38活性对氧化应激的VSMC起保护作用。     

Caveolin-1蛋白在171β-雌二醇抑制内皮素-1诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖中的作用

本工作旨在研究Caveolin-1在17β-雌二醇（17β-estradiol,E2)抑制内皮素-1（endothelin-1,ET-1)诱导血管平滑肌细胞（vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs前后ET-1对DNA合成和caveolin-1蛋白表达的影响。结果显示,ET-1可以刺激VSMCs增殖。E2作用24h后,可明显抑制ET-1的上述作用。免疫荧光证实,在VSMCs上有cavellin-1分布,ET-1刺激VSMCs增殖的过程中,VSMCs上caveolin-1蛋白荧光强度下,而事称给予E2可逆转这种下降。Western bolt证实,ET-1可抑制caveolin-1蛋白的表达而E2则可增加caveolin-1蛋白的表达。以上结果表明E2抑制ET-1诱导的VSMCs增殖可能与其增加caveolin-1蛋白表达有关。     

羟基红花黄色素A对脂多糖作用后血管内皮细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

旨在探讨羟基红花黄色素A(hydroxysafflor yellow A,HSYA)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)作用后人脐静脉内皮细胞株HUVECs细胞株诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)表达的影响.培养HUVECs细胞株,用 1 mg/L LPS及不同浓度的HYSA处理细胞24 h,MTT法检测细胞增殖情况,硝基还原酶法检测培养液中一氧化氮(NO)含量,RT-PCR及Western blotting检测iNOS表达.结果表明0.01、0.1 mmol/L HYSA对LPS引起的iNOS升高无明显作用,但1 mmol/L HYSA能明显抑制LPS作用后高度表达的iNOS量.因此,HYSA能下调LPS所致iNOS的异常表达,这可能有助于临床治疗血管炎症疾病.     

逆转录病毒介导诱导型一氧化氮合酶基因转染抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖的研究

目的：研究逆转录病毒介导诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）基因转染对体外培养的大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）增殖的影响,探讨iNOS转基因治疗血管移植术后再狭窄的可行性。方法：将不同滴度的病毒上清转染体外培养的VSMC;采用RT-PCR、Western-blot检测VSMC内iNOSmRNA和iNOS蛋白的表达;用Griess法检测iNOS转基因细胞的培养液中一氧化氮（NO）的含量;用改良MTT、法检测iNOS转基因对VSMC增殖的抑制作用。结果：不同滴度的PLXSNiNOS转染体外培养的VSMC48h后,在VSMC内可检测到外源性iNOSmRNA和iNOS蛋白,表达水平随病毒滴度的增加而增强,呈现剂量依赖性;而用最高滴度的PIXSN转染体外培养的VSMC48h后,在VSMC内未能检测到外源性iNOSmRNA和iNOS蛋白表达;iNOS转基因细胞的培养液中NO含量显著增高,同时VSMC增殖受到明显抑制,均呈现剂量依赖性。结论：逆转录病毒介导iNOS基因可高效转染体外培养的VSMC,并在细胞内表达活性的iNOS蛋白,而且产生大量的NO,明显抑制VSMC增殖。为iNOS转基因治疗血管移植术后再狭窄的临床应用提供有力的实验依据。     

Caveolin-1蛋白在17β-雌二醇抑制内皮素-1诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖中的作用

本工作旨在研究Caveolin-1在17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol,E2)抑制内皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)诱导血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)增殖中的作用.在培养的VSMCs上,使用[3H]Thymidine([3H]TdR)掺入法、荧光免疫组化方法和Western blot观察E2处理VSMCs前后ET-1对DNA合成和caveolin-1蛋白表达的影响.结果显示,ET-1可以刺激VSMCs增殖.E2作用24 h后,可明显抑制ET-1的上述作用.免疫荧光证实,在VSMCs上有caveolin-1分布,ET-1刺激VSMCs增殖的过程中,VSMCs上caveolin-1蛋白荧光强度下降,而事先给予E2可逆转这种下降.Western blot证实,ET-1可抑制caveolin-1蛋白的表达而E2则可增加caveolin-1蛋白的表达.以上结果表明E2抑制ET-l诱导的VSMCs增殖可能与其增加caveolin-1蛋白表达有关.     

肉苁蓉苯乙醇苷对慢性高原病模型大鼠的治疗作用及机制研究CSCD

通过测定血液红细胞数、血红蛋白含量、红细胞比容、肺组织匀浆液中内皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)含量、一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)活力以及过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha,PPAR-α)、缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia-inducible factor 1,HIF-1α)及血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)mRNA水平和蛋白表达的变化,探究肉苁蓉苯乙醇苷(phenylethanoid glycosides from cistanche,PhGCs)对慢性高原病(chronic mountain sickness,CMS)模型大鼠的治疗作用及作用机制。结果显示,与模型组大鼠相比,PhGCs和大花红景天能降低CMS大鼠右心室肥厚和ET-1含量、升高NO含量和总一氧化氮合酶(total nitric oxide synthase,T-NOS)、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)酶活力,下调肺组织HIF-1α及VEGF蛋白的表达,上调PPAR-α蛋白的表达,同时降低肺组织中HIF-1α的mRNA水平;此外,大鼠血液红细胞数、血红蛋白含量及红细胞比容无明显变化。该研究表明PhGCs可能是通过抑制HIF通路、激活NO通路发挥作用。     

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and lipopolysaccharide induced inducible NOS and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expressions by rutin, quercetin, and quercetin pentaacetate in RAW 264.7 macrophages

Several natural flavonoids have been demonstrated to perform some beneficial biological activities, however, higher-effective concentrations and poor-absorptive efficacy in body of flavonoids blocked their practical applications. In the present study, we provided evidences to demonstrate that flavonoids rutin, quercetin, and its acetylated product quercetin pentaacetate were able to be used with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors (N-nitro-L-arginine (NLA) or N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)) in treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) productions, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expressions in a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). The results showed that rutin, quercetin, and quercetin pentaacetate-inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a concentration-dependent manner without obvious cytotoxic effect on cells by MTT assay using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide as an indicator. Decrease of NO production by flavonoids was consistent with the inhibition on LPS-induced iNOS gene expression by western blotting. However, these compounds were unable to block iNOS enzyme activity by direct and indirect measurement on iNOS enzyme activity. Quercetin pentaacetate showed the obvious inhibition on LPS-induced PGE2 production and COX-2 gene expression and the inhibition was not result of suppression on COX-2 enzyme activity. Previous study demonstrated that decrease of NO production by L-arginine analogs effectively stimulated LPS-induced iNOS gene expression, and proposed that stimulatory effects on iNOS protein by NOS inhibitors might be harmful in treating sepsis. In this study, NLA or L-NAME treatment stimulated significantly on LPS-induced iNOS (but not COX-2) protein in RAW 264.7 cells which was inhibited by these three compounds. Quercetin pentaacetate, but not quercetin and rutin, showed the strong inhibitory activity on PGE2 production and COX-2 protein expression in NLA/LPS or L-NAME/LPS co-treated RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicated that combinatorial treatment of L-arginine analogs and flavonoid derivates, such as quercetin pentaacetate, effectively inhibited LPS-induced NO and PGE2 productions, at the same time, inhibited enhanced expressions of iNOS and COX-2 genes.     

一氧化氮抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ和内皮素-1诱导的心肌细胞原癌基因c-fos表达

在原代培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞上, 探讨一氧化氮 (NO)对血管紧张素Ⅱ (AⅡ)和内皮素-1 (ET-1)诱导的心肌细胞肥大和原癌基因c-fos表达的影响.用Bradford 法测定心肌细胞总蛋白含量 (作为心肌细胞肥大的指标); 用基因特异性引物和 SuperScript一步法进行逆转录聚合酶链式反应 (RT-PCR), 检测大鼠心肌细胞原癌基因c-fos的表达 (以GAPDH为内标).结果显示, AⅡ和ET-1分别作用5 d和3 d后, 心肌细胞总蛋白含量显著增加; 硝普钠 (NO供体)可抑制AⅡ或ET-1诱导的心肌细胞总蛋白增加.AⅡ,ET-1和PMA (蛋白激酶C激动剂)均可诱导心肌细胞原癌基因c-fos的表达; L-精氨酸可抑制AⅡ,ET-1和PMA诱导心肌细胞原癌基因c-fos的表达, L-NAME (NOS抑制剂)可抑制L-精氨酸的这一作用; 硝普钠对可抑制AⅡ,ET-1和PMA诱导心肌细胞原癌基因c-fos的表达.结果表明, NO可抑制AⅡ或ET-1诱导的心肌细胞肥大和原癌基因c-fos表达, 其作用机制可能与蛋白激酶C这一环节有关.     

Correlation between nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-2 pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

We investigated the interactions between inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) and in two carcinoma cell lines. HNSCCs showed an up-regulation of both pathways which were strongly correlated with each other (p=0.02) and with tumor vascularization (p=0.0001 and p=0.008, respectively). In carcinoma cells, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and EGF treatment up-regulated both pathways. NOS inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) inhibited this up-regulation. LPS or EGF induced iNOS expression that was not altered by NOS or COX-2 inhibitors. Conversely, LPS or EGF promoted COX-2 expression that was decreased by L-NAME. The NO donor S-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) up-regulated COX-2 pathway and this effect was reduced by the guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue. Thus, in squamous carcinoma cells, NO increases the activity of COX-2 pathway and this effect is probably mediated by endocellular cGMP level, with potential implications on tumor growth, angiogenesis, and therapy.     

Nitric oxide down-regulates caveolin-1 expression in rat brains during focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury

As a signalling molecule of the integral membrane protein family, caveolin participates in cellular signal transduction via interaction with other signalling molecules. The nature of interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and caveolin in the brain, however, remains largely unknown. In this study we investigated the role(s) of NO in regulating caveolin-1 expression in rat ischemic brains with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Exposure to 1 h ischemia induced the increases in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and NO concentration with concurrent down-regulation of caveolin-1 expression in the ischemic core of rat brains. Subsequent 24 h or more reperfusion time led to an increase in inducible NOS (iNOS) expression and NO production, as well as a decline of caveolin-1 protein at the core and penumbra of the ischemic brain. Afterwards, NOS inhibitors and an NO donor were utilized to clarify the link between NO production and caveolin-1 expression in the rats with 1 h ischemia plus 24 h reperfusion. N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a non-selective NOS inhibitor), N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (NIL, an iNOS inhibitor), and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, a nNOS inhibitor) prevented the loss of caveolin-1 in the core and penumbra of the ischemic brain, whereas l-N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)-ornithine (L-NIO, an endothelial NOS inhibitor) showed less effect than the other NOS inhibitors. S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, a NO donor) down-regulated the expression of caveolin-1 protein in normal and ischemic brains. These results, when taken together, suggest that NO modulates the expression of caveolin-1 in the brain and that the loss of caveolin-1 is associated with NO production in the ischemic brain.     

Comparison of effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors on plasma nitrite/nitrate levels and tissue NOS activity in septic organs

An excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) by NO synthase (NOS) is considered to contribute to circulatory disturbance, tissue damage, and refractory hypotention, which are often observed in septic disorders. It is anticipated that a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor with excellent pharmacokinetics may be potentially effective as a novel and potent therapeutic intervention in sepsis. We examined whether or not a selective iNOS inhibitor shows iNOS selectivity at the tissue level, when administered systemically. The effects of four NOS inhibitors on plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx) and tissue NOS levels were compared in major organs (lungs, liver, heart, kidneys, and brain) 6 hr after the injection of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into male Wistar-King rats. The rats treated with the three iNOS inhibitors (N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine (1400W), (1 S, 5 S, 6 R, 7 R )-2-aza-7-chloro-3-imino-5-methylbicyclo [4.1.0] heptane hydrochloride (ONO-1714), and aminoguanidine) administered 1 hr after LPS injection, showed dose-dependent decreases in plasma NOx levels and NOS activity in the lungs. The non-selective NOS inhibitor (N(G)-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA)) had an effect only at the maximum dose. The differences in in vitro iNOS selectivity among these drugs did not correlate with iNOS selectivity at the tissue level. The relationship between plasma NOx levels and NOS activity in the lungs showed a linear relationship with or without the NOS inhibitors. In conclusion, the iNOS selectivity of these drugs does not seem to differ at the tissue level. Plasma NOx levels may be a useful indicator of lung NOS activity.     

Relationship between endothelin 1 and nitric oxide system in the corpus luteum regression

The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between the nitric oxide (NO) system and endothelin 1 (ET-1) in the mechanism of corpus luteum (CL) development and consequently regression in rats. We first evaluated basal ET-1 levels in ovarian tissue from rats with different stages of CL development. An increased ovarian ET-1 content was found during CL regression. In a dose-department response, ET-1 decreased progesterone (P4) and increased prostaglandin (PG) PGF2alpha production. By means of a competitive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor: L-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and a slow NO releasing: diethyl-aminetriamine (DETA-NONOate), we demonstrated that NO system could be the intermediary in the ET-1 diminishing P4 production. The Western blot analysis revealed an increase on iNOS while eNOS protein expression was diminished. We also found a diminution of total NOS activity after ET-1 treatment. These data suggest the existence of a functional relationship between ET-1 and NOS isoforms leading the regulation of CL functionally.     

Physical conditioning modulates rat cardiac vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in nitric oxide-deficient hypertension

Many individuals with cardiac diseases undergo periodic physical conditioning with or without medication to improve cardiovascular health. Therefore, this study investigated the interaction of physical training and chronic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor (nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME) treatment on blood pressure (BP), cardiac vascular endothelial factor (VEGF) gene expression, and nitric oxide (NO) systems in rats. Fisher 344 rats were divided into four groups and treated as follows: (1) sedentary control, (2) exercise training (ET) for 8 weeks, (3) L-NAME (10mg/kg, s.c. for 8 weeks), and (4) ET+L-NAME. BP was monitored with tail-cuff method. The animals were sacrificed 24h after last treatments and hearts were isolated and analyzed. Physical conditioning significantly increased respiratory exchange ratio, cardiac NO levels, NOS activity, endothelial eNOS, and inducible iNOS protein expression as well as VEGF gene expression. Training also caused depletion of cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA) levels indicating the beneficial effects of the training. Chronic L-NAME administration resulted in a depletion of cardiac NO level, NOS activity, and eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS protein expressions, as well as VEGF gene expression (2-fold increase in VEGF mRNA). Chronic L-NAME administration also enhanced cardiac MDA levels indicating cardiac oxidative injury. These biochemical changes were accompanied by increases in BP after L-NAME administration. Interaction of training and NOS inhibitor treatment resulted in normalization of BP and up-regulation of cardiac VEGF gene expression. The data suggest that physical conditioning attenuated the oxidative injury caused by chronic NOS inhibition by up-regulating the cardiac VEGF and NO levels and lowering the BP in rats.