共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
T. C. Tricas J. G. New 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,182(1):89-101
Elasmobranch fishes localize weak electric sources at field intensities of <5 ηV cm−1, but the response dynamics of electrosensory primary afferent neurons to near threshold stimuli in situ are not well characterized.
Electrosensory primary afferents in the round stingray, Urolophus halleri, have a relatively high discharge rate, a regular discharge pattern and entrain to 1-Hz sinusoidal peak electric field gradients
of ≤20 ηV cm−1. Peak neural discharge for units increases as a non-linear function of stimulus intensity, and unit sensitivity (gain) decreases
as stimulus intensity increases. Average peak rate-intensity encoding is commonly lost when peak spike rate approximately
doubles that of resting, and for many units occurs at intensities <1 μV cm−1. Best neural sensitivity for nearly all units is at 1–2 Hz with a low-frequency slope of 8 dB/decade and a high-frequency
slope of −23 dB/decade. The response characteristics of stingray electrosensory primary afferents indicate sensory adaptations
for detection of extremely weak phasic fields near 1–2 Hz. We argue that these properties reflect evolutionary adaptations
in elasmobranch fishes to enhance detection of prey, communication and social interactions, and possibly electric-mediated
geomagnetic orientation.
Accepted: 20 June 1997 相似文献
2.
H. Schmitz M. Mürtz H. Bleckmann 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2000,186(6):543-549
The pit organs of the beetle Melanophilaacuminata were stimulated with monochromatic infrared radiation using a continuous wave CO overtone infrared laser. Best sensitivity
was in the wavelength range 2.8–3.5 μm. In this range a stimulus intensity of 14.7 mW cm−2 was sufficient to generate single action potentials. At a wavelength of 5 μm receptor performance significantly decreased.
An increase in stimulus intensity caused a decrease in response latency and an increase in the number of action potentials
elicited. At a given wavelength (3.4 μm) the dynamic amplitude range of action potential responses covered 12 dB. At high
stimulus intensities (94.2 mW cm−2) a stimulus duration of 4 ms was sufficient to generate one to two action potentials and a stimulus duration of 60 ms already
caused response saturation (with up to nine action potentials). In a repetitive stimulus regime distinct receptor potentials
were visible up to a frequency of 600 Hz.
Accepted: 18 March 2000 相似文献
3.
Neural correlates of behavioral gap detection in the inferior colliculus of the young CBA mouse 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
J. P. Walton R. D. Frisina J. R. Ison W. E. O'Neill 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,181(2):161-176
The gap detection paradigm is frequently used in psychoacoustics to characterize the temporal acuity of the auditory system.
Neural responses to silent gaps embedded in white-noise carriers, were obtained from mouse inferior colliculus (IC) neurons
and the results compared to behavioral estimates of gap detection. Neural correlates of gap detection were obtained from 78
single neurons located in the central nucleus of the IC. Minimal gap thresholds (MGTs) were computed from single-unit gap
functions and were found to be comparable, 1–2 ms, to the behavioral gap threshold (2 ms). There was no difference in MGTs
for units in which both carrier intensities were collected. Single unit responses were classified based on temporal discharge
patterns to steady-state noise bursts. Onset and primary-like units had the shortest mean MGTs (2.0 ms), followed by sustained
units (4.0 ms) and phasic-off units (4.2 ms). The longest MGTs were obtained for inhibitory neurons (xˉ = 14 ms). Finally,
the time-course of behavioral and neurophysiological gap functions were found to be in good agreement. The results of the
present study indicate the neural code necessary for behavioral gap detection is present in the temporal discharge patterns
of the majority of IC neurons.
Accepted: 6 February 1997 相似文献
4.
GABAergic disinhibition changes the recovery cycle of bat inferior collicular neurons 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Y. Lu P. H.-S. Jen Q.-Y. Zheng 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,181(4):331-341
This study examines the contribution of GABAergic inhibition to the discharge pattern and recovery properties of 110 bat
inferior collicular neurons by means of bicuculline application to their recording sites. When stimulated with single pulses,
74 (67%) neurons discharged one or two impulses (phasic responders), 19 (17%) discharged three to ten impulses (phasic bursters)
and 17 (16%) discharged impulses throughout the entire stimulus duration (tonic responders). Bicuculline application changed
phasic responders into phasic bursters or tonic responders, increased the number of impulses by 10–2000% and shortened the
response latency of most neurons. When stimulated with pairs of sound pulses, the recovery cycles of these neurons can be
described as: (1) long inhibition (n = 49, 45%); (2) short inhibition (n = 41, 37%); and (3) fast recovery (n = 20, 18%) based upon the 50% recovery time that was either longer than 20 ms, between 10 and 20 ms or shorter than 10 ms.
Bicuculline application shortened the 50% recovery time of most neurons by 11–2350% allowing them to respond to pairs of sound
pulses at very short interpulse intervals. These data demonstrate that GABAergic inhibition contributes significantly to auditory
temporal processing.
Accepted: 18 April 1997 相似文献
5.
Morten Buhl Jørgensen Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,180(5):503-511
We studied the directionality of spike timing in the responses of single auditory nerve fibers of the grass frog, Rana temporaria, to tone burst stimulation. Both the latency of the first spike after stimulus onset and the preferred firing phase during
the stimulus were studied. In addition, the directionality of the phase of eardrum vibrations was measured. The response latency
showed systematic and statistically significant changes with sound direction at both low and high frequencies. The latency
changes were correlated with response strength (spike rate) changes and were probably the result of directional changes in
effective stimulus intensity. Systematic changes in the preferred firing phase were seen in all fibers that showed phaselocking
(i.e., at frequencies below 500–700 Hz). The mean phase lead for stimulation from the contralateral side was approximately
140° at 200 Hz and decreased to approximately 100° at 700 Hz. These phaseshifts correspond to differences in spike timing
of approximately 2 ms and 0.4 ms respectively. The phaseshifts were nearly independent of stimulus intensity. The phase directionality
of eardrum vibrations was smaller than that of the nerve fibers. Hence, the strong directional phaseshifts shown by the nerve
fibers probably reflect the directional characteristics of extratympanic pathways.
Accepted: 23 November 1996 相似文献
6.
Visual evoked potentials (EP) were recorded when the test subjects accomplished the tasks of a comparison of a current stimulus
with the previous one, the stimuli being presented in a continuous sequence. In the first task, rare repetition of two stimuli
(Russian letters) in the continuously changing flow of stimuli was relevant, and the test subject had to press the button
when it happened; in the second task, the relevant stimulus was a rare change in the flow of stimuli. The influence of the
stimulus repetition/change factor on EP was analyzed. The processes related to the comparison of the current and previous
stimuli were most manifest in four time intervals: 120–140, 180–210, 260–280, and 350–370 ms. The occipito-temporal component
of EP revealed in the interval of 180–210 ms, which we denoted as the negative component of visual mismatch (NCVM), proved
a special component, differing in its functional and temporal characteristics from theN
2b component. WhereasN
2b is modulated by the factor of stimulus probability, the NCVM by that of stimulus repetition/change. 相似文献
7.
The photomechanic infrared receptor for the detection of forest fires in the beetle Melanophila acuminata (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. Schmitz H. Bleckmann 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1998,182(5):647-657
We recorded from single units of individual sensilla of the thoracic infrared (IR) pit organs of Melanophila acuminata. When the organ was stimulated with a thermal radiator whose emission spectrum was similar to that of a typical forest fire,
units responded phasically with up to seven spikes within 30–40 ms at a radiation power of 24 mW cm−2. In the experiments all wavelengths shorter than 1.6 μm were excluded by a longpass IR filter. Response latencies were about
4 ms and initial impulse frequencies were up to 250 impulses per second (ips). A single spike could be generated even when
stimulus duration was only 2 ms. Reduction of total radiation power from 24 mW cm−2 to 5 mW cm−2 resulted in increased response latencies of 5–6 ms and the occurrence of only two to three spikes. Initial impulse frequencies
decreased to 125 ips. According to our physiological results and calculations, Melanophila should be able to detect a 10-hectare fire from a distance of 12 km. Mechanical stimuli also evoked responses of the IR sensilla.
All present morphological and physiological findings lead to the conclusion that the IR receptors of Melanophila must function by means of a hitherto undescribed photomechanic mechanism.
Accepted: 1 November 1997 相似文献
8.
A. D. S. Bala T. T. Takahashi 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2000,186(5):425-434
The pupil of an awake, untrained, head-restrained barn owl was found to dilate in response to sounds with a latency of about
25 ms. The magnitude of the dilation scaled with signal-to-noise ratio. The dilation response habituated when a sound was
repeated, but recovered when stimulus frequency or location was changed. The magnitude of the recovered response was related
to the degree to which habituating and novel stimuli differed and was therefore exploited to measure frequency and spatial
discrimination. Frequency discrimination was examined by habituating the response to a reference tone at 3 kHz or 6 kHz and
determining the minimum change in frequency required to induce recovery. We observed frequency discrimination of 125 Hz at
3 kHz and 250 Hz at 6 kHz – values comparable to those reported by others using an operant task. Spatial discrimination was
assessed by habituating the response to a stimulus from one location and determining the minimum horizontal speaker separation
required for recovery. This yielded the first measure of the minimum audible angle in the barn owl: 3° for broadband noise
and 4.5° for narrowband noise. The acoustically evoked pupillary dilation is thus a promising indicator of auditory discrimination
requiring neither training nor aversive stimuli.
Accepted: 28 February 2000 相似文献
9.
The effect of pulse repetition rate, pulse intensity, and bicuculline on the minimum threshold and latency of bat inferior collicular neurons 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
P. H.-S. Jen Q.-C. Chen 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1998,182(4):455-465
This study examines the effect of pulse repetition rate (PRR), pulse intensity, and bicuculline on the minimum threshold (MT)
and latency of inferior collicular neurons of the big brown bat, Eptesicusfuscus, under free-field stimulation conditions. It tests the hypothesis that changes in MT and latency of collicular neurons are
co-dependent on PRR. The number of impulses in inferior collicular neurons (n = 245) increased either monotonically (25%) or non-monotonically (75%) with pulse intensity. Latencies either decreased to
a plateau (72%), fluctuated unpredictably within 3 ms (21%) or changed very little (7%) with increasing pulse intensity. Latencies
and MTs of most collicular neurons increased by 1.5–24 ms (mean ± SD = 4.8 ± 3.3 ms) and 4–75 dB (mean ± SD = 22.1 ± 16.2 dB)
with increasing PRR. In most neurons (94%), the latency increase was completely (42%) or partially (52%) eliminated when pulse
intensity was compensated for the MT increase with PRR. Complete elimination of latency was achieved by bicuculline application.
In a few neurons (6%), the latency increase with PRR was not affected by compensated pulse intensity or bicuculline application.
Accepted: 8 October 1997 相似文献
10.
M. J. Ferragamo T. Haresign J. A. Simmons 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,182(1):65-79
Neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the awake big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, were examined for joint frequency and latency response properties which could register the timing of the bat's frequency-modulated (FM) biosonar echoes. Best frequencies (BFs) range from 10 kHz to 100 kHz with 50% tuning widths mostly
from 1 kHz to 8 kHz. Neurons respond with one discharge per 2-ms tone burst or FM stimulus at a characteristic latency in
the range of 3–45 ms, with latency variability (SD) of 50 μs to 4–6 ms or more. BF distribution is related to biosonar signal
structure. As observed previously, on a linear frequency scale BFs appear biased to lower frequencies, with 20–40 kHz overrepresented.
However, on a hyperbolic frequency (linear period) scale BFs appear more uniformly distributed, with little overrepresentation.
The cumulative proportion of BFs in FM1 and FM2 bands reconstructs a scaled version of the spectrogram of FM broadcasts. Correcting FM latencies for absolute BF latencies
and BF time-in-sweep reveals a subset of IC cells which respond dynamically to the timing of their BFs in FM sweeps. Behaviorally,
Eptesicus perceives echo delay and phase with microsecond or even submicrosecond accuracy and resolution, but even with use of phase-locked
FM and tone-burst stimuli the cell-by-cell precision of IC time-frequency registration seems inadequate by itself to account
for the temporal acuity exhibited by the bat.
Accepted: 21 June 1997 相似文献
11.
The present study demonstrates that perithreshold temporal integrationoccurs in the human taste system across stimulus durations rangingfrom 200 to 1500 ms in a manner analogous to that seen in othermajor sensory systems. Thus, the notion that gustation is comparativelyinsensitive to temporal stimulus parameters at threshold levelsis disproved. Chem. Senses 22: 171175, 1997. 相似文献
12.
G. Meinhardt 《Biological cybernetics》2001,85(6):401-422
The detection of compound sinusoidal gratings of various spatial frequency separations and four different grating sizes has
been studied using the summation-to-threshold paradigm. Contrast interrelation functions have been measured and spatial frequency
tuning estimates, based on the slope of the contrast interrelation function at two definite points, were derived using the
“negative gradient technique” proposed by Logvinenko [Logvinenko (1995) Biol Cybern 73: 547–552]. It is shown that compound
grating detection can be modelled by assuming pattern-specific sensory mechanisms for each of the spatial frequency components,
which adapt to the periodicity and the size of the stimulus but not to its envelope function. Further, it is shown that relative
sensitivity for a given spatial frequency separation can be predicted with good accuracy by the correlation of the grating
components used for superposition. It is suggested that the most plausible implementation of the pattern correlation principle
in human grating detection is the “grating cell” model.
Received: 10 March 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 4 December 2000 相似文献
13.
G. Gomez R. Voigt J. Atema 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1999,185(5):427-436
To understand how chemoreceptor organs may extract temporal information from odor plumes, we investigated the frequency filter
properties of lobster chemoreceptor cells. We used rapid stimulation and high-resolution stimulus measurement for accurate
stimulus control and recorded extracellular responses from chemoreceptors in the lobster lateral antennule in situ. We tested
16 hydroxyproline-sensitive cells with a series of ten 100-ms pulses at 10, 100 and 1000 μmol l−1 at stimulation frequencies from 0.5 Hz to 4 Hz. Receptor cell responses could accurately encode 10 μmol l−1, but not 100 or 1000 μmol l−1 pulses, delivered at rates of 4 Hz. Flicker-fusion frequency and synchronization with the stimulus pulse train were concentration
dependent: performance rates above 1 Hz became poorer both with increasing pulse amplitude and frequency. Flicker fusion frequency
was 3 Hz for 100 μmol l−1 pulses and 2 Hz for 1000 μmol l−1 pulses. Individual cells showed differences in their stimulus pulse following capabilities, as measured by the synchronization
coefficient. These individual differences may form a basis for coding temporal features of an odor plume in an across-fiber
pattern.
Accepted: 7 July 1999 相似文献
14.
Joachim Mogdans Ines E. Nauroth 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2011,197(10):959-968
We studied the role of the lateral line system for detection and discrimination of dipole stimuli in the oscar, Astronotus ocellatus (Family Cichlidae), and determined detection thresholds in still water and frequency discrimination capabilities in still
and turbulent water. Average detection threshold of six animals for a 100-Hz dipole stimulus was 0.0059 μm peak-to-peak water
displacement at the surface of the fish. After inactivation of the neuromast receptor organs of the lateral line system with
the antibiotic streptomycin, dipole detection was reduced, but recovered within 2–4 weeks. This suggests that the oscar relied
strongly on hydrodynamic information received by the lateral line system. Five oscars learned to discriminate a 100-Hz stimulus
from 70 Hz and lower frequencies. When turbulence was introduced into the experimental tank, fish were still able to discriminate
100 Hz from frequencies 70 Hz and lower indicating that frequency discrimination mediated by the lateral line system was not
reduced in turbulent water. 相似文献
15.
C. F. Baker J. C. Montgomery 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1999,184(5):519-527
The sensory basis of rheotaxis (orientation to currents) was investigated in the blind Mexican cave fish, Astyanax fasciatus. An unconditioned rheotactic response to uniform velocity flows was exhibited, with a threshold of less than 3 cm s−1. Disabling the entire lateral line or the superficial neuromast receptor class increased the rheotactic threshold to greater
than 9 cm s−1. A pharmacological block of the lateral line canal system alone had no effect. These results demonstrate that the superficial
lateral line system controls rheotaxis at low current velocities. The effect of pairing an odor stimulant with the water current
dropped the rheotactic threshold to less than 0.4 cm s−1. This study provides a clear behavioral role for the superficial neuromasts where none previously existed, and also establishes
a link between the mechanosensory lateral line and olfactory systems in the olfactory search behavior of the cave fish.
Accepted: 9 January 1999 相似文献
16.
G. I. Rozhkova V. Y. Vedenina G. Kämper 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1999,184(2):161-167
The bilateral pairs of cercal interneurons 10-2a and 10-3a in the cricket terminal ganglion are supposed to constitute a
functional system for measuring the direction of air-borne signals, based on their phase-locked responses and selective directional
sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the frequency and intensity characteristics and thus the
potential working range of this system. By recording intracellularly from the axons of the interneurons we measured responses
for stimuli of varying frequency, intensity, and direction. Typically, the stimulus frequency range examined extended from
5 to 600 Hz, at intensities of 0.03–30 mm s−1 (peak-to-peak air-particle velocity). The results show that interneurons 10-2a and 10-3a preserved their level of activity,
response type, and direction tuning in the whole frequency range tested. Stimulus-response cross-correlograms revealed that
spike trains were synchronized with stimulus waves at even higher frequencies, at least up to 1000 Hz. At a given air-particle
velocity in the range of about 2–2.5 logarithmic units, the spike number responses of the interneurons were nearly constant
over a wide frequency range. Directional diagrams appeared to be independent of stimulus frequency, both in orientation and
in amplitude.
Accepted: 14 October 1998 相似文献
17.
Noise improves transfer of near-threshold, phase-locked activity of the cochlear nerve: evidence for stochastic resonance? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
K. R. Henry 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1999,184(6):577-584
Stochastic resonance can be described as improved detection of weak periodic stimuli by a dynamic nonlinear system, resulting
from the simultaneous presentation of a restricted dynamic range of low-intensity noise. This property has been reported in
simple physical and biological activities. The present study describes data consistent with the interpretation that stochastic
resonance can be observed in the response of cochlear neurons. These experiments utilized low levels (−5 to 25 dB SPL) of
stimuli and noise (5 to 30 dB SPL). Stimuli consisted of simultaneously presented 8 kHz (F
1) and 8.8 kHz (F
2) tone bursts, which generated an 800 Hz F
2–F
1 cochlear nerve envelope ensemble response in the gerbil. The mean response threshold was approximately −3 dB SPL. Simultaneous
presentation of a low-intensity wideband noise increased the amplitude of this response. This was observed with tonal stimuli
having intensities of 0–5 dB SPL; responses to stimulus levels >10 dB were attenuated by noise. Response amplitude was increased
by noise levels of 10–15 dB; the amplitude was unaffected by lower levels of noise, and decreased in the presence of higher
noise levels. These properties are compatible with those of stochastic resonance.
Accepted: 11 March 1999 相似文献
18.
Kimitaka Nakazawa Hideo Yano Hiroyuki Satoh Iwao Fujisaki 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1998,77(5):395-400
Stretch reflexes were evoked in elbow flexor muscles undergoing three different muscle contractions, i.e. isotonic shortening
(SHO) and lengthening (LEN), and isometric (ISO) contractions. The intermuscle relationships for the magnitude of the stretch
reflex component in the eletromyographic (EMG) activities of two main elbow flexor muscles, i.e. the biceps brachii (BB) and
the brachioradialis (BRD), were compared among the three types of contractions. The subjects were requested to move their
forearms sinusoidally (0.1 Hz) against a constant pre-load between elbow joint angles of 10° (0° = full extension) and 80°
during SHO and LEN, and to keep an angle of 45° during the ISO. The perturbations were applied at the elbow angle of 45° in
pseudo-random order. The EMG signals were rectified and averaged over a period of 100 ms before and 400 ms after the onset
of the perturbation 40–50 times. From the ensemble averaged EMG waveform, the background activity (BGA), short (20–50 ms)
and long latency (M2, 50–80, M3, 80–100 ms) reflex and voluntary activity (100–150 ms) components were measured. The results
showed that both BGA and reflex EMG activity of the two elbow flexor muscles were markedly decreased during the lengthening
contraction compared to the SHO and ISO contractions. Furthermore, the changes of reflex EMG components in the BRD muscle
were more pronounced than those in the BB muscle, i.e. the ratios of M2 and M3 magnitudes between BRD and BB (BRD:BB) were
significantly reduced during the LEN contractions. These results would suggest that the gain of long latency stretch reflex
EMG activities in synergistic muscles might be modulated independently according to the model of muscle contraction.
Accepted: 1 September 1997 相似文献
19.
V. Y. Vedenina G. I. Rozhkova A. K. Panjutin A. L. Byzov G. Kämper 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1998,183(5):553-561
Three identified interneurons of the cercal system were investigated electrophysiologically; these interneurons are sensitive
only to stimulation of cercal filiform-hair sensilla by low-frequency sound. Measurement of the frequency ranges revealed
cut-off frequencies between ca. 20 and 70 Hz. Analysis of the responses near threshold and at higher intensities in the frequency
range 5–500 Hz shows that one of them (Interneuron 9-1b) exhibits a sensitivity maximum at the frequency-intensity combination
necessary for the perception of an intraspecific signal at 30 Hz. This band-pass behavior disappears at higher stimulus intensities.
In order to investigate the mechanism of the low-frequency selectivity of the interneurons, two-tone stimulation experiments
were performed. When stimuli in the best-frequency range were superimposed by a 100-Hz tone, the spiking activity was suppressed
in an intensity-dependent manner.
Accepted: 22 July 1998 相似文献
20.
M. Giurfa G. Zaccardi M. Vorobyev 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1999,185(6):591-600
Honeybees Apis mellifera detect coloured targets presented to the frontal region of their compound eyes using their colour vision system at larger
visual angles (α > 15°), and an achromatic visual system based on the long-wave photoreceptor type at smaller visual angles
(5° < α < 15°). Here we examine the capability of the dorsal, ventral and frontal regions of the eye for colour detection.
The minimum visual angle αmin at which the bees detect a stimulus providing both chromatic contrast and receptor-specific contrasts to the three receptor
types varies for the different regions of the eye: 7.1 ± 0.5° for the ventral region, 8.2 ± 0.6° for the dorsal region and
4.0 ± 0.5° for the frontal region. Flight trajectories show that when the target was presented in the horizontal plane, bees
used only the ventral region of their eyes to make their choices. When the targets appeared dorsally, bees used the frontodorsal
region. This finding suggests that pure dorsal detection of coloured targets is difficult in this context. Furthermore, αmin in the ventral plane depends on receptor-specific contrasts. The absence of S-receptor contrast does not affect the performance
(αmin = 5.9 ± 0.5°), whilst the absence of M- and L-receptor contrast significantly impairs the detection task. Minimal visual
angles of 10.3 ± 0.9° and 17.6 ± 3°, respectively, are obtained in these cases. Thus, as for many visual tasks, the compound
eye of the honeybee shows a regionalisation of colour detection that might be related to peripheral or central specialisations.
Accepted: 28 September 1999 相似文献