白蚁防治中引诱技术的应用

白蚁是一类危害面广、破坏性极大的世界性害虫。利用各种防治技术控制白蚁危害由来已久,引诱技术乃其中一种。采用引诱技术具有防治成本低、针对性强、效果显著、对生态环境破坏性小等优点。白蚁是社会性昆虫,其行为有利于我们采用引诱技术实施防治。引诱技术包括饵诱法、信息素引诱法、灯诱法等具体方法,本文主要介绍饵诱法和信息素引诱法应用情况及研究进展。１饵诱法食物引诱是最古老、最简单易行的引诱方法。其采用３种方式：（１）诱集．杀灭：在白蚁活动区域设置白蚁喜食饵料（堆、坑）诱其前来取食,然后用烫、烧、踩、喂鸡和药杀…     

东灵山区阎甲物种多样性研究

本文研究了北京东灵山区阎甲科（Coleptera;Histeridae）特种多样性,野外设样地调查共获标本2224头,分属于6属17种,Saprinus niponicus、Onthophilus foueipennis、Margarinotus niponicus和M.reichardti的个体数量均大于总数的10%, 4种共占总体个数的88.22%,是本地区常见种。本研究采用4种采集方法分别统计,肉诱法捕获的种类和数量最多,共12种占总数的70.19%,杯诱法和堆草诱法都捕到8种,分别占总数的23.61%和4.81%,肉筛法采到的标本仅有2种占总数的1.39%,研究优势物种Onthophilus foueipennis的季节性变化发现,该种集中分布在小龙门林区的阔叶混交林内,个体数量在5月和9月呈现2个季节峰值,其中9月达到全年最高峰。对小龙门林区内肉诱捕获的阎甲类群的物种多样性分析表明,阔叶林中的阎甲多样性指数和均匀度指数较高,混交林的丰富度和个体数量较高,针叶林的多样性系数和个体数量较低,混交林的均匀度指数较低,而相似性分析表明,空间距离是决定小龙门林区内森林生境类型间腐生性阎甲群落相似性程度的因素,生境类型自身对相似性没有显著影响,梨园岭退耕区阎甲的物种多样性指数和均匀度指数高于小龙门林区,但物种个体平均数量低于小龙门林区。以上结果表明,东灵山地区阎甲群落的分布受生境保护程度,干扰程度以及空间距离等因素的影响,保护并提高该地区的森林植被环境对提高阎甲物种多样性有重要意义。     

几种物质对橘小实蝇的引诱力测定

分别以3种果泥、4种人工合成水果味香精、发酵面粉、蜂蜜、甲基丁香酚、月罗香植物粗提取液为引诱物,测定11种引诱物对橘小实蝇的田间引诱能力。结果表明,水果香精、蜂蜜对橘小实蝇的引诱效果很差;香蕉果泥具有极强的引诱能力,诱虫数达到354只,雌雄比达1∶1;发酵面粉具有较好的诱雌性,诱虫总量达287只,雌雄比为8∶1;甲基丁香酚具有最强的诱雄能力,共引诱了763只橘小实蝇;月罗香粗提取液引诱了429只雄橘小实蝇,具有较强的引诱力。     

不同植物浸液对白纹伊蚊的产卵引诱作用

应用孕卵蚊虫粘捕法现场测试不同植物浸液对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus(Skuse)的产卵引诱作用,发现樟树叶、黄杨叶、狗尾草、绊根草、玉兰叶和竹叶的浸液现场诱蚊效果与自来水对照没有显著的差异;竹叶、玉兰叶、狗尾草和绊根草室内发酵21、30和45d的现场诱蚊效果没有显著的差异,而应用诱卵器法显示:竹叶、玉兰、狗尾草、绊根草植物浸液和自来水对照的诱卵数却差异显著。现场试验发现自来水、室外积水和蚊虫饲养水对白纹伊蚊的引诱效果没有显著的差异。     

枫杨枝把在田间对棉铃虫的引诱作用

观察了枫杨枝把和性诱剂在田间对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) 的引诱作用。结果表明,枫杨枝把在田间对棉铃虫成虫有较强的引诱作用,所诱雌蛾略多于雄蛾。枫杨枝把上所诱雄蛾量与上把的雌蛾量呈正相关。棉铃虫性诱剂对枫杨枝把的诱蛾作用没有显著的影响。讨论了枫杨枝把在田间引诱棉铃虫的作用。     

岳麓山周边地区实蝇发生动态监测

采用诱捕法于2010年7月至2011年12月对岳麓山周边地区实蝇的发生情况进行了监测,共获得实蝇类昆虫5种,包括离腹寡毛实蝇属Bactrocera 4种[具条实蝇B.scutellata (Hendel)、南瓜实蝇B.tau (Walker)、瓜实蝇B.cucturbitae (Coquillett)、桔小实蝇B.dorsalis(Hendel)]和合腹寡毛实蝇属Dacus 1种(棍腹实蝇Dacus sp.).其中,具条实蝇发生数量最大,占诱捕总数的76％,从5月到12月有2次数量高峰;其次为瓜实蝇占18％,南瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇数量最少,约各占3％;分析了不同诱剂对各种实蝇的诱捕效果,其中,Me性诱剂仅对桔小实蝇雄虫有引诱效果;Cue性诱剂可引诱具条实蝇、瓜实蝇和南瓜实蝇3种实蝇的雄虫;蛋白诱饵对具条实蝇、瓜实蝇、南瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇的雌、雄虫均有引诱效果.本研究结果可为长沙地区实蝇类害虫的监测和防控提供依据.     

植物气味化合物与斜纹夜蛾性信息素的协同作用

为提高现有性信息素对雄蛾的引诱活性, 本研究通过大量的田间试验探索植物气味化合物与斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura性信息素（顺9, 反11-十四碳二烯乙酸酯∶顺9, 反12-十四碳二烯乙酸酯=10∶1）的协同作用机制。从斜纹夜蛾寄主植物和花的气味化合物中, 选择9种有代表性的化合物, 并以一定剂量分别加入到斜纹夜蛾性信息素诱芯中, 在田间测试对雄蛾的引诱活性。结果表明: 在测试的9种植源性化合物中, 发现一定剂量(每个诱芯加入0.4 mg)的苯乙醛(PAA), 具有显著提高斜纹夜蛾性信息素的引诱作用, 而高剂量的苯乙醛则强烈抑制性信息素的引诱活性; 此外, 其他各种浓度的测试化合物或混合物对性信息素则没有统计上显著的增效作用。不同剂量的苯乙醛单个化合物及各种植物气味化合物组成的混合物对斜纹夜蛾也有微弱的引诱作用。苯乙醛必须要与性信息素的完整组分(以10∶1比例混合的顺9, 反11-十四碳二烯乙酸酯和顺9反, 12-十四碳二烯乙酸酯)混合才能起作用, 缺少顺9, 反12-十四碳二烯乙酸酯则没有引诱活性。本研究证明, 苯乙醛作为理想的性信息素诱芯增效剂, 可应用于建立更理想的斜纹夜蛾性信息素诱杀技术, 对性诱害虫防治和测报具有应用价值。     

小菜蛾对合成植物挥发物的活性反应

在室内检验了小菜蛾已交配和未交配雌、雄成虫对3种合成植物挥发物乙酸顺-3-己烯酯（Z-3-hexenyl acetate,ACTE）、异硫氰酸丙烯酯（allyl isothiocyanate,NCS）和顺-3-己烯醇（Z-3-hexen-1-ol,OH）的触角电位(EAG)反应。不同浓度（0.008 μg/μL、0.08 μg/μL、0.2 μg/μL、0.8 μg/μL、8 μg/μL、20 μg/μL和40 μg/μL）实验表明,随着刺激化合物浓度的提高,小菜蛾反应活性增强。但小菜蛾的性别及其交配状态可能影响其对3种化合物的反应强度：不同性别及交配状态的小菜蛾对ACTE的反应差异不大;未交配雌、雄虫对OH的反应强于已交配雌、雄虫;未交配雌虫对低浓度的NCS反应较强,NCS超过一定浓度时已交配雌虫的反应强于未交配雌虫,雄虫对NCS反应较小且与交配状态无关。以小菜蛾性信息素作为对照,在湖北长阳和越南河内试验了这3种植物挥发物诱芯（6 μL/诱芯）对小菜蛾的引诱作用。结果表明,在湖北,第1天时 ACTE、NCS对雄虫具有很强的引诱作用,引诱量显著大于性诱剂的引诱量,但随着诱芯放置时间延长,NCS引诱作用迅速下降,第2天时引诱作用已经很小;ACTE的引诱作用下降缓慢,第4天的诱蛾量才显著小于性信息素的诱蛾量,OH的引诱力较弱。在河内,ACTE、NCS、OH第1天对小菜蛾引诱作用很强,引诱量大于性信息素,但差异不显著;随着诱芯放置时间延长,3种挥发物对小菜蛾的引诱量均下降很快,第4天的引诱力就很弱。3种植物挥发物的混合物(体积比1∶1∶1)对小菜蛾的引诱作用与性信息素相似,且诱蛾活性持效期相对较长。无论在越南或湖北,植物挥发物或其混合物均很少引诱到雌虫。     

几种性诱剂对夜蛾科昆虫的田间诱捕效果试验

通过田间诱蛾试验发现,在北京郊区Z7-12:Ac+Z9-14:Ac(1:1)对瘦连纹夜蛾和黑点委夜蛾有引诱作用;Z9-14:Ac对朽木夜蛾和标俚夜蛾有引诱作用;Z7-12:Ac+Z11-16:OH(4:1)对陌夜蛾有引诱作用;而Z7-12:Ac+Z9-14:Ac+Z11-16:OH(3:1:1)是宽胫夜蛾的性诱剂。其中,标俚夜蛾、陌夜蛾和宽胫夜蛾性诱剂均为首次发现。     

四种不同方法提取沙枣花挥发物的成分分析

为了探究不同提取方法对沙枣花挥发物化学成分分析的影响,本文采用水蒸气蒸馏法、固相微萃取法、顶空采集法和气囊采集法提取沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)花的挥发性物质,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分别对4种方法提取的挥发物质进行化学成分分析鉴定。从4种方法提取的沙枣花挥发物质中共检测出51种化合物,其中酯类14种、烷类13种、酚类9种、酮类3种、醇类4种、其它物质8种。顶空收集法、水蒸气提取法、气囊采集法和固相微萃取法提取的挥发物质中分别检出化合物13种、19种、22种和18种,并且用2种(或2种以上)方法提取的沙枣花挥发物质中相同化合物有15种(即:酯类6种、烷类5种、酚类2种、醇类1种、其它物质1种),分别为:反式-肉桂酸乙酯、顺式-肉桂酸乙酯、反式-肉桂酸甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、正癸烷、正十二烷、正十四烷、正十六烷、正二十烷、愈创木酚、4,4'-亚甲基双(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚)、2-苯基-1-丙烯、乙酸叶醇酯、肉桂酸异丙酯和苯乙醇。4种方法提取的沙枣花挥发物中均含反式-肉桂酸乙酯和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯2种化合物,且反式-肉桂酸乙酯的含量较高,分别为83.75%(水蒸气蒸馏法)、14.45%(固相微萃取法)、78.27%(顶空收集法)和56.65%(气囊采集法)。4种方法中气囊采集法提取的沙枣花挥发物质中所含化合物种类最多(22种),而且操作最简单,因此气囊采集法是提取沙枣花挥发物的较好方法。     

金针虫调查方法及评价

金针虫是一类重要的地下害虫,其种群数量调查是植物保护工作中的难点之一。文章概述金针虫种群数量调查的3种主要方法:土方抽样、诱饵诱捕及成虫性信息素诱捕。就其调查原理、特点及研究现状进行了介绍,并对各方法的不足及应用前景做了简要分析。     

The beetle fauna of remnant eucalypt woodlands from the Northern Plains Victoria Australia

The abundance, richness and trophic structure of beetle assemblages (Insecta: Coleoptera) from remnant eucalypt woodlands of the Northern Plains, Victoria, is documented. Three sampling methods (pitfall trapping, direct searching, sweep netting) were used to sample beetles in four seasons over a year. A total of 4487 beetles were sorted into 342 morphospecies from 46 families. Pitfall trapping alone caught the greatest number of families (72%), morphospecies (56%) and specimens (50%). However, direct searching and sweep netting yielded a large number of morphospecies not caught by pitfall trapping. Sampling in summer yielded the greatest number of families (78%) and morphospecies (55%) but the most specimens (31%) were caught during winter. The proportions of different trophic groups varied little across different seasons but greatly for sampling methods. Pitfall trapping caught a higher proportion of predators and a lower proportion of herbivores than other sampling methods. Direct searching caught mostly herbivores, whilst sweep netting captured a large number of fungivores. The results have implications for the design of sampling sets for inventory surveys of invertebrate groups.     

Hand searching versus pitfall trapping: how to assess biodiversity of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in high altitude equatorial Andes?

The use of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as bioindicators of environmental change depends on the reliability and the effectiveness of the sampling methods. Those that have been tested in the temperate zone and in tropical forests still await experimentation in tropical high-altitude environments. For the first time, pitfall trapping and hand searching have been compared in Ecuadorian páramo above 4000 m a.s.l., in terms of practical effectiveness. The study was performed on six volcanoes and was based on the comparison of 28 sampling sessions (pitfall trapping and hand searching) performed along two different elevational belts [lower superpáramo (LSP) and upper superpáramo (USP)]. Analyses of sampling sessions showed that detected species richness is slightly higher with hand searching than with pitfall trapping, regardless of the elevation. Additionally, hand searching is more time-effective than pitfall trapping. The performance of the sampling method slightly varies when species assemblage composition is analysed in relation to elevational belts. In the LSP, hand searching and pitfall trapping should be simultaneously used to obtain exhaustive inventories of carabid biodiversity, since different species are likely to be collected by each method. In the USP, hand searching and pitfall trapping efficiency is very similar, but hand searching allows to collect a slightly larger number of species. Lastly, the sample-based rarefaction curves showed that four temporal replicates are mandatory to obtain a robust dataset and an exhaustive inventory of the true species richness and species assemblages composition. Our findings suggest a combined use of hand searching and pitfall trapping in the LSP, while both methods can be used alone for surveying carabids in the USP. Furthermore, hand searching is recommended if the aim is to obtain an inventory of species diversity, whereas pitfall trapping seems more convenient for fine grain ecological and comparative studies.     

Differential trappability of small mammals in three habitats of Southeastern Brazil.

We compared the trappability of marked and unmarked individuals in species of marsupials and rodents of three tropical assemblages of small mammals in Brazil. Two studies used trapping grids, one in cerrado and the other in an Atlantic forest reserve, whereas the study in a rural area used transects. In the two studies using trapping grids, marked animals were frequently more trappable than unmarked ones, but in some species this difference was not significant. In the rural area, marked and unmarked animals did not differ significantly. The number of recaptures per resident animal was higher in the two studies using trapping grids than in the rural area where transects were used. Differences in trappability between the three studies might have been caused by differences not only in trapping design (grids vs. transects), but also in the type of trap used, bait, and habitat. Although differential trappability tends to be considered the rule in small mammals, these results suggest that trappability of marked and unmarked animals may be specific for the particular combination of sampling design, field methods, and habitat under study.     

马尾松毛虫性信息素在不同类型诱芯中的稳定性

顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇、顺5,反7-十二碳二烯乙酸酯和顺5,反7-十二碳二烯丙酸酯是马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus性信息素的主要成分。为研究如何减少上述共轭二烯信息素成分中的几何构型异构化和氧化的发生,作者制备了几种不同剂型的诱芯并进行了田间诱蛾试验。与常用的天然橡胶诱芯相比,诱芯中加入抗氧化剂（topanol CA）、提高性信息素的纯度、每5天重新更换诱芯及将载体换为硅橡胶等处理均不能明显提高诱芯的诱蛾效果,然而载体为复合橡胶（氯化丁基橡胶和天然橡胶的混合体）的诱芯诱蛾效率比天然橡胶诱芯提高了1倍以上。田间试验后,用毛细柱气相色谱对不同类型诱芯中残留的信息素及其异构体的分析结果显示：复合橡胶诱芯中只有12%～16%的不同信息素成分发生了异构化,而在天然橡胶诱芯中此值高达69%～87%。而且前者中信息素及其异构体的剩余量是后者的4倍。这些结果表明,复合橡胶诱芯之所以具有较高的诱效,主要由于在这种诱芯中,共轭二烯信息素更稳定,释放速率较为缓慢且均匀。     

Measurements in vivo of parameters pertinent to ROS/RNS using EPR spectroscopy

The technique of in vivo EPR spectroscopy can provide useful and even unique information pertinent to the study of oxygen/ nitrogen radicals and related processes. The parameters that can be measured include: (a) Oxygen centered radicals (by spin trapping); (b) carbon centered radicals (by spin trapping and sometimes by direct observation); (c) sulfur centered radicals (by spin trapping and sometimes by direct observation); (d) nitric oxide (by spin trapping); (e) oxygen (using oxygen sensitive paramagnetic materials); (f) redox state (using metabolism of nitroxides); (g) thiol groups (using special nitroxides); (h) pH (using special nitroxides); (h) perfusion (using washout of paramagnetic tracers); (i) some redox active metal ions (chromium, manganese). The current state of the art for these and other measurements is discussed, especially in relationship to experiments that are likely to be useful for studies of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS).     

Measurements in vivo of parameters pertinent to ROS/RNS using EPR spectroscopy

The technique of in vivo EPR spectroscopy can provide useful and even unique information pertinent to the study of oxygen/nitrogen radicals and related processes. The parameters that can be measured include: (a) Oxygen centered radicals (by spin trapping); (b) carbon centered radicals (by spin trapping and sometimes by direct observation); (c) sulfur centered radicals (by spin trapping and sometimes by direct observation); (d) nitric oxide (by spin trapping); (e) oxygen (using oxygen sensitive paramagnetic materials); (f) redox state (using metabolism of nitroxides); (g) thiol groups (using special nitroxides); (h) pH (using special nitroxides); (h) perfusion (using washout of paramagnetic tracers); (i) some redox active metal ions (chromium, manganese). The current state of the art for these and other measurements is discussed, especially in relationship to experiments that are likely to be useful for studies of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS).     

Searching the protein sequence database

As the volume of protein sequence data grows, rapid methods for searching the protein sequence database become of primary importance. Rigorous comparison of sequences is obtained with the well-known dynamic programming algorithms. However, these algorithms are not rapid enough to use for routinely searching the entire database. In this paper we discuss some methods that can be used for rapid searches.     

Fishing with a Bait or Lure: A Brief Review of the Cognitive Issues

Bait fishing is a behaviour described in only 12 species of birds, seven of which belong to the family Ardeidae (herons), the remaining five are scattered among four other bird families. This behaviour is defined as having the following characteristics: (1) Objects placed by the bait fisher on the water are buoyant and within a radius at which the fisher can strike at prey. (2) The objects attract or distract the fisher’s prey, with the effect that the fisher enhances its chances of prey capture. A review of the literature indicates that bait items are both selected from and placed within the environment to achieve enhanced prey capture success. It is concluded that bait fishing is a real and distinctive behaviour. The evolutionary route to bait fishing has most likely been through an association between particular floating objects and the occurrence of fish prey. The repositioning of these floating objects and the collection of objects of similar character would have then been sufficient to achieve the bait fishing behaviour now seen. Bait fishing falls within a commonly used definition of tool use. However, it is argued that, as with tool use and tool making in general, this does not necessarily imply special cognitive ability. The rare occurrence of bait fishing both within and across species as could be an indication of cognitive constraint; but this remains undemonstrated. Alternatively, this rarity could be explained if fishing is rarely more profitable than alternative foraging tactics.