ISG15类泛素化修饰:宿主细胞固有的抗病毒的新机制

干扰素刺激基因15(The interferon-stimulatedgene 15,ISG15)是最早被发现的类泛素蛋白。它能够通过与泛素类似的方式对底物蛋白进行翻译后修饰。对于ISG15共价修饰的生物学功能目前还知之甚少。干扰素(interferon,IFN)刺激和病毒感染均可以强烈诱导ISG15及其修饰系统的表达,暗示ISG15共价修饰在机体抗病毒固有免疫反应中发挥重要作用。本文综合近年来的研究成果,总结ISG15共价修饰对底物蛋白功能的影响,并重点讨论ISG15及其修饰在抗病毒固有免疫相关过程中的作用。     

泛素样蛋白ISG15在抗病毒天然免疫中的作用

干扰素刺激基因15(ISG15)编码的蛋白是抗病毒天然免疫通路中的重要调节因子,病毒感染和干扰素刺激均可强烈诱导ISG15的表达。ISG15是最早发现的泛素样蛋白,可对细胞内多种蛋白进行修饰并调节蛋白功能,但不介导蛋白质的降解,在机体抗病毒天然免疫反应中发挥重要作用,其机制尚未完全明确。近几年对ISG15的研究有所突破,发现了ISG15在抗病毒天然免疫反应中的新功能。我们简要概述了泛素样蛋白ISG15的概况、修饰酶系统及ISG15在抗病毒天然免疫反应中功能的研究进展。     

类泛素修饰蛋白bISG15抗血清在体外修饰系统中的应用

ISG15由干扰素刺激基因15编码,是最早被发现的类泛素修饰分子.病毒感染以及干扰素刺激可以强烈诱导其表达.与泛素类似,ISG15可以共价连接到其他蛋白分子上进行修饰,但ISG15及其连接修饰的功能作用还有很多尚未知.最近的研究表明,ISG15及其修饰作用在先天免疫中起着重要的作用.将牛类ISG15基因克隆进入pET28a(+)原核表达载体,并且表达了可溶的融合有His-tag标签的bISG15融合蛋白.使用Ni-NTA葡聚糖进行纯化浓缩.纯化蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠并获得抗血清.Western印迹实验显示,抗血清可以特异地识别在真核细胞中表达的bISG15.浓缩的bISG15以及制备的抗血清用于建立bISG15的体外修饰系统.实验证明,使用该系统bISG15可以连接到细胞蛋白上进行修饰.     

类泛素蛋白ISG15及其共价酶修饰系统与肿瘤

干扰素刺激基因15(interferon-stimulated gene 15,ISG15)编码的ISG15蛋白是最早发现的类泛素修饰蛋白。不仅干扰素和病毒感染能诱导该基因的表达,一些抗肿瘤药物也能刺激ISG15的表达。近年来,ISG15及其修饰系统与肿瘤的关系备受关注。研究证实,ISG15的激活酶E1即UBE1L与某些肿瘤的抑制有关,而其他一些成分如ISG15解聚酶UBP43则与肿瘤发生发展有关。此外,ISG15高表达与肿瘤的转移有关,ISG15对化疗药物的敏感性也有影响。本文较为全面地阐述ISG15及其修饰系统在肿瘤抑制或发生发展中的生物学作用,这将增强对ISG15与肿瘤关系的基础性认识,并为发展新的肿瘤靶向性治疗提供理论依据。     

类泛素修饰蛋白质ISG15及其修饰酶系的功能

受干扰素诱导表达的干扰素刺激基因15编码蛋白质(ISG15)是第1个被鉴定的类泛素修饰蛋白质.目前已在病毒感染细胞和肿瘤细胞中发现了多种ISG15的作用靶蛋白,提示ISG15可能在免疫调节和肿瘤发生等方面发挥重要作用.本文介绍ISG15的结构与生化特点,探讨ISG15在相关酶系作用下修饰目标蛋白质的机制,总结ISG15及其修饰酶系的抗病毒和抗肿瘤作用及其相关机制.     

USP18介导的蛋白质去ISG化及其在结核病等传染病中的作用

干扰素诱导基因15 (interferon-stimulated gene 15,isg15)的表达受Ⅰ型干扰素诱导,该基因编码的蛋白ISG15可以分别通过E1、E2和E3酶的作用共价修饰靶蛋白,此过程被称为ISG化(ISGylation)。宿主蛋白的ISG化广泛参与天然免疫例如宿主的抗病毒过程。泛素特异性蛋白酶18 (ubiquitin-specific protease 18,USP18)作为一种去泛素化酶(deubiquitinase,DUB)可以去除靶蛋白偶联的ISG15,并通过抑制Ⅰ型干扰素信号通路来抑制宿主的免疫应答。ISG15介导的ISG化和USP18介导的去ISG化(deISGylation)建立的动态平衡对结核病的发生、发展和转归有重要影响。此外,同ISG15一样,USP18也广泛参与病毒感染和宿主细胞抗病毒反应,多种先天性免疫疾病和免疫信号通路都受到USP18的调节。本文综述了ISG15和USP18相关的研究进展,重点介绍了ISG15介导的ISGylation和USP18介导的去ISG化在结核病及其他重要疾病中的调控作用,以期为靶向宿主蛋白的结核病等重要疾病防治提供...     

SARS 冠状病毒非结构蛋白质NSP3突变体构建及其对类泛素分子DUB活性

SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV) 非结构蛋白NSP3编码的木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白酶(PLpro)对泛素样分子(Ubl) 具有去泛素化酶(DUB)活性,但目前有关NSP3 DUB活性研究的报道甚少. 本研究构建包含Nsp3基因 N末端不同结构域的突变体,并检测NSP3及其一系列突变体对类泛素分子ISG15和SUMO所修饰蛋白质分子的作用特性. 实验结果表明,NSP3及其突变体NSP3AD,NSP3AE,NSP3AF具有一定的去ISG15活性,而其突变体NSP3AC则没有去ISG15 (DeISGylation) 活性. 研究结果提示,SARS NSP3具有一定的体内去ISG15活性,并且这种活性主要依赖于Nsp3基因编码的PLpro. 但SARS NSP3及其突变体NSP3AC,NSP3AD,NSP3AE和NSP3AF并不具有去SUMO (DeSUMOylation) 活性. SARS冠状病毒NSP3对类泛素样分子作用特性的研究为后续NSP3的生物学特性及其对干扰素通路的调控研究奠定了基础.     

干扰素刺激基因15在人类免疫缺陷病毒感染中作用的研究进展

随着有效的联合抗反转录病毒疗法(combination antiretroviral therapy,cART)的普及,人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者的生存期逐步延长。这一过程中,HIV感染者自身免疫反应对免疫系统功能的恢复也发挥了至关重要的作用。HIV感染激活干扰素信号通路,诱导干扰素刺激基因(interferon-stimulated gene,ISG)上调表达,从而发挥抗病毒作用。其中,类泛素蛋白ISG15在HIV感染者中显著上调,通过ISG化抑制HIV颗粒的出芽和释放;而HIV的非结构蛋白则通过干扰ISG化过程或结合干扰素信号通路关键分子,逆转ISG15对病毒的抑制作用。本文从ISG15的生物学特性、在不同细胞亚群中的表达、抗病毒功能及病毒逃逸机制等方面进行综述,为进一步解析ISG15在HIV感染中扮演的角色、探索如何获得以抗HIV感染宿主因子为契机的治疗策略提供了思路。     

泛素样蛋白ISG15抗病毒机制研究进展

ISG15(Interferon stimulated gene 15,ISG15)蛋白是由干扰素诱导产生的一种泛素样蛋白分子,分子量大小约为15kD。ISG15同泛素分子相类似可以被共价结合于其他蛋白分子上,这种现象称为ISG化(ISGylation)现象。ISG化系统包括ISG15、UBE1L、UBCH8和HERC5四类蛋白分子,协同完成ISG化过程。ISG15及ISG化系统在抗病毒反应中具有重要作用。近几年对于ISG15的抗病毒作用和机制的研究已经有了很大的突破,ISG15的抗病毒作用也越来越受到人们重视,了解清楚ISG15抗病毒机制对于研制新的抗病毒药物及提出新的抗病毒策略具有重要意义。本文对ISG15在不同种病毒中的抗病毒机制研究进展进行了简要综述。     

α干扰素和利巴韦林抗丙型肝炎病毒作用的比较研究

α干扰素(IFN-α)联合利巴韦林是目前临床治疗丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染的标准方案.本研究以体外培养的感染性病毒HCVcc为研究对象,比较IFN-α和利巴韦林对HCV复制的影响,以及对干扰素调节因子9(IRF9)和干扰素刺激基因15(ISG15)等抗病毒基因的调节能力.结果显示,100 u/ml IFN-α显著降低HCV RNA水平,利巴韦林剂量依赖性抑制HCV复制,且IFN-α联合利巴韦林对HCV复制及HCV NS3和E2蛋白表达具有协同抑制作用.5～80 u/ml IFN-α剂量依赖性诱生IRF9和ISG15;1和5μg/ml利巴韦林不促进IRF9和ISG15水平升高;而利巴韦林联合IFN-α对两者亦无促进作用.     

Viral defense, carcinogenesis and ISG15: novel roles for an old ISG

Recent studies have established that type I interferon modulates expression of large number of cellular genes. While the proteins encoded by some of these genes have a direct antiviral activity, the functions of the majority of the others have not yet been determined. One of the first identified IFN stimulated gene, encodes ubiquitin like protein ISG15 that is also expressed in response to different stress stimuli. Although it was shown that ISG15 functions as protein modifier, it has been only recently that the targets of ISG15 conjugation were identified. Recent studies have also revealed mechanism of ISG15 conjugation and its interaction with the ubiquitin conjugation pathway. This review is focused on the possible role of ISG15 in the antiviral response, regulation of cell growth and carcinogenesis.     

The Antiviral Activities of ISG15

Post-translational protein modification is an important strategy for the regulation of the cell proteome independent of the need for new gene expression. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers mediate the regulation of protein levels, signaling pathways, vesicular trafficking, and many other cellular processes through their covalent conjugation to proteins. Interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like modifier induced by type I interferon. In addition to conjugating to potentially hundreds of target proteins, ISG15 can be found in an unconjugated form both inside of the cell and released from interferon stimulated cells into the extracellular environment. Due to its robust expression after type I interferon stimulation and the broad panel of proteins that it targets, ISG15 has drawn much attention as a potential regulator of the immune response and has been shown to mediate protection in a number of different viral infection models. Here we will review the current state of the field of ISG15, the viruses against which ISG15 mediates protection, and the mechanisms by which ISG15 exerts antiviral activity.     

The interferon regulated ubiquitin-like protein, ISG15, in tumorigenesis: friend or foe?

The interferon-stimulated gene, 15 kDa (ISG15) is an interferon regulated gene that is induced as a primary response to diverse microbial and cell stress stimuli, and encodes the founding member of the ubiquitin-like protein family. ISG15 post-translationally modifies proteins via a pathway parallel to, and partially overlapping with, that of ubiquitin. In addition, ISG15 is released from cells to mediate extracellular cytokine-like activities. Although the biological activities of ISG15 have yet to be fully elucidated, it is clear that ISG15 has the capacity to modulate diverse cellular and physiologic functions. Consistent with this view, alterations in the ISG15 pathway have been identified in human tumors and in tumor cell lines. Here we review evidence of a role for ISG15 as an endogenous tumor suppressor that, when dysregulated in malignant cells, can be subverted to promote oncogenesis.     

Identification of interferon-stimulated gene 15 as an antiviral molecule during Sindbis virus infection in vivo

The innate immune response, and in particular the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) system, plays a critical role in the control of viral infections. Interferons alpha and beta exert their antiviral effects through the induction of hundreds of interferon-induced (or -stimulated) genes (ISGs). While several of these ISGs have characterized antiviral functions, their actions alone do not explain all of the effects mediated by IFN-alpha/beta. To identify additional IFN-induced antiviral molecules, we utilized a recombinant chimeric Sindbis virus to express selected ISGs in IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFN-alpha/betaR)(-/-) mice and looked for attenuation of Sindbis virus infection. Using this approach, we identified a ubiquitin homolog, interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), as having antiviral activity. ISG15 expression protected against Sindbis virus-induced lethality and decreased Sindbis virus replication in multiple organs without inhibiting the spread of virus throughout the host. We establish that, much like ubiquitin, ISG15 requires its C-terminal LRLRGG motif to form intracellular conjugates. Finally, we demonstrate that ISG15's LRLRGG motif is also required for its antiviral activity. We conclude that ISG15 can be directly antiviral.