不同颜色粘虫板对花蓟马的田间诱集效果

明确花蓟马的嗜好颜色对于采用色板防控花蓟马具有重要意义。基于Dan Bruton虚拟波长与RGB值的定量函数关系,本研究比较了8种不同虚拟波长对应颜色的粘虫板对花蓟马的田间诱集效果,同时针对最嗜颜色的不同形状色板及田间挂板高度的诱集效果进行测定。结果表明,花蓟马对蓝色的嗜好性最强,其次为白色,通过对蓝色对应的波段(435-480 nm)进一步筛选,虚拟波长为435-450 nm的蓝板对花蓟马诱集效果较好。色板形状和挂置高度对诱集效果的影响在挂板4-5 d后影响显著(Sig.0.05),圆形蓝板对花蓟马的诱集效果优于长方形、三角形和正方形,且挂置高度为0.6 m时诱集到的虫口数量最多,这可能与蓟马自身的入土化蛹习性有关。     

黄胸蓟马对颜色的趋性反应

[目的]评估黄胸蓟马Thrips hawaiiensis(Morgan)对不同颜色的行为响应,以期为黄胸蓟马的诱控技术提供科学依据。[方法]室内采用选择性试验,利用正六角体装置研究黄胸蓟马对不同颜色的敏感性和最佳波长的筛选;并在香蕉园内研究10种基本色粘虫板对黄胸蓟马的诱集效应,在此基础上进行嗜好色板不同悬挂高度(距离地面50、120、220 cm)、放置方式(平行、垂直于作物行)对黄胸蓟马的诱集效果比较。[结果]室内结果表明,蓝色对黄胸蓟马的诱集虫数显著高于其余颜色,且波长为480 nm的蓝色对黄胸蓟马吸引力最强;田间试验也发现深、浅蓝色诱虫板对黄胸蓟马诱集虫数较高,其次为黄色,均显著高于其余色板;色板悬挂高度、悬挂方式均能显著影响诱集效果,高度为220 cm下诱集虫数显著高于120 cm、50 cm;色板以平行于作物行悬挂时诱集虫数明显多于以垂直于作物行悬挂。[结论]可利用蓝板对黄胸蓟马种群进行监测与诱控技术的研发。     

榕管蓟马最嗜颜色筛选及粘虫色板田间诱集效果研究

为明确榕管蓟马Gynairothrips uzeli Zimmerman最嗜颜色及粘虫色板田间诱集效果,以垂叶榕种植基地为试验点,比较榕管蓟马对10种颜色的嗜好差异,测定粘虫板颜色与悬挂高度、颜色与悬挂密度对榕管蓟马的互作效应,查验3种偏嗜颜色-悬挂高度-悬挂密度组合粘虫板的田间诱集效果。结果表明:榕管蓟马最嗜颜色为黄色,其次为紫色和青色,对其他7种颜色的嗜好较弱;粘虫板颜色、悬挂高度和悬挂密度均极显著影响榕管蓟马诱集,颜色与悬挂高度、颜色与悬挂密度对榕管蓟马诱集存在显著的互作效应;黄、青、紫等3种偏嗜颜色粘虫板的悬挂高度均以色板底端高出垂叶榕顶部10 cm为佳,适宜悬挂密度则分别为4片/100 m2、5片/100 m2和5片/100 m2;3种偏嗜颜色-悬挂高度-悬挂密度组合中,黄色组合粘虫色板对榕管蓟马的田间诱集效果最好。     

茶黄蓟马嗜好颜色筛选及监测效果测定

为探明茶黄蓟马Scirtothirips dorsalis Hood的嗜好颜色并将其用于田间监测,本试验采用RGB颜色模式,将RGB值转换成虚拟波长进行嗜好颜色量化研究,对室内和田间八种颜色进行了筛选,对嗜好颜色粘板在田间应用效果及背景色、形状和网对其影响进行了测定。结果表明:室内茶黄蓟马嗜好颜色为虚拟波长为560 nm[RGB(195,255,0)]黄绿色,显著高于对其他颜色的偏好。田间嗜好颜色也在560 nm附近,同时540 nm绿色和580 nm黄色也有较好诱捕效果。嗜好颜色粘板在田间具有良好的诱集效果,当田间拍打得到种群平均密度为6-11头/花序的较低时,粘板监测到的虫口最高达479头/板/d,并且随着平均密度增大而增加。黑色、白色和蓝色为背景色的粘板诱捕蓟马数量与对照诱捕量无显著差异。圆形色板对茶黄蓟马诱捕效果显著高于其他形状色板,立体诱板和等边三角形、正方形诱板之间对茶黄蓟马的诱捕效果均无显著差异。罩网能有效地保护非靶标生物但茶黄蓟马诱捕量下降。罩于2 mm孔径网和6 mm孔径网的色板诱捕非靶标生物量分别约为无罩网诱捕量的1.5%和15%,但诱捕茶黄蓟马数量分别约为无罩网诱捕量的10%和20%。以上结果为基于颜色的茶黄蓟马的监测和综合治理提供理论依据和技术支持。     

6种颜色粘虫板对春季菜地昆虫的诱集效应

为筛选对春季蔬菜害虫具有较好诱集效果的粘虫板,促进蔬菜害虫绿色防控技术的研究与推广,采用红色、黄色、绿色、蓝色、白色和黑色6种颜色的市售粘虫板对菜地昆虫进行诱集试验.结果显示,粘虫板诱集的害虫以尖眼蕈蚊Bradysia minpleuroti、小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、端大蓟马Megalurothrips distalis和黄蓟马Thrips flavus为优势种;黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata、南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis、灰地种蝇Delia platura、棉蚜Aphis gossypii、小绿叶蝉Empoasca flavescens、菜粉蝶Pieris rapae为常见种.试验中蓝色粘虫板诱集的灰地种蝇的数量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);黄色粘虫板诱集的南美斑潜蝇、棉蚜、小绿叶蝉的数量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);蓝色和白色粘虫板诱集的端大蓟马、黄蓟马的数量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);蓝色粘虫板诱集到的尖眼蕈蚊的数量显著低于其它处理组(P<0.05).各种颜色粘虫板诱集昆虫的益害比较低,诱集益虫总数仅占诱集昆虫总数的1.64％,表明该时段使用粘虫板防治菜地害虫,对益虫伤害较小,对保护利用天敌昆虫具有重要意义.本研究结果为科学使用粘虫板防治菜地害虫提供理论依据.     

梨园双翅目昆虫的色板趋性

双翅目(Diptera)昆虫是梨园生态系统中的重要组成部分.本文研究了梨园双翅目昆虫对色板的趋性及相关影响因素.结果表明,在梨树萌芽、落叶、休眠期黏虫板对双翅目昆虫的诱集数量显著高于其他月份;双翅目昆虫主要趋向于蓝色和黄色黏虫板,对黑色黏虫板趋性最低;不同颜色黏虫板在相同太阳辐射下温度有明显差异,但与其诱集量无显著性关联;不同方位上黏虫板诱集数量无显著差异.本研究对开发新型黏虫版和防治双翅目害虫等具有借鉴意义.     

不同诱捕器对油松毛虫性引诱剂诱虫量的影响

油松毛虫是我国辽宁省油松林中的主要害虫,每年都有大面积的发生,给松林生存和生态建设安全造成了严重威胁。为了更好地使用性引诱剂防治,本文在辽宁省建平县通过林间诱捕试验,以油松毛虫性引诱剂为诱芯,比较了不同形状、不同颜色、不同悬挂高度的诱捕器对油松毛虫雄成虫的诱虫量。结果表明,4种形状诱捕器的诱虫量由高到低依次为:大船型诱捕器、三角型诱捕器、小船型诱捕器和桶型诱捕器;大船型与小船型和桶型的差异显著,与三角型的差异不显著。小船型与桶型的差异显著,与三角形的差异不显著。3种颜色诱捕器对油松毛虫雄成虫的诱虫量由高到低依次为:黑色诱捕器、绿色诱捕器、白色诱捕器;黑色诱捕器和白色诱捕器的诱虫量存在显著性差异;而绿色诱捕器与黑色诱捕器和白色诱捕器之间差异性不显著性。3种悬挂高度诱捕器的诱虫量由高到低依次为:悬挂高度为1.7 m的诱捕器,悬挂高度为3.1 m的诱捕器,悬挂高度为2.4 m的诱捕器;悬挂高度为1.7 m的诱捕器诱虫量与其余2种悬挂高度的诱捕器诱虫量差异性显著;悬挂高度为2.4 m的诱捕器诱虫量与悬挂高度3.1 m的诱捕器诱虫量差异性不显著。本文主要对不同诱捕器形状、颜色、悬挂高度3个因素利用正交试验方法进行了组合试验,并比较了组合诱捕器的诱虫量,得出诱虫量最大的是悬挂高度为1.7 m的绿色大船型诱捕器,建议在生产实践中推广该组合。     

缨小蜂对颜色的选择性和粘卡技术的应用研究

本文比较了7种颜色的粘卡,在茭白田中对飞虱天敌缨小蜂（Anagrus spp.）的诱捕能力,结果表明,黄色粘卡对缨小蜂的诱捕量显著高于其它颜色的粘卡。缨小蜂对颜色的嗜好顺序为黄色＞蓝色＞蓝绿色＞绿色＞白色＞红色＞黑色。黄色粘卡在离地面40cm、70cm、100cm、130cm和160cm5个高度上,以70cm和100cm高度捕获的缨小蜂最多。黄色粘卡对缨小蜂的诱捕量在东、南、西、北四个方向差异不显著。一天中的不同时间段里,黄色粘卡所诱捕到的缨小蜂量以上午6：00至9：00最多。     

黄板诱杀黄曲条跳甲的关键技术研究

为了研究黄板不同悬挂高度、间距和尺寸规格对诱杀黄曲条跳甲的影响,本试验设置了3个不同悬挂高度(黄板下边缘距地的悬挂高度分别为:10 cm、15 cm、20 cm);3个不同悬挂间距(黄板悬挂间距3 m、6 m、9 m);3个不同规格大小(黄板长×宽为20 cm×15 cm,25 cm×20 cm,30 cm×20 cm)。结果表明:黄板悬挂时其下边缘距离地面15 cm诱虫效果最好,平均诱集75.8头/(板·d);黄板悬挂间距为6 m时,诱虫量最多,每板平均诱虫量为62.1头/(板·d);黄板大小为30 cm×20 cm时,诱虫量最大,平均每板诱集83.5头/(板·d)。从单位面积诱虫量分析,黄板大小为20 cm×15 cm时,单位面积内的诱虫量最大,为1 643.3头/m^2。因此,利用黄板诱杀甘蓝上的黄曲条跳甲,建议悬挂高度为黄板下边缘距离地面15 cm,黄板挂板间距为6 m,黄板尺寸大小为25 cm×20 cm。     

斜纹夜蛾性诱剂的诱蛾效果

对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptern litura(Fabricius)性引诱剂诱芯的型状、盛虫器的颜色以及夜间不同时间段的诱蛾效果进行试验。结果表明,线状诱芯比杯状诱芯有效期长;不同颜色的盛虫器对诱虫效果没有影响;上半夜诱蛾百分率显著比午夜和下半夜的少,午夜与下半夜的之间没有显著性差异。筒型性诱捕器比水盆(用杯状诱芯)诱集斜纹夜蛾成虫效果好。     

棕榈蓟马(Thripspalmi)对不同颜色粘卡的嗜好及其蓝色粘卡诱虫量的研究

The test on the preference of Thrips palmi to eight color sticky cards was carried out in an eggplant field. The thrip had the strongest preference to blue sticky card (P<0.01), and its preference order to the other 7 color cards was as follows: blue, turguoise, yellow, deep blue, green, orange, red and black. Results on the trapping effect of blue sticky card from east, south, west and north directions show that most thrips were trapped from the north,which existed a significant difference with those from the other three directions (P<0.05). Five blue sticky cards were set up at the heights of 73.9,101.7,129.5,157.3 and 185.1 cm above the ground to trap thrips, when the average height of eggplant was approximately 70 cm. More thrips were trapped of 73.9 and 101.7 cm height, which existed significant difference with those at the other three heights. During 5 continuous 3 hour spans from 5 am to 8 pm, the numbers of female, male and total adult thrips trapped were not significantly different.     

绿盲蝽成虫的田间活动规律

本文通过粘虫板诱捕试验,研究了绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)成虫在田间的活动规律。结果发现,绿盲蝽成虫主要在棉花顶部附近飞行,在高于棉花顶部20 cm处诱捕到的绿盲蝽显著多于50 cm和80 cm处(P<0.05)。在田间飞行时,绿盲蝽成虫没有明确的偏好方向,在东西南北各方位上的成虫诱捕量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。在昼夜节律上,绿盲蝽成虫集中在傍晚至凌晨时分活动,其中16:00至翌日4:00之间雌雄成虫的诱捕量分别占全天的100%和92.6%。     

The effect of undersowing cabbage with white clover on thrips infestation and flight activity

In 2001-2003, the levels of infestation of thrips in cabbage monocrops and cabbage/white clover intercrops were compared. The flight activity of thrips was monitored using blue sticky traps and white water traps to obtain a better understanding of population dynamics of thrips. Plant samples were taken to record the number of thrips on cabbage. Over the years of observations, the highest number of thrips was collected in blue sticky traps on cabbage undersown with white clover. In the period from 15th June to 5th July 2001, the number of thrips collected in blue sticky traps in the monocropped cultivation and intercrops with white clover was on similar low levels. Next, the number suddenly increased to 372 thrips/trap in monocropped cultivation and 509 thrips/trap in the intercropped cultivation. During the period of the highest peak of thrips activity, which was on 17th July, there were 650 thrips/trap and nearly the same number was noticed for both types of cultivations. After this period, until the end of vegetation, the greater number of thrips was noticed for the traps placed in the intercrops. Additionally, in 2001 the thrips were collected in white water traps. Using this type of traps, 480 total thrips/trap were collected in the monocropped cultivation and 819/thrips/trap in the intercrops during the whole vegetation season. The percentage participation of Thrips tabaci Lind. caught in white water traps was 24.4% in the monocropped cultivation and 15.4% in the intercrops. In 2002, during the period from the middle of June to the third decade of July, significantly higher number of thrips was collected in blue sticky traps placed in the cabbage with white clover. The number of thrips collected during the period of the mass flights, which means in the first decade of July was over twice as many thrips in the traps placed in the intercropped cultivation (1316 thrips/trap) as in the monocropped cultivation (589 thrips/trap). In 2003, during the whole vegetation period, the number of thrips collected in blue sticky traps placed on the plots where cabbage was cultivated with white clover was evidently higher. In this year two peaks of the thrips flight activity were recorded: the first on 16th July and the second on 5th August. On both occassions, the number of thrips collected in blue sticky traps placed in the intercropped cultivations was about twice as high as in the monoculture cultivation. In 2001-2003, the thrips feeding on cabbage in the monocropped and intercropped cultivations were observed mainly in July and once again in August. The number of thrips on cabbage was low, only in 2002 this number was higher. In 2001, the number of thrips on cabbage in both types of cultivations was on similar level. The highest number of thrips was observed during the peak of thrips flight activity, which was in the middle of July. In years 2002-2003, despite the higher number of thrips collected in blue sticky traps placed in the intercropped cultivations, the number of pests collected from the cabbage undersown with white clover was lower than in the monocropped cultivation. In 2002, the period of the most intensive occurrence of thrips on cabbage was overlapping with the period of mass flight activity of thrips. During this period, a little higher number of thrips was noticed on cabbage in the intercropped cultivation (3.4 thrips/plant) than in the monocropped cultivation (3.2 thrips/plant). In 2003, the highest number of thrips on cabbage in both types of cultivations was noticed before the first significant peak of thrips flight activity. Whereas in the first decade of August, when the same high number of thrips collected in blue sticky traps was again noticed, no increase in the number of thrips feeding on cabbage was observed in both type of cultivations. Over all years of observations, despite the higher number of thrips collected in blue sticky traps in the intercropped cultivation, this number was always lower on the cabbage undersown with white clover. The most dominant species in both cultivations was Thrips tabaci Lind. Its percentage participation in the collected material was 83.1% in the monocropped cultivation and 76.6% in the intercropped cultivation.     

Examining the spatial distribution of flower thrips in southern highbush blueberries by utilizing geostatistical methods

Flower thrips (Frankliniella spp.) are one of the key pests of southern highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L. x V. darrowii Camp), a high-value crop in Florida. Thrips' feeding and oviposition injury to flowers can result in fruit scarring that renders the fruit unmarketable. Flower thrips often form areas of high population, termed "hot spots", in blueberry plantings. The objective of this study was to model thrips spatial distribution patterns with geostatistical techniques. Semivariogram models were used to determine optimum trap spacing and two commonly used interpolation methods, inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK), were compared for their ability to model thrips spatial patterns. The experimental design consisted of a grid of 100 white sticky traps spaced at 15.24-m and 7.61-m intervals in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Thirty additional traps were placed randomly throughout the sampling area to collect information on distances shorter than the grid spacing. The semivariogram analysis indicated that, in most cases, spacing traps at least 28.8 m apart would result in spatially independent samples. Also, the 7.61-m grid spacing captured more of the thrips spatial variability than the 15.24-m grid spacing. IDW and OK produced maps with similar accuracy in both years, which indicates that thrips spatial distribution patterns, including "hot spots," can be modeled using either interpolation method. Future studies can use this information to determine if the formation of "hot spots" can be predicted using flower density, temperature, and other environmental factors. If so, this development would allow growers to spot treat the "hot spots" rather than their entire field.     

Evaluation of sampling methodology for determining the population dynamics of onion thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Ontario onion fields

Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, are an economic pest of alliums worldwide. In Ontario onion-growing regions, seasonal abundance and population trends of onion thrips are not well known. The objectives of this research were to investigate onion thrips population dynamics by using both white sticky traps and plant counts, to gain insight into flight height, and to determine the genus and sex of thrips fauna present in monitored fields. Adult thrips were captured on white sticky traps placed in two commercial onion fields in the Thedford-Grand Bend Marsh region as early as mid-May in 2001, 2002, and 2003. Thrips were not recorded on onion plants in these fields until late June and early July. A comparison of sticky trap captures to plant counts revealed a strong, positive correlation, indicating that sticky traps, which consistently detected thrips earlier than plant counts, could be used instead of plant counts early in the season to monitor onion thrips populations. Pole traps placed in onion and an adjacent soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., field revealed that regardless of crop type, most thrips were captured 0.7-0.95 m above the soil surface. During this study, 70% of 137,000 thrips captured on sticky traps and 89% of 1,482 thrips captured in pan traps were female onion thrips. No male onion thrips were identified in this study: most of the remaining thrips were Frankliniella spp.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in nectarine orchards in British Columbia

Thrips were sampled from six nectarine orchards in the Dry Central Interior, British Columbia, Canada, between April and June 1993 using yellow sticky cards on posts spaced around the perimeter of each orchard. Although 12 identified species of thrips were captured, >90% of individuals were the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). The flight patterns and abundances of western flower thrips were compared between orchards located in two differently oriented valleys (N-S and E-W) and between orchards located close to or far from areas of wild land. Results indicate that densities of western flower thrips entering orchards, and their direction of movement, were related more to the external vegetation than either location within the two different valleys or general wind flow patterns. Western flower thrips tended to move into orchards close to ground level in early spring (late April and early May) but flew higher as ground cover grew taller and temperatures increased. Densities of western flower thrips at ground level were highest in an orchard with the densest dandelion ground cover. We conclude that the location of nectarine orchards in relation to wild areas is a major determinate of western flower thrips densities.     

UV‐absorbing films and nets affect the dispersal of western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

UV‐absorbing films and nets are frequently used as covering materials for netted greenhouses and film tunnels in protected cultivation systems. This study explored the effects of such materials on the dispersal behaviour of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, in flight cages under greenhouse conditions with additional artificial UV‐A light sources. The study involved release–recapture experiments in choice and no‐choice layouts. Different trapping methods were compared (blue sticky cards, plants and transparent cards) for recapture of thrips. In choice experiments, insects were released from a black box compartment between two tunnels covered with either UV‐transmitting or UV‐absorbing materials. A significantly higher proportion of (82–98%) WFT was recaptured in UV‐transmitting tunnels compared with UV‐absorbing tunnels. In no‐choice experiments, WFT were found to infiltrate the tunnels at different rates depending on the trap type used and experimental layout. In small‐scale dispersal experiments using blue sticky cards and plants as traps, infiltration was not significantly different between UV‐absorbing and UV‐transmitting tunnels, whereas when using transparent cards, WFT penetrated further into the UV‐transmitting plastic film tunnels. In larger‐scale dispersal experiments, plants or blue sticky cards were arranged in concentric circles around a source plant at the release point. Dispersal was found to differ depending on the method of release, but WFT tended to exhibit reduced dispersal from source plants under UV‐deficient conditions. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that manipulation of spectral light properties using UV‐absorbing cladding materials for protected crop stands interferes with the orientation and host finding of WFT, resulting in reduced dispersal into and within plant stands in UV‐deficient environments.     

Rapid estimation of numbers of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleurodidae) and thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on sticky traps

The presence or absence of greenhouse whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, and thrips, primarily western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in cells of a grid laid over 7.6 cm by 12.7 cm sticky traps was used to estimate the population density of these pests on the trap. The method accurately predicted trap population densities of between 15 and 192 individuals per side for thrips on blue and yellow traps and between 15 and 168 whiteflies per side on yellow traps. The distribution of both whiteflies and thrips tended to be clustered on the sides and upper edge of the traps. The method is useful in giving a far more rapid estimate than counting individuals, particularly at high population densities.     

Response of natural populations of predators and parasitoids to artificially induced volatile emissions in maize plants (Zea mays L.)

1 In response to herbivore attack, maize plants (Zea mays L.) emit a specific blend of induced volatiles. Artificial damage and subsequent treatment of the damaged site with caterpillar regurgitant induces the same response. The induced volatile chemicals are known to be highly attractive to several parasitoids of herbivores in laboratory bioassays, but very limited information is available on how the plant odours affect entomophagous insects in the field. 2 Experiments were conducted to determine if induced maize volatiles attract parasitic and predatory insects under field conditions and whether they affect their spatial distribution. 3 In a preliminary field experiment with blue sticky traps near treated (damaged and treated with caterpillar regurgitant) and healthy plants, more entomophagous insects (total number of parasitic Hymenoptera, Anthocoridae and Syrphidae) were trapped near treated plants than near healthy plants. 4 In a second experiment, attraction to the induced volatiles was monitored with sticky traps placed next to treated and healthy maize plants in a regular maize field. No significant differences between the two treatments were found, but significantly more insects (parasitic wasps, thrips and anthocorid bugs) were trapped near to the top of plants than on traps placed near the mid‐stem. Displacement of these insect groups within the field seemed to occur principally over the canopy, but under severe weather conditions they travelled lower in the canopy. 5 In a third experiment, the effect of induced maize odours on the spatial distribution of predators and parasitoids was investigated by placing sticky traps at different distances from healthy and treated plants. The higher catches of parasitoids near treated plants and the increased presence of these insects on the downwind side of treated plants support the notion that herbivore‐induced maize odours attract natural enemies of maize pests in the field.