Organic matter components, aggregate stability and biological activity in a horticultural soil fertilized with different rates of two sewage sludges during ten years

The effects of the application as fertilizer during ten years of two sewage sludges (aerobically and anaerobically digested, at rates of 400, 800, and 1200 kg of N/ha yr), on the aggregate stability and contents of related organic matter components, microbial biomass and levels of five enzymatic activities (alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, urease, arylsulphatase and dehydrogenase) were investigated. The application of both sludges at mid and high rates gave rise to significant increases of organic matter, humified substances and humic acids, but no effects on carbohydrates, microbial gums and aggregate stability were observed. As for biological activity in soils, the high variability of data led to a general absence of statistical significance despite the large differences between treatments observed. Significant increases of phosphodiesterase activity were nevertheless produced by the high rate of aerobic sludge and the mid and high rates of the anaerobic sludge.     

不同施肥模式对潮土有机碳组分及团聚体稳定性的影响

作为土壤质量的重要指标,土壤有机碳及其组分在土壤许多物理、化学和生物特性中发挥着重要作用。在田间条件下,通过对7种肥料结构组合处理下的土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了不同养分模式对华北平原潮土土壤有机碳组分和土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明。与单施化肥处理（NPK）比较,NPK＋S和NPK＋M处理显著增加土壤耕作层（0～20cm）的总有机碳（TOC）和总氮（TN）含量。PK和CK处理的土壤TOC和TN较试验前土壤皆有明显下降。有机无机肥配施,明显增加土壤易氧化有机碳（EOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、轻组有机碳（LFOC）和水溶性有机碳（WSOC）。特别是与NPK处理相比较,NPK＋M处理的土壤EOC、POC、LFOC和WSOC含量分别增加23．8％、39．9％、42．5％和32．1％。土壤耕作层中微生物生物量碳（MBC）和可矿化碳（MNC）以有机无机肥配施为最高,NPK处理次之,PK处理和CK最小。有机无机肥配施处理还明显增加了土壤〉250μm水稳性团聚体（WSA）含量,并降低了土壤粘粒分散率（CDR）。相关分析表明,土壤〉250μm水稳性团聚体（WSA）含量与所测定的有机碳组分含量皆呈明显正相关,特别是POC、LFOC和MBC与WSA达到极显著相关．相关系数分别为0.89、0.81和0,78;CDR与TOC、POC和LFOC皆呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0．70、-0．78和-0．73。     

Effect of organic amendments on some physical, chemical and biological properties in a horticultural soil

The aim of the present work was to assess the response of selected soil physical, chemical and biological properties, after two applications of different organic amendments to a soil with an extended horticultural use. Vermicompost from household solid waste (HSW) and from horse and rabbit manure (HRM), and chicken manure (CM) were applied at rates of 10 and 20 Mg ha(-1). The proportion of water stable soil aggregates (Ws) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in HSW, HRM and CM at 20 Mg ha(-1). The proportion of ethanol stable soil aggregates (Es) was significantly higher in HSW, HRM and CM at 20 Mg ha(-1), and CM at 10 Mg ha(-1). After the first amendment application, HSW and HRM at 20 Mg ha(-1) resulted in higher soil organic carbon (SOC), while all the treatments showed a significant increase after the second amendment application. Linear relationships were found between Ws and Es with SOC. An increment in microbial respiration in all the amended plots was observed with the exception of HRM at the rate of 10 Mg ha(-1).     

应用Le Bissonnais 法研究黄土丘陵区植被类型对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

植被类型直接影响土壤特性,对土壤团聚体的形成和稳定性有重要影响,水稳性团聚体是反映黄土高原土壤抗蚀性的最佳指标。本文选择黄土丘陵区延河流域作为研究区域,应用Le Bissonnais(LB)法和Yoder法测定了森林、森林草原两种植被类型下土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性,对比分析了LB法3种处理的结果,并计算土壤团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）和可蚀性因子K值。结果表明：在LB法3种湿润处理下,预湿后扰动处理（WS）对土壤团聚体结构的破坏程度最大,处理后土壤水稳性团聚体以<0.2 mm为主;快速湿润处理（FW）对团聚体的破坏程度次之;慢速湿润处理(SW)对团聚体的破坏程度最小,处理后土壤水稳性团聚体主要以>2 mm团聚体为主;说明黄土丘陵区延河流域土壤团聚体破坏的主要机制是气爆作用（消散作用）和机械扰动。LB法的3种处理结果中预湿后扰动的测定结果与传统的湿筛法（Yoder法）更接近。LB法包含Yoder法的基本原理,能够全面、准确的测定土壤团聚体结构,适宜作为黄土丘陵区土壤团聚体测定方法。森林植被类型的土壤团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）大于森林草原植被类型,而且SW>FW>WS,但可蚀性因子K值却是森林植被类型小于森林草原植被类型。土壤水稳性团聚体由小颗粒向大颗粒转变,土壤结构趋于稳定。不同植被类型下土壤有机质含量不同,土壤团聚体形成过程及土壤团聚度也有差异,因而造成土壤可蚀性和土壤抗蚀性能不同。     

Effects of different organic waste amendments on soil microaggregates stability and molecular sizes of humic substances

Three soils which had been amended for several years with pig slurry, cattle slurry, and sewage sludge were dry-sieved to obtain microaggregates in the size range of 250–125, 125–50, and <50 μm. With amendments, aggregate size distribution of whole soils was shifted to larger sizes, especially for the most fragile soil, whereas percent content of microaggregates decreased except for the lower size aggregates of the fragile soil. Particle size distribution of microaggregates revealed an increase in percent sand and a reduction of percent silt and clay in the <50 μg size fraction for all soils. These results showed the aggregation effect induced by the organic waste additions. Aggregate stability of microaggregates revealed significant correlation with humic substances content (humic acids alone and humic plus fulvic acids) and non significant with total organic matter substantiating the belief that humic substances are the predominant binding agents in this aggregation range. Molecular weight distribution of humic acids extracted from microaggregates of unamended soils demonstrated that the lower the soil aggregate size distribution, the larger the contribution of the high molecular weight fraction. All microaggregates from amended soils showed a progressive increase of the high molecular weight humic acids with decreasing size, reaching a maximum in the <50 μm fraction. In this aggregate size a parallel enhancement of the aggregate stability was also evident. It is concluded that a close relationship exists between aggregate stability and high molecular weight humic substances. Additions to soils of organic material containing high molecular weight constituents would represent a useful management practice to improve aggregate stability.     

Allocation of mass and stability of soil aggregate in different types of Nei Mongol grasslands

Aims Soil aggregate is an important component of soil structure, playing an important role in the physical and biological protection mechanism of soil organic carbon (SOC) through isolating SOC from microorganisms. As far as we know, there are few studies, however, on exploring the spatial distribution of soil aggregate at the regional scale. Our objective was to investigate the mass allocation and stability of soil aggregate in different types of Nei Mongol grasslands. Methods We have established 78 sites with a size of 10 m × 10 m across the transect of Nei Mongol grasslands and collected soil samples from different soil depth up to 1 m. We used wet sieving method to separate different sizes of aggregate partition and used mean mass diameter (MMD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) in order to evaluate the stability of soil aggregate. The two-way ANOVA was used to test the difference of mass percentage and stability of soil aggregate in different grassland types and soil depths. In addition, a linear regression analysis was used to analyze the correlations of mass percentage and stability of soil aggregate with both mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT). Important findings The results showed that the mass percentages of soil aggregate were highest in meadow steppe, while almost equal in typical steppe and desert steppe. However, no significant patterns were found along the soil depth. The mass percentage of soil aggregate fractions were positively correlated with MAP in all soil layers, but negatively correlated with MAT except the layer of 70-100 cm. For the stability of soil aggregate, at 0-10 and 10-20 cm, MMD and GMD of meadow steppe were significantly greater than those of typical and desert steppes, whereas no significant differences among three grassland types were found for other soil layers. Besides, MMD and GMD in meadow steppe and typical steppe gradually decreased along the soil depth.     

红壤侵蚀裸地植被恢复及土壤有机碳对团聚体稳定性的影响

植被恢复后土壤有机质提高 ,可能提高土壤团聚体稳定性 ,从而增强土壤抗蚀性 ,防止土壤退化。研究目的 :(1 )模拟自然条件下土壤团聚体破碎机制 ,研究不同恢复植被下团聚体稳定性的变化 ;(2 )确定不同恢复植被下土壤有机碳的积累与团聚体稳定性的关系 ,以期理解侵蚀裸地植被恢复过程及土壤有机碳对土壤结构性质的贡献。供试土壤采为侵蚀裸地、恢复 1 4 a的胡枝子和樟树林地、30～ 40 a树龄的稀疏马尾松林地以及菜园地等 5种土地利用方式。研究结果表明快速湿润是团聚体破碎的主要机制 ,其团聚体稳定性 (NMWD)次序为 :快速湿润 <湿润震荡 <慢速湿润。不同恢复植被对团聚体稳定性影响也表现不同 ,在快速湿润中 ,马尾松 >菜园地 >胡枝子 >樟树、裸地。湿润震荡处理后 ,其稳定性顺序是 :菜园地、马尾松 >裸地 >樟树 >胡枝子。而在慢速湿润中不同植被影响不明显。小团聚体的稳定性显著高于大团聚体的稳定性。快速湿润和湿润震荡下土壤团聚体稳定性与有机碳含量呈显著正相关 (r=0 .82 **,r=0 .66*) ,但慢速湿润下其相关性很低 (r=0 .2 2 )。结果还表明与活性 Al2 O3 相比 ,活性 Fe2 O3 对团聚体稳定性作用更显著。土壤团聚体湿润破碎后 ,有机碳含量和 C/N比随着破碎团聚体粒级的增大而提高。研究结果说明植被     

Effects of gamma irradiation on soil aggregate stability

Summary Four soils, with a range of natural aggregate stability, were used to compare the effects of gamma irradiation on the stability of natural aggregates and of synthetic aggregates containing 0.5 per cent microbial polysaccharide. The stability of natural aggregates was not significantly affected by irradiation but that of the synthetic aggregates (prepared from the same soils) was significantly reduced, the magnitude of the reduction being negatively correlated with the clay content of the soil.     

Responses of maize grain yield to changes in acid soil characteristics after soil amendments

An experiment was conducted from 1997 to 2000 on an acid soil in Cameroon to assess the effectiveness of cultivating acid tolerant maize (Zea mays L.) cultivar and the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers as options for the management of soil acidity. The factors investigated were: phosphorus (0 and 60 kg ha^?1), dolomitic lime (0 and 2 t ha^?1), organic manure (no manure, 4 t ha^?1 poultry manure, and 4 t ha^?1 of leaves of Senna spectabilis), and maize cultivars (ATP-SR-Y – an acid soil-tolerant, and Tuxpeño sequia – an acid susceptible). On acid soil, maize grain yield of ATP-SR-Y was 61% higher than the grain yield of Tuxpeño sequia. Continuous maize cultivation on acid soil further increased soil acidity, which was manifested by a decrease in pH (0.23 unit), exchangeable Ca (31%) and Mg (36%) and by an increase in exchangeable Al (20%). Yearly application of 60 kg ha^?1 of P for 3 years increased soil acidity through increases in exchangeable Al (8%) and H (16%) and a decrease in exchangeable Ca (30%), Mg (11%) and pH (0.07 unit). Lime application increased grain yield of the tolerant (82%) and susceptible (208%) cultivars. The grain yield increases were associated with a mean decrease of 43% in exchangeable Al, and 51% in H, a mean increase of 0.27 unit in pH, 5% in CEC, 154% in exchangeable Ca, and 481% in Mg contents of the soil. Poultry manure was more efficient than leaves of Senna producing 38% higher grain yield. This yield was associated with increases in pH, Ca, Mg and P, and a decrease in Al. The highest mean grain yields were obtained with lime added to poultry manure (4.70 t ha^?1) or leaves of Senna (4.72 t ha^?1). Grain yield increase was more related to the decrease in exchangeable Al (r = ?0.86 to ?0.95, P<0.01) and increase in Ca (r = 0.78–0.94, P<0.01), than to pH (r = ?0.57 (non-significant) to ?0.58 (P<0.05)). Exchangeable Al was the main factor determining pH (r = ?0.88 to ?0.92, P<0.01). The yield advantage of the acid tolerant cultivar was evident even after correcting for soil acidity. Acid soil-tolerant cultivars are capable of bringing unproductive acid soils into cultivation on the short run. The integration of soil amendments together with acid soil-tolerant cultivar offers a sustainable and comprehensive strategy for the management of acid soils in the tropics.     

亚热带退化森林不同恢复方式对土壤团聚体胶结物质及稳定性的影响

退化森林的恢复一直是林业和生态学研究的热点。良好的森林土壤结构有助于林木生长发育,作为土壤最基本的结构单元,土壤团聚体组成和稳定性是衡量土壤肥力和质量的重要指标,其团聚结构的形成依靠土壤胶结物质。然而,土壤胶结物质与团聚体稳定性之间的关系尚不确定。为探明亚热带退化森林的不同恢复方式对团聚体稳定性的影响及其潜在机制,以自然恢复的次生林为对照(CK),选取了亚热带三种常见的人工林：一代杉木林(P1)、二代杉木林(P2)和黄山松林(P3),测定土壤团聚体稳定性及其胶结物质的含量,并分析了各胶结物质对团聚体稳定性的影响。研究发现：不同森林恢复方式显著影响了土壤pH值、碳氮比、速效磷含量、团聚体的组成和稳定性。所有森林类型中,三种人工林的团聚体稳定性显著高于CK,P2的大团聚体所占比例最大,团聚体稳定性最高。恢复方式显著影响了土壤游离氧化铁含量、菌根密度和易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(EEG)含量。团聚体稳定性与游离氧化铁含量、菌根密度呈正相关,但与EEG含量呈负相关。研究结果表明,亚热带退化森林的人工恢复比自然恢复更有助于增强土壤团聚体稳定性,土壤游离氧化铁、菌根密度和EEG是显著影响团聚体稳定...     

耕作方式和秸秆还田对华北地区农田土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

本研究基于10年耕作措施的定位试验,利用湿筛法研究了不同耕作措施和秸秆还田条件下农田土壤水稳性团聚体的分布规律,并利用平均重量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）评价了不同处理水稳性团聚体的稳定性。研究结果表明,不同耕作措施处理的水稳性团聚体在0~10cm,10~20cm和20~30cm土层表现出不同的分布趋势,随着土层的加深,各处理水稳定团聚体的分布呈粒径逐渐减小、分布范围逐渐扩大趋势,0~10cm土层的水稳性团聚体多集中于2~5mm粒径范围,10~20cm土层水稳性团聚体多集中在0.5~5mm粒径范围,以0.5~1mm最多,而20~30mm,则广泛分布在0.25~5mm粒径范围。通过MWD和GMD值可以看出,免耕、耙耕和旋耕措施更能有效地保护表层（0~10cm）土壤水稳定团聚体的稳定性,常规耕作和深松处理则显著降低了20~30cm水稳性团聚体稳定性。秸秆还田显著增加了土壤有机碳（SOC）含量,且显著影响了土壤表层水稳性团聚体的稳定性。作用力分析结果表明,在0~10cm表层,秸秆作用在土壤表层显著影响了水稳定大团聚体的数量及其稳定性（P<0.001）,多元回归分析说明其与土壤有机碳含量达到了极显著水平（P<0.01）,且同时也受到来自耕作和秸秆交互效应的影响（P<0.01）;但在10~20cm土层,影响其数量分布的主要因素是不同的耕作措施及耕作和秸秆的交互效应（P<0.001）;而在20~30cm,耕作措施、秸秆和两者的交互效应共同对水稳性大团聚体数量产生重要的影响,但主要作用力来自耕作措施（P<0.001）和两者的交互效应（P<0.001）。免耕秸秆还田措施能显著提高土壤的水稳性团聚体的比例和稳定性。     

Application of different organic amendments in a gasoline contaminated soil: effect on soil microbial properties

The effects of four organic wastes, including cotton gin crushed compost (CC), poultry manure (PM), sewage sludge (SS) and organic municipal solid waste (MSW) on some biological properties of a Xerollic Calciorthid soil polluted with gasoline at two loading rates (5% and 10%) were studied in an incubation experiment. Three hundred grams of sieved soil (<2mm) were polluted with gasoline and mixed with PM at a rate of 10%, CC at a rate of 17.2%, SS at a rate of 23.1%, or MSW at a rate of 13.1%, applying to the soil the same amount of organic matter with each organic amendment. An unamended soil, non polluted (C) and polluted with gasoline at 5% (G1) and 10% (G2) rate were used as reference. Soil samples were collected after 1, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 270 d of incubation and analyzed for microbial biomass carbon, respiration and dehydrogenase, urease, beta-glucosidase, phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities. At the end of the incubation period, soil biological properties were higher in organic amended soils than in C, G1 and G2 treatments. In particular, soil microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase, urease, beta-glucosidase, phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities increased 87.1%, 92.9%, 88.7%, 93.2%, 78.2% and 85.3%, respectively for CC-amended soils respect to G2, 85.7%, 82.3%, 87.3%, 92.2%, 76.7% and 83.6%, respectively for PM-amended soils; 82%, 90%, 84.8%, 89.9%, 74.1% and 80%, respectively for SS-amended soils; and 71.3%, 78.3% 26.2%, 38.2%, 79.7% and 88.6%, respectively for MSW-amended soils. Since the adsorption capacity of gasoline was higher in CC than the PM, SS and MSW-amended soils, it can be concluded that the addition of organic wastes with higher humic acid concentration is more beneficial for remediation of soils polluted with gasoline.     

Influence of maize root mucilage on soil aggregate stability

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of root exudates on soil aggregate stability. Root mucilage was collected from two-month old maize plants (Zea mays L.) Mucilage and glucose solutions were added at a rate of 2.45 g C kg⁻¹ dry soil to silty clay and silt loam soils. Amended soils, placed in serum flasks, were incubated for 42 d with a drying-wetting cycle after 21 d. Evolved CO₂ was measured periodically as well as the water-stable aggregates and soluble sugar and polysaccharide content of the soil. In mucilage-amended soils CO₂ evolution started with a lag phase of 2–3 days, which was not observed in glucose-amended soils. There was then a sharp increase in evolved CO₂ up to day 7. During the second incubation period there were only small differences in evolved C between treatments. Incorporation of mucilage in both soils resulted in a spectacular and immediate increase in soil aggregate stability. Thereafter, the percent of water-stable aggregates quickly decreased parallel to microbial degradation. On completion of the incubation, aggregate stability in the silty clay soil was still significantly higher in the presence of mucilage than in the control. This work supports the assumption that freshly released mucilage is able to stick very rapidly to soil particles and may protect the newly formed aggregates against water destruction. On the silty clay, microbial activity contributes to a stabilization of these established organo-mineral bounds.     

Organic matter accumulation following fires in a moorland soil chronosequence

Severe fires in 1957 and 1976 removed the vegetation and soil organic matter from the litter layers and organic horizons of soils at two adjacent moorland sites leaving exposed the uppermost mineral horizon of the soil. In the period since, plant recolonization and soil organic matter reaccumulation have occurred to give a chronosequence. Assuming no major changes in the carbon and nitrogen content of the unburned soil since 1957, the rates of accumulation of soil C and N were estimated to be 0.035 kg C m^–2 y^–1 and 0.001 kg N m^–2 y^–1 over the first 19 years, and 0.50 kg C m^–2 y^–1 and 0.023 kg N m^–2 y^–1 over the period from 19 to 38 years after burning. Solid-state ¹³C NMR (cross-polarization, magic angle spinning ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) showed that the ratio of alkyl- and methyl-C-to-O-alkyl-C increased with stage of decomposition and in the unburned soil with decreasing particle-size. For the organic matter that had reaccumulated in the 1957-burned soil, the alkyl-C-to-O-alkyl-C ratio of the > 2000 μm and 2000–250 μm particle-size fractions were greater than those of the corresponding size fractions from the unburned soil, indicating that the reaccumulated soil organic matter was subject to decomposition but limited fragmentation or comminution.     

Soil microbial parameters and stability of soil aggregate fractions under different grassland communities on the Loess Plateau,China

Over-grazing and large-scale monocultures on the Loess plateau in China have caused serious soil erosion by water and wind. Grassland revegetation has been reported as one of the most effective counter measures. Therefore, we investigated soil aggregation, aggregate stability and soil microbial activities as key parameters for soil remediation through grassland revegetation. The results showed that soil microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and microbial biomass nitrogen (Nmic) increased under revegetated grass communities compared to cropland and overgrazed pastures and were higher in surface layers (0–10 cm) than in the subsurface (10–20 cm). Although there are variations between the four investigated grassland communities, their values were 10 to 50 times higher in comparison to the cropland and overgrazed pastures, similar to the increase in soil enzyme activities, such as β-glucosidase and β-glucosaminidase. Soil aggregate stability (SAS) showed clear differences between the different land uses with two main soil aggregate fractions measured by ultra sound: < 63 μm and 100–250 μm, with approximately 70% and 10% of the total soil volume respectively. We also found positive correlations between SAS and soil microbial parameters, such as Cmic, Nmic, and soil enzyme activities. From this, we concluded that revegetation of eroded soils by grasses accelerates soil rehabilitation.     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil structure and aggregate stability of a vertisol

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on aggregate stability of a semi-arid Indian vertisol was studied in a pot experiment in which Sorghum bicolor (L.) was grown as test plant for 10 weeks. Pasteurized soil inoculated with AM fungi was studied with pasteurized and unpasteurized soils as references. A part of the soil in each pot was placed in nylon mesh bags to separate effects of roots and hyphae. The sorghum plants were planted outside the mesh bags which permitted AM hyphae to enter while excluding roots. Aggregate stability of the soil was determined by wet-sieving and turbidimetric measurements. Development of the AM fungi was quantified as colonized root length and external hyphal length. Soil exposed to growth of roots and hyphae (outside mesh bags) showed aggregates with larger geometric mean diameter (GMD) in pasteurized soil inoculated with AM fungi than in pasteurized uninoculated soil. There was no significant difference in GMD of the inoculated, pasteurized soil and the unpasteurized soil. No significant effects of inoculation or plant growth were found in pasteurized soil exposed to hyphal growth only (inside the mesh bags). However, the unpasteurized soil had significantly higher GMD than the pasteurized soil, irrespective of plants and inoculum. Turbidimetric measurements of soil exposed to roots and hyphae (outside mesh bags) showed the highest aggregate stability for the inoculated pasteurized soil. These results demonstrate that AM fungi contribute to the stabilization of soil aggregates in a vertisol, and that the effect is significant after only one growing season. The effect was associated with both AM hyphae and the stimulation of root growth by AM fungi. The contribution from plant roots and AM hyphae to aggregate stability of different size fractions is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

农业土地利用方式对华北平原土壤有机碳组分和团聚体稳定性的影响

作为土壤质量的重要指标,土壤有机碳及其组分在土壤许多物理、化学和生物特性中发挥着重要作用。以在华北平原具有代表性的禹城市作为研究区域,系统研究和分析了该地区不同农业土地利用对土壤有机碳组分和团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明：与传统小麦．玉米轮作的粮田相比,果树和苜蓿栽培明显增加了土壤总有机碳（TOC）和总氯（TN）含量,同时也显著提高了土壤易氧化有机碳（EOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、轻组有机碳（LFOC）和水溶性有机碳（WSOC）含量和分配比例。果园土壤微生物生物量C（MBC）和可矿化碳（MNC）较传统粮田的土壤分别增加了34．0．5％和66．3％。果树栽培还明显增加了土壤〉250μm水稳性团聚体（WSA）的含量,同时减少了土壤粘粒分散率（CDR）。苜蓿栽培也显著提高了土壤MBC和MNC含量以及团聚体稳定性。温室大棚栽培前期（2-3a）的土壤TOC和TN较传统粮田略有增加,但随着耕作历史的增加,土壤TOC和TN呈现逐年下降的趋势。与传统粮田相比,温室大棚内的土壤LOC,POC,LFOC和WSOC含量与比例均有明显下降,这种下降幅度随栽培历史的延长而明显增加。7-10a温室大棚栽培的土壤EOC,POC,LFOC和WSOC含量较传统粮田分别下降了31．3％,41．7％,35．6％和42．1％。温室大棚栽培的土壤MBC和MNC较传统粮田的土壤平均分别低15．9％和10．1％。温室大棚栽培,特别是长期栽培降低了土壤中〉250μm水稳性团聚体的含量和粘粒的稳定性。相关分析表明,土壤〉250vm水稳性团聚体的含量与所测定的有机碳组分含量皆成明显的正相关,特别是POC,LFOC和MBC与WSA达到极显著相关,相关系数分别为0．912,0．893,0．856。这表明,土壤POC,LFOC和MBC对维持土壤团聚体稳定性具有更为重要意义。     

冻融交替对黑土团聚体稳定性的影响

应用Le Bissonnais法分析冻融循环(0、1、3、5和9)对3～5 mm黑龙江省黑土团聚体稳定性的影响,采用蜡封法分析黑土孔隙度的变化.结果表明: 不同粒径团聚体含量随冻融循环次数增加均呈波动状态,团聚体含量变化系数随冻融循环次数的增加逐渐趋于稳定;快速湿润、慢速湿润、预湿润震荡3种处理土壤中>0.25 mm团聚体含量有明显差异;孔隙度随冻融循环次数的增加而增大,变化范围在32.4%～41.4%.随冻融次数的增加,不同破碎方式下团聚体含量变化程度较低,团聚体平均重量直径与孔隙度呈负相关,表明冻融条件下孔隙度是影响团聚体稳定性的重要因素.     

Organic matter contributed to soil by plant roots during the growth and decomposition of maize

Maize (Zea mays var. Caldera) plants were grown under sterile and not sterile conditions in soil in an atmosphere continuously enriched with ¹⁴CO₂ for 36 days. At harvest the above ground parts of the maize were cut off and the roots were separated from the soil by washing with water. The soil was dispersed using ultrasonics and separated into soluble clay silt and sand fraction. Roots were included in the coarse sand fraction. 25% of the total label present in the soil 5.5% of that in the soil-plant system, was water soluble. Very little label was present in the clay and silt fractions (5% in each) and most (65%) was in the sand fraction as root material.Rapid extraction of soil after the removal of roots without ultrasonic treatment released soluble matter which amounted to <0.5% of the total activity in the soil-plant system.Isolated roots steeped in water released about 18% of their activity. Much of the soluble fraction may therefore be root lysate.The soil and roots accounted for 22% of the total activity in the soil-plant system. Glucose accounted for 89% of the sugars in the soluble fraction of the soil.78% or more of the ¹⁴C present in glucose, arabinose and xylose constituents of the root-soil mixture occurred in the coarse and fine sand fractions, which also included root material. For mannose and galactose the value was 70% and for rhamnose, 50%.After reinoculation of the soil-root mixture and decomposition for 56 weeks, the water soluble material obtained on fractionation of the soil decreased to less than 1% of the total activity. A much greater proportion, 25%, was present in the clay fraction as a result of decomposition.     

黄土高原土壤团聚体稳定性及抗蚀性能力经度变化特征

分析与探讨了黄土高原地区的土壤理化性质和土壤团聚体稳定性随经度的变化特征,为其植被恢复及利用提供有力的理论支持和依据。采用常规的化学分析方法测定土壤的理化性质,并用干筛与湿筛法结合测定土壤各级团粒含量。结果表明,随着经度的升高,黄土高原地区的土壤有机碳和全氮含量都呈增加趋势,其中定西的含量都是最低的,该地植物以灌木(柠条)为主;全磷含量变化不明显。通过计算土壤团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD值)和土壤可蚀性值(K值),除了定西地区的MWD值最小、K值最大外,其余地区的MWD值、K值分别在2.00、0.19左右,都是随着经度升高波动范围较小。说明黄土高原地区乔木林比灌木林的土壤有机碳和全氮含量高,土壤团聚体稳定性好、抗侵蚀性能强。