Carbon Accumulation and Carbon Forms in Tissues During the Growth of Young Bamboo (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllostachy pubescens</Emphasis>)

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) is an important non-timber forest product (NTFP) in the forest ecological system of subtropical China. In this study of young bamboo, dynamic changes in height, biomass, and carbon accumulation were determined and tissue samples were analyzed by ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. Results showed that the time from the bamboo shoots sprouting to the formation of young bamboo was 35–40 d. Accumulation of biomass and carbon in young bamboos depended mainly on ground diameter and the length of time after the bamboo shoots sprouted. NMR spectroscopy of tissue samples showed that O-alkyl carbon was found to dominate the tissue carbon, and it accounted for approximately 70%. The relative ratios of different carbon forms did not significantly change with the growth of young bamboo, suggesting that different carbon forms were stable with the carbon accumulation in the growth period of young bamboo.     

竹子箨叶形态性状的种间差异及其与竹笋食味品质指标的关系

竹笋是大众喜爱的森林蔬菜,其食味品质存在种间差异,且出土前后品质存在明显的变异.箨叶是竹笋的重要器官,居于箨鞘顶端,是竹笋出土时最先感光部位,是否与竹笋食味品质变异密切相关?目前尚不清楚.为此,以同一地点、立地条件和人工干扰措施一致的6个属22个竹种为对象,分析了不同竹种箨叶形态性状和竹笋食味品质指标,为揭示竹笋食味品...     

低氧气调包装对去壳雷笋褐变和木质化的影响

研究了在厚度为0.04 mm的聚乙烯(PE)袋内充气成分为2%O2、5%CO2和93%N2于10℃下贮藏时气调袋装去壳雷笋褐变和木质化进程.与对照相比,低氧气调包装(MAP)抑制了去壳雷笋贮藏前期丙二醛(MDA)的生成,显著抑制了过氧化物酶(POD)(P＜0.05)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性(P＜0.01),最终显著抑制了笋肉的褐变(P＜0.01),显著抑制了木质素(P＜0.05)和纤维素的合成,从而延长了保鲜期.去壳雷笋的褐变可能由POD和PAL活性作用引起.POD和PAL活性的增加也可能诱导了木质素的合成.     

臭氧处理对圈养大熊猫食用竹笋的保鲜

<正>竹笋是大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)最为喜爱的天然食物。竹笋相对于竹叶和竹茎含水量更丰富,粗纤维含量更低,适口性更好;大宗养分、微量元素、必需氨基酸等含量丰富(周昂等,1996;唐平等,1997;周材权等,1997),而丹宁等具有微毒性的次生代谢物含量却最少(赵晓红等,2001),更利于大熊猫对生活必需营养的吸收     

蜂桶寨自然保护区小熊猫觅食特征和营养对策

2002 年4 ～11 月,在蜂桶寨自然保护区对小熊猫的觅食特征和营养对策进行了研究,并采用Vanderloeg 和Scavia 选择指数Ei衡量小熊猫对竹笋和竹茎年龄的选择程度。结果表明,小熊猫食物由竹叶(70.5% )、竹笋(22.1% )、野果(7.2% )以及毛(0.2% )等组成。小熊猫几乎全以冷箭竹为食,未发现采食短锥玉山竹。春季食物主要由竹叶和竹笋组成,夏秋季主要由竹叶和果实组成,而冬季以竹叶为主。小熊猫对竹笋、竹叶的觅食具有很强的选择性。基径在3 mm 以上被采食竹笋,E_i的值为0.071 9 ～0. 094 4,竹高在10 ～70 cm 未被采食竹笋, E_i 的值为0.149 6 ～0.1989。对不同年龄竹茎和竹叶的选择在各个月份间存在变化,4 ～6 月一年生、二年生和多年生竹竹叶E_i分别为0. 036 2 、0.224 8 和0.487 6, 7 ～8 月三者E_i分别为0.0071、0.0027 和0. 0098,9～11 月特别喜食当年生老笋上的竹叶(E_i =0.552 1)。此外,小熊猫在6 ～ 8 月还特别喜食已展开(53.4% )和未展开的卷曲嫩叶(36.3% ),不喜食较老的竹叶(10.3% )。小熊猫的食性及其对食物的选择体现了在长期进化过程中觅食对策的优化,可最大化觅食过程中的物质或能量摄入。     

采后预冷处理和贮藏温度对台湾绿竹笋鲜笋老化的影响

研究采后预冷处理和贮藏温度对台湾绿竹笋鲜笋老化的影响。结果表明,采后预冷处理和贮藏温度对台湾绿竹笋的老化速度、保鲜期和失重率有显著影响。采后预冷处理抑制鲜笋的老化,降低其老化率,延长保鲜期。(5±0.5) ℃恒温箱贮藏下,鲜笋的老化率、失重率低于(30±0.5) ℃恒温箱贮藏,贮藏期则相反。贮藏3、6、9、12 d,(5±0.5) ℃恒温贮藏下的鲜笋失重率均低于1%;(30±0.5) ℃恒温贮藏下,鲜笋失重率分别为26.32%、38.10%、48.04%、55.23%。     

Role of O-Methyltransferase in the Lignification of Bamboo

Characterization of S-adenosylmethionine: catechol O-methyltransferase (EC. 2. 1. 1.6) isolated from bamboo shoot was carried out. Ferulic and sinapic acids which are believed to be lignin precursors are formed by the mediation of the enzyme, and the enzyme activity increased progressively during the lignification of bamboo shoots. Evidences suggest that this enzyme may contribute to the synthesis of lignin precursors.     

毛竹种群向针阔林扩张的根系形态可塑性

为了弄清毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)向针阔林扩张过程中根系的形态可塑性反应,在浙江天目山自然保护区毛竹向针阔林扩张的典型过渡地带,连续区域上设置毛竹纯林、针阔-毛竹混交林(以下简称过渡林)、针阔林3种样地。用根钻法采集样地毛竹根系、针阔树根系并比对其生物量密度、细根比根长、相邻同级侧根节点距等形态特征参数变化。结果表明:随着毛竹的扩张程度增加,林内根系生物量密度增加;且与针阔树竞争过程中毛竹将更多的根系放置于表层;同时在水平方向上随离样株距离的增加未出现明显变化,而针阔树根系则随离样木距离的增加而逐渐减少;毛竹根系比根长明显增加,平均增幅15%;一、二级侧根节点距则均有所下降,毛竹侧根数量增多。这些结果表明毛竹种群可通过根系生物量密度、细根比根长、相邻同级侧根节点距等形态可塑性方式实现向周边森林扩张。     

微波处理对绿竹笋保鲜的影响

对微波处理后绿竹笋的酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber, ADF)质量分数的变化及保鲜情况进行了研究,结果表明:ADF质量分数的增加,前期快、后期慢;对照(微波0 s)ADF质量分数增加速率显著高于各微波笋样;微波对其抑制作用明显.笋保鲜时间受到微波、微生物等因素的影响;低温保存、无保鲜剂涂膜,竹笋到第8天仍具较好的可食品质.     

Evolutional study on acetylcholine expression

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a well-known neurotransmitter in the cholinergic nervous systems of vertebrates and insects; however, there is only indirect evidence for its presence in lower invertebrates, such as plants and fungi. We therefore investigated the expression of ACh in invertebrates (sea squirt, sea urchin, trepang, squid, abalone, nereis, sea anemone, coral and sponge), plants (arabidopsis, eggplant, bamboo shoot, cedar, hinoki, pine, podcarp, fern, horsetail and moss), fungi (yeast and mushroom) and bacteria by assaying ACh content and synthesis, focusing on the presence of two synthetic enzymes, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and carnitine acetyltransferase (CarAT). Using a specific radioimmunoassay, ACh was detected in all samples tested. The levels varied considerably, however, with the upper portion of bamboo shoots having the highest content (2.9 micromol/g). ACh synthesis was also detected in all samples tested; moreover, the activity in most samples from the animal kingdom, as well as bamboo shoots and the stem of the shiitake mushroom, were sensitive to both ChAT and CarAT inhibitors. Levels of ACh synthesis were lower in samples from other plants, fungi and bacteria and were insensitive to ChAT and CarAT inhibitors. These findings demonstrate the presence of ACh and ACh-synthesizing activity in evolutionally primitive life as well as in more complex multicellular organisms. In the context of the recent discovery of non-neuronal ACh in various mammalian species, these findings suggest that ACh been expressed in organisms from the beginning of life, functioning as a local mediator as well as a neurotransmitter.     

施肥对毛竹（Phyllostachys pubescens）竹笋生长的影响

 毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)为具有重要经济价值的高大乔木状竹种。本文通过完全随机化区组施肥试验,探讨了施肥量及施肥方式对毛竹竹笋生长的效应。结果表明：在毛竹林内施肥可使出笋数和活笋数提高3倍以上,但对竹笋(幼竹)的个体大小却几乎没有改良效果。竹笋的存活率基本上是恒定的,不随施肥量的改变而改变。当地下茎(竹鞭)穿越养分分布不均的环境时,竹笋能有选择地大量长于养分丰富的地段而避开养分贫乏的地段。另一方面,跨越于有利地段和不利地段的竹(笋)株间有明显的生理整合作用,而且这种生理整合在显著增加了长在不利地段的竹笋数(高收益)的同时,基本上没有减少长在有利地段的竹笋数(低耗费)。9m×9m的样方已足以观测到显著的施肥效果,这比传统的毛竹研究中使用的1亩的样方面积效率要高。在竹林培育方面,不均匀施肥如带状或点状施肥要比均匀施肥效率高。     

Radiocesium Distribution in Bamboo Shoots after the Fukushima Nuclear Accident

The distribution of radiocesium was examined in bamboo shoots, Phyllostachys pubescens, collected from 10 sites located some 41 to 1140 km from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, Japan, in the Spring of 2012, 1 year after the Fukushima nuclear accident. Maximum activity concentrations for radiocesium ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs in the edible bamboo shoot parts, 41 km away from the Fukushima Daiichi plant, were in excess of 15.3 and 21.8 kBq/kg (dry weight basis; 1.34 and 1.92 kBq/kg, fresh weight), respectively. In the radiocesium-contaminated samples, the radiocesium activities were higher in the inner tip parts, including the upper edible parts and the apical culm sheath, than in the hardened culm sheath and underground basal parts. The radiocesium/potassium ratios also tended to be higher in the inner tip parts. The radiocesium activities increased with bamboo shoot length in another bamboo species, Phyllostachys bambusoides, suggesting that radiocesium accumulated in the inner tip parts during growth of the shoots.     

糙花少穗竹生物学特性观察

糙花少穗竹是福建优良乡土竹种,笋材两用,其竹鞭、竹笋、幼竹生长节律与单轴散生竹毛竹相似。竹鞭垂直分布多数在土层20 cm范围,4~15 m长的鞭系占78.1%,发笋期较集中在3月中下旬,单个笋重为盛期笋> 初期笋> 末期笋。从笋出土到幼竹高生长停止,可分为初期、上升期、盛期和末期。但竹鞭垂直分布比毛竹浅,出笋期比毛竹早,且出笋没有明显的大小年,具有较高的开发利用价值。在自然分布区可根据其生物学特性、竹鞭生长与发笋成竹规律采取相应技术措施,垦复改造荒芜野生竹林,2~3年即可郁闭成林。     

竹笋期竹箨和笋体的日间蒸腾特性及其对水分运输的影响

竹子的高速生长主要发生在无枝无叶的笋期, 并对水分需求巨大。水分不仅参与植物体内各种代谢, 而且水分转运可促进光合产物、矿质元素、生长激素等物质流动。竹子夜间主要由根压驱动水分转运, 但在日间尤其是下午根压基本为负值, 明确竹笋日间蒸腾作用发生机制及其对水分运输的影响对竹林培育有重要意义。该研究以不同伸长阶段的慈竹(Bambusa emeiensis)笋为材料, 研究了茎秆和竹箨的气孔特征、气孔导度与蒸腾速率等生理特征及在离体条件下竹笋的水分转运速率。结果表明: 1)不同发育状态的竹笋茎秆及箨鞘表面均分布有大量气孔, 气孔小且凹陷, 光合速率及叶绿素a、b含量极低, 但气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著高于成熟叶片, 表明笋体和箨鞘是竹笋主要的呼吸和蒸腾部位。2)离体条件下竹笋的番红示踪表明, 高生长阶段的竹笋茎秆中番红上升速率较快, 有着较强的蒸腾。竹箨分离后, 番红仍然能够扩散和运输, 表明笋体茎秆也存在一定的蒸腾, 但与竹箨包裹的竹笋相比, 番红在分离竹箨后的笋体中上升速度显著下降, 表明竹箨对笋体内水分运输影响较大。3)箨环处的组织解剖发现, 节间的纵向维管束在竹节处特化形成一个类板状结构, 弯曲伸入竹箨, 是竹箨影响笋体内水分运输的重要结构基础。上述结果表明, 日间竹笋水分通过茎秆和竹箨表面的气孔大量蒸散, 产生蒸腾拉力驱动笋体内水分转运。该研究也发现, 随着茎秆成熟, 竹箨松动并开始脱落, 茎秆表面的气孔宽度增加, 加大了气孔的开口大小, 增大了节间气孔与大气水气交换的有效面积, 在一定程度上弥补了竹箨脱落时减少的蒸腾拉力。     

秦岭大熊猫冬春季节对巴山木竹竹林生长指标的选择

2004~2005年冬季的12月、1月和春季的4月、5月,在秦岭山系南坡佛坪自然保护区内就大熊猫对构成其主要栖息地和食物来源的巴山木竹竹林的选择进行研究后的结果表明:在冬季,大熊猫栖息地多为幼竹与死竹比例基本持平、密度稳定的巴山木竹竹林,主要取食老竹;在春季,大熊猫更偏好选择竹子密度和盖度略低、竹子粗壮高大、幼竹与竹笋比例高的竹林活动,主要取食幼竹。大熊猫春季栖息地幼竹比例通常高过死竹比例,竹林密度处于增长期。竹林进入发笋期后,稀疏、高大的竹林下的粗大竹笋成为大熊猫的主要食物来源。     

Effect of UV-C treatment on modulating antioxidative system and proline metabolism of bamboo shoots subjected to chilling stress

Bamboo shoots are highly nutritious but difficult to preserve even under low temperature since they are sensitive to chilling. In the present research, bamboo shoots were exposed to UV-C light (4.1 kJ/m²) prior to 56 days storage at 1 °C to evaluate the potential of UV-C treatment on alleviating chilling injury (CI) of bamboo shoots under cold storage. CI incidence and physiological and biochemical characteristics associated with CI were determined during storage. The results showed that UV-C treatment apparently inhibited the development of CI and resulted lower EI and MDA content than that of the control. Further investigation demonstrated that UV-C treatment increased activities of CAT, APX, GR and DPPH scavenging activity of bamboo shoots, which greatly contribute to alleviating CI. The increases in both O₂ ^? production rate and H₂O₂ content of UV-C-treated bamboo shoots were significantly delayed, PAL activity was increased which contributed to enhancing accumulation of TP, and endogenous proline synthesis was promoted, which resulted from the increased activity of P5CS and decreased PDH activity. The results above suggest that the improved antioxidative defense system and enhanced proline accumulation is the underlying mechanism that UV-C treatment enhanced chilling tolerance in bamboo shoots.     

Analysis of the cellulose synthase genes associated with primary cell wall synthesis in Bambusa oldhamii

The synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides is highly active in rapidly growing bamboo shoots. We cloned a set of BoCesA cDNAs that encode cellulose synthase from bamboo (Bambusa oldhamii) and investigated the expression patterns of the BoCesA2, BoCesA5, BoCesA6 and BoCesA7 genes. The four BoCesA genes were differentially expressed in the different parts of growing bamboo shoots, in various organs, and in multiple shoots that were cultured in vitro. They were down-regulated by α-naphthaleneacetic acid and differentially affected by thidiazuron in the multiple shoots. In situ RT-PCR analyses demonstrated that BoCesA2, BoCesA5, BoCesA6, and BoCesA7 mRNAs were present throughout the base and the internode regions of the etiolated shoots that emerged from pseudorhizomes, and in the internode regions of the juvenile branch shoots that emerged from nodes of mature bamboo culms; however, the expression of the four genes in the lignified internode of the branch shoot was predominantly detected in the center of the vascular bundles. Our results for cDNA cloning, expression analyses, and phylogenetic analysis suggest that the 10 BoCesA genes cloned from the etiolated bamboo shoots participate in cellulose synthesis in the primary cell walls of the growing bamboo, and that at least three additional BoCesA genes involved in cellulose synthesis in the secondary walls may be present in the bamboo genome. The expressions of BoCesA genes may be under fine control in response to the various developmental stages and physiological conditions of bamboo.     

慈竹的数量生态研究

 慈竹生态研究的结果如下：(1)用逐步回归分析模型分析,慈竹竹丛密度仅与土壤厚度关系密切．慈竹高度、胸径与海拔成正相关。(2)用逐步回归法分析笋生长量与气候因子间的关系,证明笋的逐日生长量与湿度,温度和降雨量有较密切关系,笋在一天内有两个生长高峰。(3)自然条件下,出笋数主要与土厚密切相关,退笋数受母竹高和出笋数所制约,好笋数主要受土厚和竹高影响。