New Phytologist 140 (1998), 363–383

In the November 1998 issue of New Phytologist , we published the Tansley review 'Gibberellins: regulating genes and germination' by Sian Ritchie and Simon Gilroy ( New Phytol. (1998) 140 , 363–383). Since its publication, it has come to our attention that text associated with Fig. 4 was omitted during production. The correct figure is reprinted here in full.
We apologise to the author and to our readers for this mistake.
Figure 4. Promoter sequences of various genes expressed in the cereal aleurone and shown to be regulated by GA. The position of each sequence is indicated relative to the start codon. Regions identified as being involved in regulation of the genes are highlighted, as are similar regions in other genes. Sites at which protein has been shown to bind are also indicated. ( a ) Barley Amy 32b (Sutcliff et al ., 1993; Whittier et al ., 1987); wheat Amy 2/54 (Huttley et al ., 1992; Rushton et al ., 1992; Rushton et al ., 1995); barley Amy 46 (Khursheed & Rogers, 1988); barley Amy 2/p155 (Knox et al ., 1987); barley aleurain (Whittier et al ., 1987); barley β-glucanase II (Wolf, 1992); wheat cathepsin B-like (Cejudo et al ., 1992); rice ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (Chen et al ., 1995). ( b ). Wheat Amy 1/18 (Rushton et al ., 1992); barley Amy pHV 19 (Jacobsen & Close, 1991; Gubler & Jacobsen, 1992)/ Amy 1 / 6-4 (Khursheed & Rogers, 1988; Rogers, Lanahan & Rogers 1994); rice OSamy-a / Amy 3c (Ou-Lee et al ., 1988; Sutcliff et al ., 1991; Yu et al ., 1992; Goldman et al ., 1994); rice Amy 3B (Sutcliffe et al ., 1991); rice OSamy-c (Kim et al ., 1992; Kim & Wu, 1992; Tanida et al ., 1994); rice Amy 1A (Huang et al ., 1990; Itoh et al ., 1995).
Figure 4 ( b ). For legend see facing page.     

Multiple Forms and Distribution of Calcium/Calmodulin-Stimulated Protein Kinase II in Brain

In recent years, the enzyme Ca²⁺/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase II¹ (CaM-PK II) as attracted a great deal of interest. CaM-PK II is the most abundant calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase in brain, where it is particularly enriched in neurons (Ouimet et al., 1984; Erondu and Kennedy, 1985; Lin et al., 1987; Scholz et al., 1988). Neuronal CaM-PK II has been suggested to be involved in several phenomena associated with synaptic plasticity (Lisman and Goldring, 1988; Kelly, 1992), including long-term potentiation (Malinow et al., 1988; Malenka et al.,1989), neurotransmission (Nichols et al., 1990; Siekevitz, 1991), and learning (for review, see Rostas, 1991). This enzyme has also been postulated to be selectively vulnerable in several pathological condition, including epilepsy/kindling (Bronstein et al.,1990; Wu et al., 1990), cerebral ischemia (Taft et al., 1988), and organophosphorus toxicity (Abou-Donia and Lapadula, 1990).     

Neospora caninum Infection in a Litter of Labrador Retriever Dogs in Denmark

Neospora caninum is a recently recognized cyst-forming coccidian parasite associated with severe encephalomyelitis and myositis in dogs of different breeds and ages (Bjerkås et al 1984, Bjerkås & Presthus 1988, Dubey et al. 1988), but has for many years been misdiagnosed as Toxoplasma gondii. In some dogs, the main clinical sign has been attributed to polyradiculoneuritis (Dubey et al. 1988, Cuddon et al. 1992). Furthermore, ulcerative dermatitis (Dubey et al. 1988) and megaoesophagus have been reported (Wolf et al. 1991). The life cycle of the parasite and mode of infection have not been clarified, but transplacental infection seems so far to be the natural route of transmission between intermediate hosts (Dubey & Lindsay 1989). It has been speculated that the disease in young and adult dogs might be due to reactivation of a persistent infection because corticosteroid therapy can activate a latent N. caninum infection (Dubey & Lindsay 1993).     

Index of new names of syntaxa published in 1991

This Index collects the new names of syntaxa (in the sense of the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature,Barkman et al. 1986) above subassociation rank found in the literature received by the Library of the Conservatoire Botanique in Geneva. For the year 1991 591 names have been listed. Each one is accompanied by an appreciation about its validity with respect to the Code of Nomenclature. 25 names are given in addition to the Indexes 1988, 1989 and 1990 (Theurillat & Moravec 1991, 1992, 1993).     

Role of ICAM-3 in Intercellular Adhesion and Activation of T Lymphocytes

The immune system requires a fine regulation of intercellular communication for its normal function. There are several regulated molecular pathways involved in leukocyte cell interactions (Springer, 1990; Hynes, 1992). Among them, the interaction of the leukocyte integrin LFA-1 (CDlla/CD18) with its ligands provides multiple accessory adhesion signals of capital importance during different functions of the immune response, such as antigen presentation (Harding and Unanue, 1991), T-B lymphocyte interaction (Moy and Brian, 1992), cellular cytotoxicity (Makgoba et al., 1988; Altmann et al., 1989; Davignon et al, 1981; Akella and Hall, 1992), allogenic and autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions (Bagnasco et al., 1990) and recirculation and homing of lymphocytes through tissue endothelium (Hamann et al., 1988; Pals et al, 1988).     

Role of ICAM-3 in Intercellular Adhesion and Activation of T Lymphocytes

The immune system requires a fine regulation of intercellular communication for its normal function. There are several regulated molecular pathways involved in leukocyte cell interactions (Springer, 1990; Hynes, 1992). Among them, the interaction of the leukocyte integrin LFA-1 (CDlla/CD18) with its ligands provides multiple accessory adhesion signals of capital importance during different functions of the immune response, such as antigen presentation (Harding and Unanue, 1991), T-B lymphocyte interaction (Moy and Brian, 1992), cellular cytotoxicity (Makgoba et al., 1988; Altmann et al., 1989; Davignon et al, 1981; Akella and Hall, 1992), allogenic and autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions (Bagnasco et al., 1990) and recirculation and homing of lymphocytes through tissue endothelium (Hamann et al., 1988; Pals et al, 1988).     

The phylogeny and classification of Scaphopoda (Mollusca): an assessment of current resolution and cladistic reanalysis

The first cladistic analysis of phylogeny in the class Scaphopoda (Steiner 1992a,1996) examined relationships among family and selected sub-family taxa using morphological data. A preferred/ consensus tree of relationships illustrated monophyly of the orders Dentaliida and Gadilida, partial resolution among dentaliid families, and complete resolution among gadilid taxa. However, several alternative replications of the analysis, including use of a revised data matrix, did not produce the reported tree number or level of resolution; in all cases, monophyly of the Dentaliida was not supported by strict consensus of resultant parsimonious trees. Reanalysis, using unordered characters and outgroup rooting, only clearly resolves monophyly of the Gadilida and the sister relationship of the Entalinidae with the remaining gadilid families. These analyses emphasize the need for more comparative data and thorough parsimony analysis in scaphopod cladistic phylogenetics, as relationships in this class are still some way from resolution.     

NAMES AND ORIGINS

Abstract — Contrary to the impression given by Trueman (1996), Bremer (1988) introduced what is now called Bremer support; Faith (1991) did not. Neither did Mishler and Donoghue (1991). Attaching Faith and Cranston's (1991) acronym PTP to Archie's (1989) test does not help make the authorship clear, and the same applies to Källersjö et al.'s (1992) total support test.     

Synamorphy,monophyly, and cladistic analysis: A reply to Wilkinson

Wilkinson (1991) suggests that the problems of polarity decisions and homoplasy in a cladistic analysis may be solved if cladists simply accept plesiomorphy as a reliable indicator of monophyly. Here we argue that: (1) Wilkinson's argument is based on misapprehension of synapomorphy and the problem of homoplasy; (2) His proposed methodology fails to consider the full ramifications of rooting, polarity, and parsimony; and (3) His method does not solve the problems he raises. We demonstrate the limitations of this methodology by using Wilkinson's practical example. We find no justification for the assertion that plesiomorphy may reliably delimit monophyly and recommend against Wilkinson's suggested methodological revisions.     

A case of co-operative nursing and offspring care by mother and daughter feral horses

Among mammals, non-offspring nursing is the most extreme form of communal parenting. This is because lactation is the most energetically costly part of parental investment (Clutton-Brock, 1991; Packer, Lewis & Pusey, 1992). Non-offspring nursing is most common in species characterized by large litters and small kin groups (Packer et al ., 1992; e.g. lions Panthera leo : Pusey & Packer, 1994). Although non-offspring nursing has also been reported in monotocous species (e.g. water buffalo Bubalus bubalus , Murphey et al ., 1995; African elephant Loxodonta africana : Dublin, 1983; Lee, 1987; Indian elephant Elaphus maximus : MacKay, 1973; Rapaport & Haight, 1987; fallow deer Cervus dama : San José & Braza, 1993) it is almost always associated with reproductive errors (Riedman, 1982) such as milk theft or exclusive adoption (Packer et al ., 1992). However, simultaneous non-offspring nursing in monotocous species has been reported in some bat species (e.g. McCracken, 1984; Eales, Bullock & Slater, 1988), African elephants (Lee, 1987), and captive Indian elephants (Rapaport & Haight, 1987). Recent research, however, suggests that nutritive non-offspring nursing in African elephants is rarer than previously thought as most reported instances were probably non-lactating juveniles allowing infants to suckle (Lee & Moss, 1986; Lee, 1987, 1989).     

Human molars from later Pleistocene deposits of Witkrans Cave,Gaap Escarpment,Kalahari Margin

Human molars from travertine deposits of Witkrans Cave (Gaap Escarpment, northern Cape Province, South Africa) are described. The Witkrans molars were discovered in direct association with later Pleistocene faunal remains and a sample of Middle Stone Age artifacts (Peabody, 1954; Clark, 1971; Sampson, 1974; Klein, 1984; Volman, 1984). The morphology and dimensions of the Witkrans molars resemble remains from other localities of similar age in southern Africa (Singer & Wymer, 1982; Grine & Klein, 1985; Grine et al., 1991; Rightmire & Deacon 1991) but exhibit differences from later Pleistocene occurrences in northern Africa (McBurney et al. 1953; Vallois & Roche, 1958; Ennouchi, 1969; Hublin & Tillier, 1981). These results offer further support for the existence of later Pleistocene human populations south of the Sahara which were distinct from contemporaneous peoples of Mediterranean Africa (Howell, 1978; Brauer, 1984; Rightmire, 1984; Klein 1992).     

What do we know about chrysidoid (Hymenoptera) relationships?

The phylogeny of the superfamily Chrysidoidea is reviewed. Relationships among the families proposed by Carpenter (1986) were confirmed by Brothers & Carpenter (1993) . The status of knowledge of phylogenetic relationships within families is assessed. Cladistic analyses have been undertaken only within Plumariidae (by Roig-Alsina 1994 ; a manual analysis of genera), Chrysididae (by Kimsey & Bohart 1991 ; a manual analysis of subfamilies and tribes, and genera within subfamilies) and Bethylidae (by Sorg 1988 ; a manual analysis of subfamilies, and genus groups within three of these; and by Polaszek & Krombein 1994 ; a quantitative cladistic analysis of the genera of Bethylinae). These analyeses are critically evaluated, and the current classifications within all the families examined cladistically. Generic relationships are investigated within Scolebythidae and Embolemidae; subfamily relationships are investigated within Sclerogibbidae and Dryinidae.     

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SPHAEROPLEA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

A systematic investigation of the genus Sphaeroplea was conducted using cladistic analyses of both structural and isozyme characters for the same set of taxa. The structural data were not able to fully resolve some of the taxa while the isozyme data did produce a tree in which all nodes were supported by data. The structural characters were relatively consistent with one another, whereas the isozyme characters were much less internally consistent. Results from independent, cladistic analyses of both data sets support the concept that among those Sphaeroplea species investigated, S. fragilis Buchheim et Hoffman had an early divergence. The two data sets differed primarily in that the structural data support monophyly of the genus Sphaeroplea and the isozyme data do not. The greater relative consistency of the structural data suggests better support for trees inferred from its analysis. Furthermore, searches for character congruence between the two data sets revealed isozyme data which support monophyly of the genus Sphaeroplea, but had been overwhelmed by conflicting isozyme characters.     

Molecular systematics of Psocomorpha (Psocoptera)

Abstract.  Previous classification of the insect order Psocoptera has relied on morphological characters. Psocoptera are generally divided into three suborders: Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha, and Psocomorpha. Traditional classification divides the Psocomorpha into four infraorders (Homilopsocidea, Caeciliusetae, Psocetae and Epipsocetae), but a recent morphological cladistic study removed Archipsocidae from Homilopsocidea and Hemipsocidae from Psocetae. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships within the suborder Psocomorpha using DNA sequences from the nuclear 18S and mitochondrial 16S, 12S and cytochrome oxidase I genes. Phylogenetic analyses of these gene sequences supported monophyly for Psocomorpha. In addition, monophyly of the traditional subgroups Caeciliusetae and Psocetae was generally supported. Monophyly of Homilopsocidea was not supported, and Archipsocus is removed from this group. Although the molecular phylogeny is generally consistent with recent cladistic studies of morphological characters, we found no evidence that Hemipsocidae should be removed from Psocetae.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Bakker, T. C. M., & K. Kortmulder, eds. (1990): Essays in honour of Piet Sevenster (Festschrift für Piet Sevenster). Bateson, P., ed. (1991): The development and integration of behaviour: Essays in honour of Robert Hinde (Verhaltensentwicklung. Baerends, G., C. Beer, & A. Manning, eds. (1976): Function and evolution in behaviour: Essays in honour of Professor Niko Tinbergen (Verhaltensanpassung. van der Dennen, J., & V. Falger, eds. (1990): Sociobiology and conflict. Evolutionary perspectives on competition, cooperation, violence and warfare (Soziobiologie und Konflikt. Vogel, C. (1989): Vom Töten zum Mord; das wirklich Böse in der Evolutionsgeschichte (From killing to murder; the real evil in evolution). Harcourt, A. H., & F. B. M. de Waal, eds. (1992): Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals (Bündnisse bei Menschen und anderen Tieren). Barnett, S. A. (1988): Biology and freedom. An essay on the implications of human ethology (Biologie und Freiheit. Mayr, E. (1991): One long argument. Charles Darwin and the genesis of modern evolutionary thought (Eine einzige lange Beweisführung. Harwood, J. (1993): Styles of scientific thought. The German genetics community 1900–1933 (Denkweisen der Wissenschaft. Deichmann, U. (1992): Biologen unter Hitler (Biologists in Germany, 1933–1945). Elgar, M. A., & B. J. Crespi, eds. (1992): Cannibalism. Ecology and evolution among diverse taxa (Kannibalismus. Foelix, R. F. (1992): Biologie der Spinnen (Biology of spiders. Moritz, R. F. A., & E. E. Southwick (1992): Bees as superorganisms. Baras, E. (1992): Étude des stratégies d'occupation du temps et de l'espace chez le barbeau fluviatile, Barbus barbus (L.). Lundberg, A., & R. V. Alatalo (1992): The pied flycatcher (Der Trauerschnäpper). Gaston, A. J. (1992): The ancient murrelet: a natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands (Naturgeschichte der Silberalken auf den Queen Charlotte-Inseln). Epple, W. (1993): Schleiereulen (Barn owls). Schassburger, R. M. (1993): Vocal communication in the timber wolf, Canis lupus, Linnaeus. Haller, H. (1992): Zur Ökologie des Luchses Lynx lynx im Verlauf seiner Wiederansiedlung in den Walliser Alpen (Ecology of the lynx during its re-introduction in the Valais, Swiss Alps). Clutton-Brock, T. H., & S. D. Albon (1989): Red deer in the highlands (Rothirsche im Hochland). König, A. (1992): Untersuchungen zum Scanning-Verhalten beim Weißbüschelaffen (Callithrix jacchus Erxleben 1777) (Scanning behaviour in marmosets). Ceska, V., H.-U. Hoffmann, & K.-H. Winkelsträter, eds. (1992): Lemuren im Zoo. Kummer, H. (1992): Weiße Affen am Roten Meer. Das soziale Leben der Wüstenpaviane (White monkeys at the Red Sea. Französische Ausgabe (1993): Vies de singes. M?urs et structures sociales des babouins hamadryas. Traduction autorisée par O. Mannoni; Ed. Estes, R. (1991): The behavior guide to African mammals (Feldführer zum Verhalten afrikanischer Säugetiere).     

CFTR: Domains, Structure, and Function

Mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) cause cystic fibrosis (CF) (Collins, 1992). Over 500 naturally occurring mutations have been identified in CF gene which are located in all of the domains of the protein (Kerem et al., 1990; Mercier et al., 1993; Ghanem et al., 1994; Fanen et al., 1992; Ferec et al., 1992; Cutting et al., 1990). Early studies by several investigators characterized CFTR as a chloride channel (Anderson et al.; 1991b,c; Bear et al., 1991). The complex secondary structure of the protein suggested that CFTR might possess other functions in addition to being a chloride channel. Studies have established that the CFTR functions not only as a chloride channel but is indeed a regulator of sodium channels (Stutts et al., 1995), outwardly rectifying chloride channels (ORCC) (Gray et al., 1989; Garber et al., 1992; Egan et al., 1992; Hwang et al., 1989; Schwiebert et al., 1995) and also the transport of ATP (Schwiebert et al., 1995; Reisin et al., 1994). This mini-review deals with the studies which elucidate the functions of the various domains of CFTR, namely the transmembrane domains, TMD1 and TMD2, the two cytoplasmic nucleotide binding domains, NBD1 and NBD2, and the regulatory, R, domain.     

瘿绵蚜科系统发育研究（同翅目：蚜总科）

采用支序分析的方法对瘿绵蚜科的系统发育进行了探讨。研究结果表明,传统的倍蚜族Schlechtendalini、五节根蚜族Fordini和瘿绵蚜族Pemphigini 是单系群,传统的 卷叶绵蚜族Prociphilini 和四脉绵蚜族Tetraneurini是并系群。在瘿绵蚜科的三个亚科中,瘿绵蚜亚科与五节根蚜亚科亲缘关系比与绵蚜亚科更近。另外,根据支序分析结果,建议将丽绵蚜属Formosaphis从瘿绵蚜亚科移入五节根蚜亚科中。     

CORRECTING AERIAL SURVEY COUNTS OF HARBOR SEALS (PHOCA VITULINA RICHARDSI) IN WASHINGTON AND OREGON

Aerial surveys of harbor seals on land produce only a minimum assessment of the population; a correction factor to account for the missing animals is necessary to estimate total abundance. In 1991 and 1992, VHF radio tags were deployed on harbor seals ( n = 124) at six sites in Washington and Oregon. During aerial surveys a correction factor to account for seals in the water was determined from the proportion of radio-tagged seals on shore during the pupping season. This proportion ranged from 0.54 to 0.74. Among the six sites there was no significant difference in the proportion of animals on shore nor was there a difference in age/sex categories of seals on shore between sites. The pooled correction factor for determining total population abundance was 1.53. An additional 32 seals were radio tagged in 1993 at one of the sites used in 1991. Comparing data from the two years, we found no interannual variation. Aerial surveys of all known harbor seal haul-out sites in Washington ( n = 319) and Oregon ( n = 68) were flown during the peak of the pupping season, 1991–1993. The Washington and Oregon harbor seal population was divided into two stocks based on pupping phenology, morphometics, and genetics. Mean counts for the Washington inland stock were 8,710 in 1991, 9,018 in 1992, and 10,092 in 1993. Oregon and Washington coastal stock mean counts were 18,363 in 1991, 18,556 in 1992, and 17,762 in 1993. Multiplying the annual count by the correction factor yielded estimates of harbor seal abundance in the Washington inland stock of 13,326 (95% CI = 11,637–15,259) for 1991, 13,798 (95% CI = 11,980–15,890) for 1992, and 15,440 (95% CI = 13,382–17,814) for 1993. In the Oregon and Washington coastal stock the corrected estimate of harbor seal abundance was 28,094 (95% CI = 24,697–31,960) in 1991, 28,391 (95% CI = 24,847–32,440) for 1992, and 27,175 (95% CI = 23,879–30,926) for 1993.     

Books

Book reviewed in this article: Berndt , R.K. & Busche , G. (eds). 1993. Vogelwelt Schleswig-Hoisteins. Band 4: Entenvagel I1 (Kolbenente-Ruderente). Bildstein . K.L. 1993. White Ibis, wetland wanderer. Birkan , M., Pm , G.R., Aebischher , N.J. & Dowell , S.D. (eds). 1992. Perdix VI. First International Symposium on Partridges, Quails and Francolins. Gibier Faune Sauvage. Birkhead , T. 1993. Great Auk Islands. A field biologist in the Arctic. Butler . D. & Merton , D. 1992. The Black Robin: Saving the world's most endangered bird. Clancey , P.A. 1992. Kingfishers of Sub-Saharan Africa. Standard edition. Committee on the Scientific Bases for the Preservation of the Hawaiian Crow . 1992. The Scientific Bases for the Preservation of the Hawaiian Crow. Cramp , S. & Perrins , C.M. (eds). 1993. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Sonograms reprinted from Volume VII. Flycatchers to Shrikes. De Blieu . J. 1991. Meant to be Wild. The Struggle to Save Endangered Species through Captive Breeding. Einarsson , P. 1991. Guide to the Birds Iceland. A Practical Handbook for Identification. Eldredge , N. 1992. Systematics, Ecology and the Biodiversity Crisis. Gosler , A. 1993. The Great Tit. Hammond , N. & Pearson . B. 1993. Birds of Prey. Knystautas , A. 1993. Birds of Russia. Lack , P. & Ferguson . D. (eds). 1993. The Birds of Buckinghamshire. Lindsey , T.R. 1992. Encylopaedia of Australian Animals. Birds. Mac Kinnon , J. & Phillipps , K. 1993. A Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java. and Bali. Mc Farlane . R.W. 1992. A Stillness in the Pines. The Ratcliffe , D. 1993. The Peregrine Faicon. 2nd ed. Shrubb . M. 1993. The Kestrel. Sinclair . I., Hockey . P., Tarboton , W., Hayman . P. & Arlott , N. 1993. Illustrated Guide to the Birds of Southern Africa. Andrews , J. & Carter . S. (eds). 1993. Britain's Birds in 1990–91: The conservation and monitoring review. Bond , J.T & Hume . K. 1993. Birds: An artist's view. Carter , R.M. 1993. Finding Birds in South Carolina. Choremi . J., Choulis . D. & Spnhakis , V. 1993. The Birds of the Island of Chios Greece. Dennis , N. & Tarboton . W. 1993. Waterbirds. Birds of Southern Africa's Wetlands. Duckworth . D., Genoways , H.H. & Rose . C.L. 1991. Preserving Natural Science Collections: Chronicle of our environmental heritage. Epple , W., Holzinger , J. & Schmid , G. (cds). 1992. Artenschutzsym-posiuni Wendehals. Lambert , F.A. 1993. The Status of and Trade in North Moluccan Parrots with Particular Emphasis on Cacatua alba. Lorius garrulus and Eos squamatn. Moser . M. & van Vessem , J. (eds). 1993. Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation in South and West Asia. Olney . P.J.S. & Ellis , P. (eds). 1992. International Zoo Yearbook. Perrins , C.M., Le Breton , J-D. & Hirons , G.J.M. 1993. Bird Population Studies: Relevance to conservation and management. Ruge . K., Heidinger , C. & Havelka , P. (eds). 1993. Artenschutzsym-posium Spechte. ?tastny , K. & Bej?ek , V. (eds). 1990. Bird Census and Atlas Studies. Taylor . M. & Canberra Ornithologists Grow . 1992. Birds of the Australian Capital Territory, an Atlas. Walraven . E. 1992. Rescue and Rehabilitation of Oiled Birds: Field manual. Wilson , R.T. (ed.). 1993. Birds and the African Environment. Proceedings of the Eighth Pan–African Ornithological Congress. Won , P. 1993. [A Field Guide to the Birds of Korea]. World Conservation Centre . 1993. World Checklist of Threatened Birds. Jeffery Boswall