中国铁角蕨科一新记录种——素功膜叶铁角蕨

报道了采自云南省景洪市的中国铁角蕨科膜叶铁角蕨属（Hymenasplenium）一新记录植物——素功膜叶铁角蕨（Hymenasplenium wusugongii Li Bing Zhang, W. B. Liao & K. W. Xu）。素功膜叶铁角蕨为近年发表的新种,之前仅发现于老挝北部琅勃拉邦区,其叶片狭卵形至狭三角形,宽达12 cm,先端渐尖,一回羽状,分离羽片6~12对,羽柄较长,羽片基部下侧缺失1或2条小脉,是膜叶铁角蕨属中形态较为独特的一个物种。该文对素功膜叶铁角蕨的形态特征进行了详细描述,并提供了线描图和生态照片,凭证标本保存于上海辰山植物标本馆（CSH）和广西植物研究所标本馆（IBK）。     

东北蕨类植物配子体发育的研究Ⅷ铁角蕨科

本文研究了过山蕨(Camposorus sibiricus Rupr.)配子体的发育过程。孢子左右对称, 单裂缝, 具周壁, 孢子萌发为书带蕨型, 丝状体2-7个细胞长, 原叶体发育为三叉蕨型, 原叶体的毛状体形状多样, 性器官较小, 在配子体上的此等特征说明过山蕨为进化的类型。     

Flavonol glycosides from Asplenium bulbiferum

From aerial parts of the fern Asplenium bulbiferum, besides kaempferol 3,7-diglucoside and kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside- 7-O-glucoside, the new glycoside kaempferol 3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-β-galactoside has been characterized.     

Structures and functions of adventitious roots in species of the genus Philodendron Schott (Araceae)

We discuss here the anatomical variations of the arrangements and compositions of stele types observed in different roots types in four populations of the three species of Philodendron as probable adaptations to their habitats. Terrestrial individuals of P. corcovadense have cylindrical steles while rupicolous individuals have lobate steles with dispersed internal cortical parenchyma. The Philodendron species sampled showed polyarch structures. The crampon roots of P. oblongum and anchor roots of P. cordatum show medullated protosteles, with the former species having a reduced pith with sclerified parenchyma cells while the latter has a wide pith and parenchyma cells with only slightly thickened walls. The feeder roots of P. cordatum also show a medullated protostele—although a central vessel is present until approximately 60 cm from the apex that later disappears, forming a parenchymatous pith. We conclude that the different root types reflect adaptations of the subgenera Philodendron and Meconostigma to their different habits and habitats, such as in P. corcovadense, where the roots of rupicolous individuals have lobate steles while the roots of the terrestrial plants have cylindrical steles.     

中国西南地区铁角蕨科植物叶表皮微形态及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜对12种铁角蕨科植物即大盖铁角蕨、齿果铁角蕨、黑柄铁角蕨、半边铁角蕨、胎生铁角蕨、西南铁角蕨、岭南铁角蕨、剑叶铁角蕨、江南铁角蕨、巢蕨、狭基巢蕨和水鳖蕨植物的叶表皮微形态进行观察比较。结果表明:12种铁角蕨科植物的叶表皮细胞多为不规则型,垂周壁为浅波状、波状或深波状;叶上下表皮均无毛。它们的气孔器类型有7种,为极细胞型、腋下细胞型、不等细胞型、无规则四细胞型,无规则细胞型、横列型和辐射状细胞型。不同种间叶表皮微形态特征表现出一定差异,对属、种的划分有一定分类学意义。对巢蕨属与铁角蕨属、水鳖蕨属与铁角蕨属的亲缘关系进行讨论,为铁角蕨科植物的系统分类研究提供新的资料。     

中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究V. 铁角蕨科

利用扫描电镜对国产铁角蕨科Aspleniaceae 8属59种植物的孢子形态进行了观察。铁角蕨科植物孢子为单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形、宽椭圆形或近圆形;赤道面观为肾形、半圆形、宽椭圆形、椭圆形或近圆形。极轴长17-41 μm,赤道轴长23-60 μm。外壁光滑。周壁较厚,由周壁形成孢子的表面纹饰。主要纹饰类型有6种: (1)窗孔状纹饰。铁角蕨属Asplenium的厚叶铁角蕨A. griffithianum、北京铁角蕨A. pekinense、肾羽铁角蕨A. humistratum属于此种类型。(2)脊状纹饰。铁角蕨属的假大羽铁角蕨A. pseudolaserpitiifolium、毛轴铁角蕨A. crinicaule等7种属于此种类型。(3)翅状纹饰。铁角蕨属有14种属于此种类型,如江南铁角蕨A. loxogrammioides、齿果铁角蕨A. cheilesorum等;细辛蕨Boniniella cardiophylla、过山蕨Camptosorus sibiricus、水鳖蕨Sinephropteris delavayi、对开蕨Phyllitis scolopendrium、疏脉苍山蕨Ceterachopsis paucivenosa和药蕨Ceterach officinarum也属于此种类型。(4)翅脊状纹饰。有铁角蕨属的21种和巢蕨属Neottopteris的6种属于此种类型。(5)角状纹饰。阔足巢蕨N. latibasis属此类型。(6)丝毛状纹饰。只有阔基苍山蕨Ceterachopsis latibasis属此类型。从孢粉学的角度对该科的分类和系统演化进行了探讨。     

Ontogenetic mechanisms and the evolution of Cactaceae

Abstract

The ancestors of cacti were leafy trees that had hard, woody trunks. The development of the cactus body is controlled by ontogenetic mechanisms that have evolved, and now they produce a body that is leafless, succulent and has a photosynthetic cortex. Specific changes include: bark formation is postponed and the epidermis and stomata function for many years; the outer cortex is a palisade cortex with intercellular spaces; there are cortical bundles that resemble leaf veins but which have secondary xylem and phloem. Wood development has changed dramatically such that water storage is maximized (increased ray parenchyma) and danger of water stress is minimized (increased paratracheal parenchyma, loss of fibers). Several genera have polymorphic wood: the plants produce one type of wood for several years, then later they produce a different type. It is possible that the extensive evolutionary changes have resulted from mutations in the controller regions of genes, not in the structural regions.     

Relatively recent evolution of an unusual pattern of early embryonic development (long germ band?) in a South African onychophoran,Opisthopatus cinctipes Purcell (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae)

During embryonic development the process of segment formation in both families of the Onychophora, the Peripatidae and the Peripatopsidae, follows an essentially similar pattern with the exception of the South African peripatopsid, Opisthopatus cinctipes Purcell. In all other species in which development has been described, paired lateral halves of the embryo, separated by extra-embryonic ectoderm, develop as thickened bands on the surface of the blastoderm coincident with the appearance of the mouth and anus. The bands quickly differentiate paired segmental swellings with intersegmental grooves. The body elongates by proliferation from a posterior growth zone. During this process, presumptive mesoderm, located posteriorly in the early embryo, proliferates and moves anteriorly to form two lateral bands of mesodermal cells which segment during their forward growth into an anterior-posterior sequence of paired somites. In O. cinctipes the embryo elongates without any visible external or internal segment boundaries. In the elongating embryo only ectoderm and endoderm layers are present. Only after elongation has occurred are mesodermal somites formed. Allozyme analysis indicates that O. cinctipes diverged from the other South African genus Peripatopsis Pocock, with in the last 30 Myr.     

Creeping patterns of human adults and infants

The patterns of swing and support for the hands-and-feet or hands-and-knees gaits (creeping) of human adults and infants are compared based on data from a number of studies. Human infants show considerable variability in their creeping gait patterns, whereas adult patterns are less variable and fairly consistent after a few minutes of practice. Creeping on hands-and-knees appears to dictate a gait pattern characteristically different from creeping on hands-and-feet. The highly inefficient nature of adult creeping supports the view that our early hominid ancestors were poorly adapted to quadrupedal locomotion. Data obtained from high-speed film analysis of human creeping patterns show that the number of foot lengths per stride in creeping is about twice that for normal upright walking at the same speed. The support pattern of human creeping is different from that of nonhuman primates. These findings are discussed in the context of debate concerning the origin of the Laetoli hominid footprints and the knuckle-walking hypothesis.     

秦艽根中柱裂分结构的发生及龙胆苦苷的积累研究

采用植物解剖学、组织化学、分析化学和现代仪器分析技术相结合的方法,系统研究了秦艽根的中柱裂分发生、有效成分积累部位及其结构与有效成分的积累关系。结果表明：（1）秦艽根的中柱裂分发生是由于维管形成层和薄壁细胞的异常活动,使原维管柱裂分为几个相对独立的维管柱,这些独立的维管柱被木栓化细胞包围,主根裂分为支根;（2）秦艽根中的有效成分主要存在于维管组织的韧皮薄壁细胞和木薄壁细胞中;（3）秦艽根中裂分部位的龙胆苦苷含量为未裂分部位的60%。     

Dental development and the evolution of life history in Hominidae

Development of the dentition is critically integrated into the life cycle in living mammals. Recent work on dental development has given rise to three separate lines of evidence on the evolution of human growth and aging; these three, based on several independent studies, are reviewed and integrated here. First, comparative study of living primate species demonstrates that measures of development (e.g., age of emergence of the first permanent molar) are highly correlated with the morphological attributes brain and body weight (as highly as r = 0.98, N = 21 species). These data predict that small-bodied, small-brained Australopithecus erupted M₁ at 3–3.5 years and possessed a life span comparable to that of a chimpanzee. Second, chronological age at death for three australopithecines who died at or near emergence of M₁ is now estimated as ～3.25 years based on incremental lines in teeth; this differs substantially from expectations based on human growth schedules (5.5–6 years). Third, developmental sequences (assessed by the coefficient of variation of human dental age) observed in gracile Australopithecus and great apes diverge from those of humans to a comparable degree; sequences become more like modern humans after the appearance of the genus Homo. These three lines of evidence agree that the unique rate and pattern of human life history did not exist at the australopithecine stage of human evolution. It is proposed that the life history of early Homo matched no living model precisely and that growth and aging evolved substantially in the Hominidae during the last 2 million years.     

15种铁角蕨科植物叶表皮形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜对铁角蕨科15种植物的叶表皮形态特征进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）15种铁角蕨科植物的叶上、下表皮细胞形状为不规则型,垂周壁为深波状、波状或浅波状;上表皮细胞长宽比1.3~2.6,下表皮细胞长宽比1.3~4.1;（2）在15种铁角蕨科植物中共观察到7种气孔器类型,分别为腋下细胞型、不等细胞型、无规则四细胞型、无规则型、极细胞型、聚合极细胞型和聚腋下细胞型,每种植物具有2~5种气孔器类型,气孔均为下生型,多为椭圆形;气孔的长宽比1.12~2.81,气孔密度16.4~105.1个·mm^-2,气孔指数为5.7%~21.1%;（3）铁角蕨科植物叶表皮形态特征中的上表皮细胞形状、垂周壁形状、上表皮细胞长宽比、主要气孔器类型及衍生类型等具有一定的属内稳定性,可作为铁角蕨科属间分类的依据之一;（4）该研究在一定程度上支持秦仁昌和吴兆洪对铁角蕨科的划分以及铁角蕨属内分组和组内分系,并为铁角蕨科植物的分类鉴定及系统演化研究提供基础资料。     

三平正并殖吸虫发育过程中的同工酶谱

采用同工酶电泳技术对三平正并殖吸虫童虫、早期成虫和后期成虫的葡萄糖磷酸变位酶、葡萄糖磷酸异构酶和葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶的同工酶进行了研究,结果显示三平正并殖吸虫由童虫向成熟期发育过程中,葡萄糖磷酸变位酶和葡萄糖磷酸异构酶的同工酶谱趋于复杂,酶带数目后期成虫〉早期成虫〉童虫;而葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶同工酶谱则趋于简单,童虫或未成熟虫体酶带数目较成熟虫体为多。三种酶系统的同工酶排列型式显示,吸虫由童虫     

猪苓菌核结构性质的研究

利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对猪苓菌核的结构及其发育进行了研究。组成猪苓菌核的菌丝与平板培养或发酵培养的猪苓菌丝比较,具有多分枝、融合频率高、菌丝形态不规则等特点。猪苓菌核表现了高度的结构分化,有表皮、表皮下层、疏松菌丝层和结构菌丝之分,结构菌丝是组成菌核的主要成分,疏松菌丝层类似一般菌核的髓,但大小、位置在菌核中变化较大。菌核的个体繁殖是由母体菌核的一束或几柬菌丝突破表皮而萌发产生新的菌核;较系统的观察了猪苓菌核细胞分裂及其菌丝内部结构的变化。     

鲤形目鱼类咽齿形态及发育的比较研究

对鲤形目所属６科类的咽龄形态及个体发育模型进行了较详细的比较研究。结果得出除双孔鱼科鱼类未形成咽齿外,其它５科鱼类在咽齿发生的过程中具有齿着生方向完全相反的两种发育模式。以亚口鱼科,鳅科和平鳍鳅为一类的齿后向增长的类型和以鲤科另一类的齿同增长的类型。     

The taxonomic significance of xanthones in ferns

The occurrence of xanthone O- and C-glycosides in ferns is reviewed. The C-glycosides have a restricted distribution within four families: Hymenophyllaceae, Aspleniaceae s.l., Davalliaceae and Marsileaceae. The compounds are of little taxonomic value at higher levels because they appear to have evolved on several separate occasions and are, therefore, an interesting example of the parallel evolution of a chemical feature. Their major value appears to be in the identification of allopolyploidy.