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1.
Gareth Rice Roland Clift Richard Burns 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1997,2(1):53-59
Twelve of the main European LCA software packages currently available are examined wirh the aim of establishing which are
the most appropriate for LCAs on industrial processes. The packages performances are assessed in terms of
The review concludes with a Specification Table which summarises the facilities available on each software package.
The general conclusion from this study is that for industrially based LCAs, there are four packages which may offer advantages
over the rest. These are The Boustead Model, The Ecobilan Group’s TEAM™, PEMS 3.0 and SimaPro 3.1. 相似文献
| – | • Volume of Data |
| – | • WindowsTM environment |
| – | • Network Capabilities |
| – | • Impact Assessment |
| – | • Graphical representation of the inventory results |
| – | • Sensitivity analysis |
| – | • Units |
| – | • Cost |
| – | • User Support |
| – | • Flow Diagrams |
| – | • Burdens allocation |
| – | • Transparency of data |
| – | • Input & output parameters |
| – | • Demo version |
| – | • Quality of data |
2.
Looking at the on-going discussions, integrated product policy seems to become important for the LCA community and should
therefore be reflected in the International Journal of LCA. Reasons include that IPP:
相似文献
| – | clearly follows life cycle thinking, |
| – | encourages the usage of the life cycle tool box, e.g. for product-innovation, |
| – | could become a political umbrella for a new co-operation along the life cycle - beyond the old roles of life cycle stakeholders acting on their own, |
| – | faces similar issues as the LCA community looking e.g. at environmental value / objective setting. |
3.
| – | — Use of a 2-dimensional spectrophotometer allows the detection and analysis of spatiotemporal patterns in biological samples |
| – | — the “in vitro” system—yeast extract—behaves as an excitable medium. Oscillatory degradation of trehalose yields NADH-oscillations which, after running out, convert to spatiotemporal waves |
| – | — the observation of excitability coupled to oscillatory processes in biological systems might provide new insights into the meaning of oscillations for metabolism |
| – | — with an “in vitro” system at hand, it should be possible to perform defined experimental manipulations in order to detect the mechanism for excitability in biological systems. |
4.
5.
The conclusions about the development of the content of the LC Initiative are the following:
相似文献
| – | A specific niche for the Life Cycle Initiative has developed, compared with the role of SETAC, the International Society of Industrial Ecology (ISIE) and ISO. |
| – | The aims of the initiative have step by step been extended, by bringing the initiative at a world level, by including both LCI and LCIA, and by including a program on Life Cycle Management (LCM). |
| – | In the LCM program due attention is to be given to other tools and approaches than quantitative LCA which are relevant for life-cycle thinking in general, and also to the other two dimensions of sustainability, i.e. the social and economic dimensions. |
| – | A number of important questions regarding the scope of the initiative and the methodological set-up have been in-depth discussed, thus resulting in a clear basis for the technical content of work to come. |
| – | Three definition studies will now be implemented which will define the work program for the three programs of the initiative; these studies will be finalised by the end of 2002. |
6.
Being able to carry zidovudine (AZT) at known concentrations into CD4+/CD38+ and CD14+ cells permits:
Further studies are necessary in order to:
相似文献
| – | - to reduce the drug dosage and to increase the interval for administration (until 1 dose I.V. every week); |
| – | - to modulate the drug concentration into the CD4+/CD38 an CD14+ cells in relation to the in vitro determined HIV sensitiveness; |
| – | - to eliminate haematological, medullary and general toxicity; |
| – | - to be able to treat severely hill patients. |
| – | - To find out the better phase to start the therapy; |
| – | - To use several drugs with different mechanisms of action in order to slow down as much as possible the presence of resistant viral strains. |
| – | - As for other drugs which are beginning to be used with artificial vehicles, futher studies are required to improve the selectivity and safety of LIPOAZT for the target cells including macrophages. |
7.
An up-dated data base is a matter of importance and urgency in order for encouraging a process-oriented approach to the study
of reef evolution.
The evolution of reefs is a major section of a Priority Program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft devoted to ‘Global
and regional controls of biogenic sedimentation’. Biological, paleontological and geological approaches in the study of ancient
and modern reefs are needed for providing a better understanding of the following basic questions:
相似文献
| – | - Biological and non-biological processes responsible for the construction and destruction of recent reefs. Studies should be focused on those processes which might also be regarded as important controls in the history of fossil reefs. |
| – | - Paleontologicla data describing the changes in the biological controls of reef development over time. Studies should aim for a better understanding of major crises in the reef ecosystem during the earth's history. |
| – | - Geological factors governing the short-term and long-term development of reefs. Studies should be concentrated on the controls of reef accretion by sea-level fluctuations, climatic changes and possible changes in early diagenetic factors. |
8.
Mark Deakin Steve Curwell Patrizia Lombardi 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(6):373-383
This paper has outlined the areas of the Environment and Climate Programme (Economic and Social Aspects of Human Settlement)
the BEQUEST project addresses. It has also examined the framework for analysis the project sets out for a common understanding
of SUD and the assessment methods currently made use of by planners, architects, engineers and surveyors to build environmental
capacity. The paper has done this by:
相似文献
| • | fore-grounding the question of urban development and representing the process of urbanisation as a life cycle of inter-related activities; |
| • | agreeing the sustainable development issues underlying the urban process; |
| • | identifying the environmental, economic and social structure, spatial level and time scales of sustainable urban development. |
9.
Roland Hischier Martin Baitz Rolf Bretz Rolf Frischknecht Niels Jungbluth Torsten Marheineke Phil McKeown Michiel Oele Philippe Osset Isa Renner Tim Skone Helena Wessman Angeline S. H. de Beaufort 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(4):192-198
Data availability and data quality are still critical factors for successful LCA work. The SETAC-Europe LCA Working Group
‘Data Availability and Data Quality’ has therefore focused on ongoing developments toward a common data exchange format, public
databases and accepted quality measures to find science-based solutions than can be widely accepted. A necessary prerequisite
for the free flow and exchange of life cycle inventory (LCI) data and the comparability of LCIs is the consistent definition,
nomenclature, and use of inventory parameters. This is the main subject of the subgroup ‘Recommended List of Exchanges’ that
presents its results and findings here:
相似文献
| • | Rigid parameter lists for LCIs are not practical; especially, compulsory lists of measurements for all inventories are counterproductive. Instead, practitioners should be obliged to give the rationale for their scientific choice of selected and omitted parameters. The standardized (not: mandatory!) parameter list established by the subgroup can help to facilitate this. |
| • | The standardized nomenclature of LCI parameters and the standardized list of measurement bases (units) for these parameters need not be appliedinternally (e.g. in LCA software), but should be adhered to inexternal communications (data for publication and exchange). Deviations need to be clearly stated. |
| • | Sum parameters may or may not overlap - misinterpretations in either direction introduce a bias of unknown significance in the subsequent life cycle impact assessments (LCIA). The only person who can discriminate unambiguously is the practitioner who measures or calculates such values. Therefore, a clear statement of independence or overlap is necessary for every sum parameter reported. |
| • | Sum parameters should be only used when the group of emissions as such is measured. Individually measured emission parameters should not be hidden in group or sum parameters. |
| • | Problematic substances (such as carcinogens, ozone depleting agents and the like) maynever be obscured in group emissions (together with less harmful substances or with substances of different environmental impact), butmust be determined and reported individually, as mentioned in paragraph 3.3 of this article. |
| • | Mass and energy balances should be carried out on a unit process level. Mass balances should be done on the level of the entire mass flow in a process as well as on the level of individual chemical elements. |
| • | Whenever possible, practitioners should try to fill data gaps with their knowledge of analogous processes, environmental expert judgements, mass balance calculations, worst case assumptions or similar estimation procedures. |
10.
Christophe Rafenberg Mayer Eric 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1998,3(3):131-144
On behalf of the French press group Le MONDE, four newspapers have been examined in a Life Cycle Assessment study. The products
were the newspaper actually produced and sold in 1995, two other 1995 versions with reduced amounts of unsold circulation
and an improved version manufactured under adequate management control and using paper, inks, printing plates and packaging
material with lower environmental impacts.
Results include the following
System boundaries and references are given in the paper. 相似文献
| • | An improved distribution, reducing the unsold circulation by 40% and 80%, does not reduce significantly the relative effect score of the different environmental impacts because the effects of the internal management are predominant. |
| • | The development of an improved version of Le MONDE depends more on managerial will than on technical decisions. |
| • | The use of vegetal inks improves significantly the air quality inside the printing plant as well as the photochemical oxidant potential. |
11.
Phytoplanktonic populations were studied in Tazenat lake by three methods:
A comparison of the results obtained gives an insight into the utilisation and transformation of energy by the biota of the lake 相似文献
| – | Primary production using 14C technic |
| – | Standing crop estimation |
| – | Amount of chlorophyll a |
12.
Bruno Campion Gabriella de Filippo Elisabetta Caporali Gianfranca Rossi Giovanna Marziani 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1993,33(3):281-285
The endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA), indoleacetic acid (IAA) and of three cytokinins (transzeatin riboside, tZR;
isopentenyladenosine, IPA; dihydrozeatin riboside, DHZR) were assayed in suspension cell cultures of male and female plants
of asparagus by an immunological method. Assays were carried out on two different materials:
In the first series of assays, significant difference in ABA and cytokinins were found between the nine genotypes but not
between the suspension cells of male and female plants even when they belonged to the same hybrid. 相似文献
| – | - suspension cells of nine different genotypes (four males and five females), cultured in a growth regulator-free medium; |
| – | - suspension cells of both male and female plants of a hybrid cultured in five different media. |
13.
Oncostatin M, a multifunctional cytokine 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
14.
R. Durand 《Mycopathologia》1976,60(1):3-16
The present review describes the effects of light on reproductive processes in fungi, mainly when action spectra are available.The study of these has resulted in three kinds of photoresponses observable in fungi:
相似文献
| – | responses only to UV light (230–380 nm) |
| – | responses to NUV and blue light (300–520nm) |
| – | responses to great wavelengths of the visible spectrum. The photomorphogenetic processes on the control of these same photoreceptor pigments are reviewed. |
15.
Culture studies with healthy and virus-infected isolates of Ectocarpus siliculosus, Feldmannia simplex and F. irregularis gave the following results:
相似文献
| – | Virus particles are produced in deformed reproductive organs (sporangia or gametangia) of the hosts and are released into the surrounding seawater. |
| – | Their infective potential is lost after several days of storage under laboratory conditions. |
| – | New infections occur when gametes or spores of the host get in contact with virus particles. The virus genome enters all cells of the developing new plant via mitosis. |
| – | Virus expression is variable, and in many cases the viability of the host is not impaired. Infected host plants may be partly fertile and pass the infection to their daughter plants. |
| – | Meiosis of the host can eliminate the virus genome and generate healthy progeny. |
| – | The genome of the Ectocarpus virus consists of dsDNA. Meiotic segregation patterns suggest an intimate association between virus genome and host chromosomes. |
| – | An extra-generic host range has been demonstrated for the Ectocarpus virus. |
| – | Field observations suggest that virus infections in ectocarpalean algae occur on all coasts of the world, and many or all Ectocarpus and Feldmannia populations are subject to contact with virus genomes. |
16.
Summary The Tailfer section (Belgium, northern border of the Dinant Synclinorium) exposes Middle Frasnian shallow-water limestones.
This paper proposes a sedimentological analysis based on classical petrology, which leads to the identification of 19 fourth
order sequences, forming three third order system tracts. This sedimentological analyses is complemented by carbon isotopic
and magnetic susceptibility (MS) data (based on the relation between MS and lithogenic input). Each system tracts is characterised
by a particular evolution of the isotope and MS curve:
相似文献
| – | --Biostromal Unit: the biostromes are built by lamellar and branching stromatoporoids and massive metazoans. MS values are weak, in relation with the important distance from landmasses and lesser amounts of lithogenic contribution. The carbon isotope values are close to Frasnian seawater values. |
| – | --Lagoonal Unit: it corresponds to a lagoonal facies succession, from inter- to supratidal zones, rich inAmphipora, paleosiphonocladalesUmbella, and pellets, alternating with paleosoils. MS values are high, related to landmass proximity and high lithogenic input. The carbon isotopic curve shows strongly negative values, close to −7%., resulting probably from a continental influence. |
| – | --Lagoonal and biostromal Unit: it consists of a lagoonal succession with some biostromal interruptions. MS values are lower than in the lagoonal unit and the isotopic values are higher (close to 0%.), related to an increase in distality. |
17.
Rolf Bergmann 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》1989,55(2):143-152
Thiolutin was found to inhibit the utilization of glucose and other growth substrates in Escherichia coli. The inhibition was detected by a sharp drop of the respiration rate after addition of the antibiotic. The actual function affected was allocated to the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterial cells by the following evidence:
It was concluded that the transport of certain substrates across the membrane was inhibited. 相似文献
| – | - spheroplasts were affected like intact cells, |
| – | - individual reactions of either the electron transport chain or the glycolytic pathway were not inhibited, |
| – | - glucose consumption in the culture stopped and the cells accumulated guanosine tetraphosphate as under starvation conditions, |
| – | - activation of the cell's apo-glucose dehydrogenase restored respiration via bypassing the glucose phosphotransferase system. |
18.
In this report we describe the most suitable protocol for callus formation and plant regeneration for cotton. We screened 15 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes for metal resistance and two of them, Nazilli M-503 (M503) Nazilli 143 (N-143) selected as Cd, Cu and Ni resistant. The cotyledonary nodes from these genotypes were the best explants for regeneration of shoots (more than 90 %) and roots (50 to 70 %). Shoot apex also gave good shoot regeneration (more than 90 %) but their root regeneration efficiency was low (35 %). These results show that Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing 0.44 μM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.98 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was the most suitable recipe for getting high shoot and root regeneration from cotyledonary nodes of N-143 and M503 cotton genotypes.Abbreviations
This work was supported by the Textile Industry grant No. F000301 given to A.R. Memon. 相似文献
| 2,4 D | 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid |
| BAP | 6-benzylaminopurine |
| GA | gibberellic acid |
| IBA | indole-3-butyric acid |
| MS medium | Murashige and Skoog medium |
| NAA | naphthaleneacetic acid |
19.
J. Robb 《Human Evolution》1994,9(3):215-229
In recent years anthropologists have made much progress in understanding ancient activities from skeletal remains. In this
paper, material from the Iron Age cemetery at Pontecagnano (VII-IV century BC) is used to illustrate activity-related traits
of eight basic categories:
These traits, and others, can be used not only singly but in conjunction to define (a) patterns of activity and occupational
specialization for individuals, and (b) distributions within society reflecting the basic division of labor by geneder and
class. 相似文献
| (1) | idiosyncratic patterns of dental wear |
| (2) | activity-related articular degeneration |
| (3) | non-pathological functional alterations (neoformations, contact facets) |
| (4) | mechanical remodelling of bone architecture |
| (5) | enthesopathies (muscular lesions) |
| (6) | traumatic lesions |
| (7) | activity-related pathologies |
| (8) | activity-related nutritional characteristics |
20.
Waddington CH 《Journal of genetics》2006,85(2):101-105
Summary
相似文献
| 1. | The phenotype of the ‘assimilated bithorax’ stock is due in part to a number of genes, on all the chromosomes, which act directly on the individuals containing them, and partly to a recessive X-chromosome condition which causes a maternal effect. |
| 2. | Attempts to break down the maternal-effect condition by crossing-over were unsuccessful. |
| 3. | The maternal effect condition, when made homozygous in a wild-type background, causes the appearance of some bithoraxes in the next generation. |
| 4. | The condition may have arisen by mutation during the course of the selection by which the assimilated stock was built up, but it may have been present in very low frequency in the initial population. |
| 5. | The offspring of females homozygous for the maternal-effect condition do not produce a higher percentage of bithoraxes, following ether treatment, than do flies of similar genotype from other mothers. |