棉花幼铃脱落过程中IAA、ABA、MDA含量及SOD、POD活性的变化

经去柱头阻止受精或去叶处理即将脱落的棉幼铃,随脱落进程加快,人在生理变化均伴随膜脂过氧化加剂、ABA含量增加、POD活性提高,在脱落前达到最大值,而正常幼铃的变化平稳;IAA含量则逐渐减少,并明显低于正常幼铃的;SOD活性在开花后的前3天呈上升趋势,并明显高于正常铃的,以后又逐渐下降。超氧自由基（O2^-）的积累及其引起的膜脂过氧化伤害可能是影响幼铃内源激素平衡,导致幼铃脱落的重要原因之一。     

棉花幼铃发育过程中内源激素水平的变化及赤霉酸对它的影响

为了寻求内源激素水平与棉花幼铃脱落的关系,探讨棉花幼铃发育过程中内源激素的调节作用,分别研究了正常发育的幼铃、开花当天GA_3处理的正常铃、去柱头不受精、将在开花后4～6天脱落的幼铃,以及不受精但经GA_3处理因而不脱落的幼铃在发育或脱落过程中五类内源激素水平的变化。实验结果表明,在开花当天的正常子房中,已有IAA、ABA和CTK的存在,并释放甚多Eth,GA则在开花后第6天始可测出。随着幼铃日龄增长,五类激素的含量水平各有变化。IAA的含量在第6天急骤上升,第10天达到高峰,以后下降。CTK也在第6天急骤增高,并继续平稳上升,直至实验结束。开花当天的幼铃即释放相当多的Eth,开花以后逐渐下降,正常幼铃也含有相当高的ABA。至于日龄1～5的不受精幼铃及GA_3处理不受精幼铃,其IAA和CTK两类激素的含量,在处理和对照之间,差异不大;但是不受精幼铃中ABA含量和Eth释放量的变化却十分激烈,两者在幼铃脱落前都剧烈增加,但GA_3处理不受精幼铃不出现这种急骤增长的高峰。与此相应的是GA_3有效地防止了不受精幼铃的脱落。各类内源激素在铃壳和种子中的分布是不同的。IAA和CTK是种子多于铃壳,ABA和GA则铃壳多于种子。从以上实验结果看来,幼铃中ABA和Eth水平变化与幼铃脱落是密切相关的,脱落幼铃在脱落前ABA和Eth剧烈     

光对小麦幼叶脂氧合酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用的影响

选用抗旱型小麦品种陕合６号和水分敏感型小麦品种郑引１号的黄化幼苗为材料,研究了光处理对小麦幼叶脂氧合酶活性和膜脂氧化作用的影响。结果表明：光处理后黄叶变绿,叶片中的ＬＯＸ活性降低,丙二醛含量和叶绿素含量增加,膜透性升高,ＩＵＦＡ升高。ＬＯＸ活性与光抑制过程的恢复,光保护过程及膜脂过氧化作用有关。光诱导产生的膜脂过氧化作用是一种“准膜脂过氧化作用”。     

镉胁迫对平邑甜茶脂肪酸构成及脂质过氧化的影响

以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,研究了镉胁迫下幼苗叶片和根系膜脂肪酸构成、活性氧、脂氧合酶和丙二醛含量的变化.结果表明：氯化镉处理后7～12 h,脂肪酸种类及其相对含量变化最为明显.处理后7 h,叶片和根系脂肪酸不饱和水平升至最高,含量分别达8282%和7243%;叶片可检测到的脂肪酸在处理后12 h由11种增至14种,根系则在处理17 h后由4种增至6种.O₂^.-产生速率在处理3 h、H₂O₂含量在处理7 h时升至最高,丙二醛含量和脂氧合酶活性则随着处理时间的延长逐渐增加.镉胁迫通过诱导活性氧和脂氧合酶来改变平邑甜茶脂肪酸构成,并引起脂质过氧化;镉处理12 h前,脂质过氧化是活性氧和脂氧合酶的共同结果;但处理12 h后,脂质过氧化加剧主要在于脂氧合酶活性的持续增加.     

低温胁迫对麻竹叶片和根系抗性生理指标的影响

采用室内人工低温处理,研究了麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorus)叶片及根部质膜透性、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和膜脂脂肪酸组成的变化,寻找与竹类植物耐寒性关系最密切的抗性生理指标。结果表明:低温预处理(8℃)15d后,麻竹叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量、POD活性显著提高,根部可溶性糖含量、POD活性显著升高;低温胁迫处理(-2℃)72h后,经低温预处理的麻竹叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD、POD活性显著高于未经低温预处理,而质膜透性显著低于未经低温预处理,但膜脂过氧化程度显著高于-2℃处理前;经低温预处理的麻竹根部SOD、POD活性及膜脂不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著高于未经低温预处理,而质膜透性、膜脂过氧化程度较-2℃处理前无显著差异。说明剧烈降温对麻竹生理特征造成严重影响,叶片通过提高可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量,维持较高的POD活性以减轻低温伤害;根系则通过维持较高的SOD、POD活性以减轻低温下膜脂过氧化水平,并通过提高膜脂不饱和脂肪酸比例降低质膜透性来抵御低温对膜的伤害。     

棉铃脱落过程中铃柄离区过氧化物酶活性的变化

使用去叶、阻止受精或乙烯利处理花朵的方法,诱发棉花幼铃脱落,铃柄离区的过氧化物酶活性增加,到脱落前达到最高值。正常生长的棉铃,铃柄离区的过氧化物酶有两条同工酶带,乙烯利处理的幼铃,在处理后6小时出现一条新的、活性较强的同工酶带。幼铃阻止受粉后48小时,也出现一条新的同工酶带,位置与乙烯利诱导的相同。赤霉酸处理幼铃,能抑制由乙烯利或阻止受精处理所引起的离区过氧化物酶活性的增加和同工酶条带的出现。     

臭氧对原位条件下冬小麦叶片光合色素、脂质过氧化的影响

运用开顶式气室(OTC-1)研究了O3胁迫对原位条件下冬小麦叶片的光合色素、脂质过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:随着O3浓度的升高,各个生育期小麦叶片中叶绿素含量下降,叶绿素组成发生改变,且在灌浆期变化明显;叶片相对电导率(REC)增大,丙二醛(M DA)含量增加;过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和类胡萝卜素(C ar)含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在O3浓度低于1×10-7(φO3)时逐渐升高,而后急剧降低.可见O3促进了小麦叶片老化,加剧了膜脂过氧化,破坏了抗氧化系统功能,影响了叶片的正常生理代谢.     

温度对棉铃对位叶生理特性及铃重形成的影响

以棉纤维品质差异较大的2个品种为材料,于2005～2006年在江苏南京设置不同播期试验,研究棉铃发育期不同温度对棉铃对位叶保护酶活性及C、N代谢等生理特性的影响及其与铃重形成的关系.结果表明:棉铃发育期日平均温度在23.1℃～24.9℃时棉铃对位叶的可溶性蛋白含量和内源保护酶活性较高,膜质过氧化程度轻,C、N生理活性均强,C/N协调,棉铃平均增重速度较高,棉铃快速增重期延长,易形成大铃;≥27.0℃时可溶性蛋白含量和内源保护酶活性较低、膜脂过氧化程度严重、N生理活性较弱、C/N高,铃重平均增重速度虽高,但快速增重期短,不利于提高铃重;≤20.7℃时可溶性蛋白含量下降快,内源保护酶活性较高,但酶活性下降时间早、速度快,膜脂过氧化程度也严重,可溶性糖转运率低且在对位叶内积累,N生理活性高,C/N低,铃重快速增重期虽长,但平均增重速率低,最终铃重下降.低温下'科棉1号'的对位叶生理活性比'美棉33B'强,铃重也较高.可见,棉铃对位叶保护酶活性高,C/N协调能提高铃重,而适宜的铃期日均温可以提高棉铃对位叶的生理特性.     

水淹对水麦幼苗ABA和膜特性的影响

水淹导致小麦叶片叶绿素含量下降,膜透性升高,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量上升;在水淹胁迫下２４ｈ,超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性未见明显变化;脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）于２１ｈ出现一个高峰。     

水淹对小麦幼苗ABA和膜特性的影响

水淹导致小麦叶片叶绿素含量下降,膜透性升高,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量上升;在水淹胁迫下２４ｈ,超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性未见明显变化;脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）于２１ｈ出现一个高峰。     

Concentrations of abscisic Acid and indoleacetic Acid in cotton fruits and their abscission zones in relation to fruit retention

An experiment was conducted with field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to determine the effects of drought and an increase in available photosynthate on the abscisic acid (ABA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) contents of 3-day-old bolls and their abscission zones. Photosynthate availability was manipulated by removing about two-thirds of the plants to permit increased irradiance, and thus photosynthesis, in the plant canopy. The demand for photosynthate was decreased by removing all bolls from the remaining plants. The thinning and defruiting operations were performed about 3 weeks after first flower. Control plants were neither thinned nor defruited. Effects of water deficit were observed by making three harvests at different times during a 2-week irrigation cycle. Increasing the availability of photosynthate increased boll retention, but had relatively little effect on the concentrations of ABA and IAA in bolls. However, it did increase the concentration of IAA in abscission zones. Water deficit increased the ABA content of bolls and abscission zones and decreased the IAA content of bolls and abscission zones. Across all treatments, the IAA content of abscission zones was positively correlated, and the ABA content of bolls was negatively correlated, with boll retention. The results indicate that stresses change the hormonal balance in ways that are consistent with observed increases in fruit abscission.     

Water deficit and ethylene evolution by young cotton bolls

Ethylene evolution and abscission of young cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) bolls were shown, in earlier papers, to increase when plants were subjected to conditions that decreased photosynthesis and sugar content of bolls (dim light, long warm nights). Moisture stress also increased ethylene evolution by young bolls, but it did not decrease their concentrations of fructose, glucose, or sucrose. When detached bolls were incubated for 16 or 24 hours at high or low humidity, their rate of ethylene evolution increased markedly at low humidity and slightly at high humidity. These results suggest that water deficit stimulates ethylene evolution by young bolls directly through partial desiccation, but do not exclude the possibility of a stimulus from moisture-stressed plants. Although attached and detached bolls both lost only a small percentage of their water content, detached bolls lost more for a given rate of ethylene evolution than bolls on moisture-stressed plants. The increased rate of ethylene evolution by young cotton bolls on plants subjected to a water deficit is probably adequate, in many cases, to cause their abscission.     

Effects of Growth-Inhibiting Substances from Young Cotton Bolls on Phosphorylation

The effects of growth-inhibiting substances from young cotton bolls on phosphorylation in both intact cotton plant and tissue slices of young cotton bolls were determined using 32P as a tracer. The results showed that the incorporation of 32P into the various organic phosphates including high-energy phosphate compounds, were decreased in abscissing bolls to about 1/2 as that of developing bolls. Infiltration of the growth-inhibiting substances into normal boll tissue caused a marked increase in respiration intensity, the synthesis of high-energy phosphate compouds was, however, decreased to 39% of that of the control tissue. When 10 ppm NAA was applied tvabscissing young cotton bolls, the incorporation of 32P into various fractions of organic phosphates increased, although never to the level of developing bolls. The above results suggested that uncoupling of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation might be one of the important effects of the growth-inhibiting substances in inducing the abscission of cotton bolls.     

Changes in Free and Conjugated Indole 3-Acetic Acid and Abscisic Acid in Young Cotton Fruits and Their Abscission Zones in Relation to Fruit Retention during and after Moisture Stress

Experiments were conducted with field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in 1985 and 1986 to determine effects of water deficit on levels of conjugated indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in young fruits (bolls) and their abscission zones in relation to boll retention. Tissues were harvested three times during an irrigation cycle in 1985. They were harvested twice during an irrigation cycle and once after irrigation in 1986 to determine extent of recoveries of measured parameters. As reported earlier, the free IAA content of abscission zones decreased with moisture stress. Irrigation caused a partial recovery in free IAA content of abscission zones and caused a partial recovery in rate of boll retention. In contrast to free IAA, conjugated IAA increased with water deficit, both in 3-day-old bolls and in their abscission zones. Bolls contained much more ester IAA than their abscission zones. Some, but not all, of the increase in ester IAA in bolls during moisture stress could have come from a conversion of amide-linked IAA. Amide IAA decreased slightly during stress and increased after irrigation, but the concentration was low relative to ester IAA. Free and conjugated ABA both increased during stress and decreased after irrigation. However, the concentration of conjugated ABA remained relatively high in abscission zones. Ester IAA, being more resistant than free IAA to enzymic destruction during stress, may hasten recovery of fruit retention after relief of stress by providing a source of free IAA in abscission zones to inhibit continued abscission.     

Physiological causes of cotton fruit abscission under conditions of high temperature and enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation

An experiment was conducted in sunlit controlled environment growth chambers to determine the physiological mechanisms of fruit abscission of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. NuCOTN 33B) grown in high temperature and enhanced ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation. Six treatments included two levels of optimum (30/22°C) and high (36/28°C) day/night temperatures and three levels of biologically effective UV-B radiation (0, 7, and 14 kJ m⁻² per day). Both the temperature and UV-B treatments were imposed from seedling emergence through 79 days after emergence (DAE). High temperature did not negatively affect either leaf net photosynthetic rates (Pn) or abscission of cotton squares (floral buds with bracts) but significantly decreased boll retention. Plants exposed to 7 kJ UV-B radiation retained 56% less bolls than the 0 kJ UV-B control plants at 79 DAE, despite no significant differences in leaf Pn measured at squaring and flowering. At 53 DAE, leaf Pn of plants grown in high UV-B radiation (14 kJ m⁻² per day) decreased by 11%, whereas total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations in the leaves, floral buds, and young bolls decreased by 34, 32, and 20%, respectively, compared with the control plants. The high UV-B radiation significantly increased square abscission. Square abscission was not related to leaf TNC concentration but closely correlated with TNC in floral buds ( r  = −0.68, P  < 0.001). Young boll abscission was highly correlated with TNC concentrations in both the leaves ( r  = −0.40, P  < 0.01) and the bolls ( r  = −0.80, P  < 0.001). Our results indicate that non-structural carbohydrate limitation in reproductive parts was a major factor associated with fruit abscission of cotton grown under high temperature and enhanced UV-B radiation conditions.     

Influence of Nezara viridula feeding on cotton yield, fiber quality, and seed germination

The influence of southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), adults (males and females) and fourth to fifth instars on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., boll abscission, seedcotton yield, fiber quality, and seed viability was evaluated in field studies conducted during 2004 and 2005. Cotton bolls representing several age classes ranging from 0-600 heat units were individually infested with a specific gender or life stage of southern green stink bug. Adults and nymphs induced abscission of bolls that accumulated 0-280 heat units after anthesis. Seedcotton yield was significantly lower in bolls infested with adults (males and females) and late instars through approximately 500 heat units after anthesis. Southern green stink bug feeding on bolls significantly affected the physical fiber properties of micronaire (measure of fiber fineness or maturity), strength, uniformity, and fiber length. Discolored cotton lint in the stink bug-infested bolls was more common than in noninfested bolls. Seed germination and development of normal seedlings for seed harvested from stink bug-infested bolls that accumulated < or =500 heat units beyond anthesis were significantly lower compared with noninfested bolls. No significant differences in boll abscission, yield, fiber quality, and seed germination were detected between southern green stink bug males and females or between adults and fourth to fifth instars.     

Role of abscisic acid in the phenomena of abscission of flower buds and bolls of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and its reversal with other plant regulators

The investigations carried out to find the role of abscisic acid in the phenomena of abscission of flower buds and bolls of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. ‘H-14’) have shown abscisic acid content to be low in retained bolls as compared to that in the abscising ones of the same age, suggesting that relatively higher endogenous abscisic acid content to be promotive of abscission. Abscisic acid applied exogenously either to intact flower buds/bolls or boll explants promoted their abscission. Naphthalene acetic acid not only reduced abscission but also could erase completely the promotive effect of abscisic acid on abscission. Gibberellic acid promoted abscission in intact buds and boll explants but applied to intact bolls it reduced their shedding even more than naphthalene acetic acid. Gibberellic acid could also counteract the promotive effect of abscisic acid in the case of intact bolls but enhanced that of boll explants. All the cytokinin-furfurylamino-purine treatments given other than at the abscission zone promoted abscission. Furfurylaminopurine applied in combination with abscisic acid showed some antagonistic effect in the case of intact bolls and boll explants abscission zone treatments. Ascorbic acid applied at a relatively lower dose (0.025 mM) reduced shedding but applied at a higher dose it showed promotion. Ascorbic acid could erase the promotive effect of abscisic acid on abscission to a significant extent.     

Influence of water deficits on the abscisic Acid and indole-3-acetic Acid contents of cotton flower buds and flowers

A field experiment was conducted during the summer of 1988 to test the hypothesis that water deficit affects the abscisic acid (ABA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) concentrations in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) flower buds in ways that predispose young fruits (bolls) that subsequently develop from them to increased abscission rates. Water deficit had little effect on the ABA content of flower buds but increased the ABA content of flowers as much as 66%. Water deficit decreased the concentrations of free and conjugated IAA in flower buds during the first irrigation cycle but increased them during the second cycle. Flowers contained much less IAA than buds. Water deficit slightly increased the conjugated IAA content of flowers but had no effect on the concentration of free IAA in flowers. Because water deficit slightly increased the ABA content but did not decrease the IAA content of flowers, any carry-over effect of water deficit on young boll shedding might have been caused by changes in ABA but not from changes in IAA.     

Abscisic Acid and cutout in cotton

A decline in growth, flowering, and boll (fruit) retention is referred to as cutout in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Fruit load affects cutout, possibly through hormonal effects. Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that fruits are a source of abscisic acid (ABA) that moves into fruiting branches and growing points where it inhibits growth, flowering, and boll retention. Removal of the flower or young boll at the first node of fruiting branches did not decrease the ABA content of fruiting branches or the abscission zone at the second node. Effects on ABA content of the boll at the second node varied. In one field test, ABA content of bolls at the second node decreased with successive harvests as bolls were removed from first node positions of several fruiting branches. Thus, the effect was cumulative and was not limited to individual branches. Removal of the flower or boll at the first node increased boll retention at the second node. Removal of all flowers during the first 3 weeks of flowering delayed the decreases in growth, flowering, and boll retention that occurred as fruit load increased. But, the ABA content of fruiting branches and mainstem apices was not decreased by early defruiting and did not increase with increasing fruit load. The results do not support the hypothesis that fruits are a source of ABA that moves into fruiting branches and growing points where it then inhibits growth, flowering, and boll retention.     

棉花叶片衰老过程中激素和膜脂过氧化的关系

以陆地棉品种辽棉9号的去根幼苗为材料,对其进行暗诱导衰老培养.在培养液中分别加入6-BA、ABA、GSH、H2O2、CaCl2、A23187 和A23187 CaCl2,测定在不同培养条件下棉花去根幼苗叶片内源激素、SOD酶活性和MDA含量的变化.结果表明:棉花叶片衰老表现为细胞分裂素含量的下降和ABA含量的上升.6-BA、GSH和钙离子均延缓叶片的衰老,ABA和H2O2促进叶片的衰老.