菊花花色遗传及花色嵌合体发现

对开黄花菊花和开白花菊花材料分别和开红花菊花材料进行了正反交,结果表明,花色遗传比较复杂, 在以红花材料作为母本组合中表现为比较明显的偏母性遗传特征,而以黄花和白花材料为母本则不表现偏母性特征;除此之外,菊花花色遗传还表现出不完全显性和镶嵌显性的特点。在黄花材料3501和红花材料3509所得到杂种中发现了2个分枝出现花色嵌合体的现象,该嵌合体特征是花一边为红色,而另一边则出现镶嵌显性的现象。染色体分析表明,不同颜色嵌合体花瓣的染色体数目都是36条,因此,实验所得到的花色嵌合体不是由染色体数目变化造成的,而有可能是转座子插入影响色素合成基因造成的。     

禽类蛋壳颜色及其基因的遗传研究进展

禽类的蛋壳具有白色、青色及褐色３种颜色, 特别是鸡和鸭的青壳蛋因外观美观, 口感好, 营养价值高, 蛋壳硬度和强度高于白壳蛋而具有较好的市场前景。但依据表型培育青壳鸡或鸭品系存在误选, 因而研究蛋壳颜色的形成及控制机理具有重要的理论及现实意义。文章主要介绍了禽类蛋壳颜色的种类、色素组成及其合成, 它的可遗传性、遗传力大小、遗传模式, 控制蛋壳颜色的基因数量及其相互之间的显隐性关系, 以期为揭示蛋壳颜色的形成机理提供参考。     

Novel pigments and copigmentation in the blue marguerite daisy

The blue colour of the petals of the blue marguerite daisy, Felicia amelloides, has been found to arise from copigmentation between a novel malonylated delphinidin triglycoside, delphinidin 3-O-neohesperidoside 7-O- (6-O-malonyl-glucoside), and a new flavone C-glycoside, swertisin 2″-O-rhamnoside-4′-O-glucoside. Recombination, in vitro, of these two petal components at pH 6 recreates the blue petal colour.     

The effect of color polymorphism on mortality in the aphidMacrosiphoniella yomogicola

We examined body color polymorphism in the aphidMacrosiphoniella yomogicola from July to September 1993. We classified body color into eight types: green 1, green 2, red 1, red 2, white, orange, yellow and mist. The frequencies of body color varied with time and among patches of the host plant, yomogi (Artemisia spp.). Color diversity within a shoot was calculated using the Shannon diversity index. Of five usable data sets, three showed negative relationships between color diversity and mortality. The regression coefficients for two of these relationships were significant. No significant relationship between mortality and the number of aphids was found. The color diversity was not significantly related to a particular body color found on a yomogi shoot. Color polymorphism may be maintained because selection may favor a high color diversity on the host plant shoot.     

紫茉莉开花过程中花色和花色素的变化规律

紫茉莉是我国广泛分布的庭院花卉之一,具有丰富的花色。但不同花色紫茉莉在开花过程中的花色变化规律及其呈色机制还不清楚。以紫红色、黄色和白色紫茉莉为研究对象,分别通过色差仪测定法和紫外-可见分光光度法测定了不同开花时期不同花色紫茉莉花色表型及各类色素含量,探讨了其花色和色素变化规律,揭示其呈色机制。结果表明,从花蕾期到盛开期,紫红色紫茉莉花冠由淡绿色转变为紫红色,明度L^*值和色相b^*值减小,而色相a^*值、色度C^*值和色度角h值增大,叶绿素含量逐渐下降,类胡萝卜素、花色素苷和总黄酮含量逐渐升高;黄色紫茉莉花冠由淡绿色转变为黄色,盛开期具有最高的色度C^*值、色相a^*值和b^*值,整个开花过程具有较稳定的叶绿素和总黄酮含量,同时具有较高的类胡萝卜素含量;白色紫茉莉花冠由淡绿色转变为白色,过渡期具有最高的明度L^*值、色度C^*值、色相a^*值和b^*值,整个开花过程花色素苷和总黄酮含量较低,但随着开花进程逐渐升高,而类胡萝卜素含量稳定,过渡期总叶绿素含量显著低于其他2个时期。可见,不同花色紫茉莉开花过程中花色变化规律存在差异,而其差异性与其相应的色素成分变化密切相关。     

Regeneration of the retina: toward stem cell therapy for degenerative retinal diseases

Degenerative retinal diseases affect millions of people worldwide, which can lead to the loss of vision. However, therapeutic approaches that can reverse this process are limited. Recent efforts have allowed the possibility of the stem cell-based regeneration of retinal cells and repair of injured retinal tissues. Although the direct differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into terminally differentiated photoreceptor cells comprises one approach, a series of studies revealed the intrinsic regenerative potential of the retina using endogenous retinal stem cells. Muller glial cells, ciliary pigment epithelial cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells are candidates for such retinal stem cells that can differentiate into multiple types of retinal cells and be integrated into injured or developing retina. In this review, we explore our current understanding of the cellular identity of these candidate retinal stem cells and their therapeutic potential for cell therapy against degenerative retinal diseases. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(4): 193-199]     

Early duplication and functional diversification of the opsin gene family in insects

Recent analysis of the complete mosquito Anopheles gambiae genome has revealed a far higher number of opsin genes than for either the Drosophila melanogaster genome or any other known insect. In particular, the analysis revealed an extraordinary opsin gene content expansion, whereby half are long wavelength-sensitive (LW) opsin gene duplicates. We analyzed this genomic data in relationship to other known insect opsins to estimate the relative timing of the LW opsin gene duplications and to identify "missing" paralogs in extant species. The inferred branching patterns of the LW opsin gene family phylogeny indicate at least one early gene duplication within insects before the emergence of the orders Orthoptera, Mantodea, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. These data predict the existence of one more LW opsin gene than is currently known from most insects. We tested this prediction by using a degenerate PCR strategy to screen the hymenopteran genome for novel LW opsin genes. We isolated two LW opsin gene sequences from each of five bee species, Bombus impatiens, B. terrestris, Diadasia afflicta, D. rinconis, and Osmia rufa, including 1.1 to 1.2 kb from a known (LW Rh1) and 1 kb from a new opsin gene (LW Rh2). Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the novel hymenopteran gene is orthologous to A. gambiae GPRop7, a gene that is apparently missing from D. melanogaster. Relative rate tests show that LW Rh2 is evolving at a slower rate than LW Rh1 and, therefore, may be a useful marker for higher-level hymenopteran systematics. Site-specific rate tests indicate the presence of several amino acid sites between LW Rh1 and LW Rh2 that have undergone shifts in selective constraints after duplication. These sites and others are discussed in relationship to putative structural and functional differences between the two genes.     

天然彩棉棕色素稳定性及其机理研究

测定了阳光、温度、洗衣粉和金属离子等因素对棕色棉纤维稳定性的影响,并分析了不同pH和不同浓度的纯化色素水溶液色彩的特性,观察纯化色素液与金属离子反应,来探索彩棉棕色素的稳定性机理。实验发现棕色棉纤维色调值位于38度,饱和度为29%,亮度为53%,探明了阳光、温度、洗衣粉和金属离子等因素对棕色棉纤维色彩均产生影响以及pH和浓度对纯化色素的色彩产生影响的规律。     

蛇年说蛇

一般说来,蛇是一类体形细长,没有四肢的动物。但像这样动物还有不少,例如:蛔虫、蚯蚓、鳗鱼、蚓螈、某些蜥蜴,等等。如果再加上两个条件:有背脊骨、体外覆以鳞片,那么,就剩下某些蜥蜴可能与蛇划分不清了。蛇与无足的蜥蜴(如脆蛇蜥)在外形上的区别则在于:蛇头部没有外耳孔与鼓膜而蜥蜴有之,蛇尾长仅占全长的五分之一到三分之一,而蜥蜴的尾长则占二分之一左右甚或达到三分之二。有了上述概念,便可准确无误地判断何者是蛇了。蛇作为一类动物,在动物界隶属脊索动物门、脊椎动物的亚门、爬行纲、有鳞目。已发现约3000种,体大者如蟒,体小者仅如蚯…     

The life history of Callophyllis firma (Kylin) Norris in laboratory culture

Callophyllis firma (Kylin) Norris has been shown to have a life history in laboratory culture in which the tetrasporangial and gametangial phases are morphologically identical. This is the first published report of such a Polysiphonia-type of life history in a member of the Cryptos nemiales.     

昆虫体色多型的分子调控机制

体色多型普遍存在于各昆虫类群,体色多型不仅是生物多样性的体现,而且多样的着色模式对于昆虫本身具有重要的生物学意义.研究体色多型对探讨昆虫遗传多态性、适应机制及生物进化等具有重要的意义.本文主要从昆虫体色多型的分子调控机制进行综述,以期为今后探讨昆虫多态性、适应机制及生物进化提供参考.     

AG1478抑制剂对白鲫体色发育的影响

鱼类的体色由基本色素细胞相互配合而成,色素细胞主要有4种类型:黑色素细胞、红色素细胞、黄色素细胞和虹彩细胞。AG1478是针对酪氨酸激酶(Tyr)的一种新型抑制剂。Tyr是黑色素生成过程中的关键酶,在黑色素细胞中呈特异性表达。本文主要阐述了白鲫四种色素细胞以及两种不同形态黑色素细胞的超微结构观察,探讨了AG1478抑制剂对白鲫早期体色发育的影响,实验结果表明抑制剂对白鲫早期体色发育没有明显影响。     

鸳鸯茉莉花色变化过程中的生理生化特性研究

以3年生鸳鸯茉莉(Brunfelsia acuminata Benth.)5个不同花期(花蕾期、初开期、全开期、过渡期、末花期)的花瓣为试材,研究其开花过程中花瓣的色度值、类黄酮、类胡萝卜素、花色苷含量、细胞p H值以及相关酶活性的变化,并分析各指标之间的相关性。结果显示,除全开期外,其它4个时期各色度值变化不明显,初开期、全开期和过渡期,明亮参数L值逐渐增大,红绿参数a值、黄蓝参数b值和彩度C值急剧降低;类黄酮含量在过渡期最低,其它阶段无显著差异;类胡萝卜素含量变化呈上升-下降-稳定的趋势,全开期达到最高;花色苷含量则随开花进程不断下降,花蕾期最高;花蕾期、初开期、全开期的SOD活性变化不显著,过渡期时显著升高,末花期又迅速回落到最低值;POD活性不断上升,末花期为花蕾期的28.73倍;CAT活性前期变化不显著,末花期时有一定幅度的升高;花瓣色度各指标、花色苷含量、上述酶的活性、p H值等几个参数间均存在极显著相关性,但SOD活性、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮与所有参数的相关性均不显著。研究结果表明花色苷是影响鸳鸯茉莉花色变化的决定性代谢产物,POD和CAT活性是调节花色苷降解速率的主要抗氧化酶。     

γ Actinorhodin a natural and attorney source for synthetic dye to detect acid production of fungi

Colors from natural sources are gaining popularity because synthetic colors are carcinogenic. Natural colors are obtained from plants or microorganisms. Pigments produced by microorganisms have advantages over plant pigments, due to their ease of use and reliability. In the present study, a blue pigment producing actinomycete klmp33 was isolated from the Gulbarga region in India. The isolate was identified based on morphologic, microscopic, and biochemical characterization, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates showed a close relationship with Streptomyces coelicolor. Pigment produced by the isolate was analyzed using UV–visible spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared and liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis, and was identified as γ actinorhodin. γ-Actinorhodin is used as a pH indicator which deviates from acid to non-acid. Moreover, it subrogates synthetic dye.     

金叶银杏半同胞子代无性系的叶色和色素含量变化及呈色机制分析

对4月份至11月份金叶银杏‘万年金'( Ginkgo biloba ‘Wannianjin')32个半同胞子代无性系与亲本的叶色差异进行比较;比较了不同色系叶片的色素含量和比值及叶色参数(L*、a*和b*)的变化,分析了叶色参数与叶片色素含量的相关性;并观察了不同色系的叶绿体超微结构。结果表明：32个半同胞子代无性系可被分为金黄、浅黄、草绿和蓝绿4个色系。随时间推移,草绿和蓝绿色系叶片的总叶绿素( Chl)、叶绿素a( Chla)、叶绿素b( Chlb)和类胡萝卜素( Car)含量均呈“双峰型”变化趋势,Car/Chl和Car/Chla比值的变幅均较小;而金黄和浅黄色系叶片的上述色素含量呈“升高—降低—升高”变化趋势,Car/Chl和Car/Chla比值总体呈“迅速下降—相对稳定—缓慢升高”的变化趋势。各色系叶片的上述色素含量在夏季均不同程度下降,Car/Chlb比值变化差异较大,且金黄和浅黄色系的各色素含量均低于草绿和蓝绿色系。随时间推移,金黄和浅黄色系叶片的L*、a*和b*值以及草绿和蓝绿色系叶片的L*和b*值均先降低后升高,后2个色系的a*值则先升高后下降;并且,前2个色系的L*和b*值总体上显著高于后2个色系,而a*值则总体上低于后2个色系。金黄色系的Chla和Chl含量与L*和a*值显著负相关,而其Car/Chl和Car/Chla比值则与L*、a*和b*值显著或极显著正相关;浅黄色系的Chlb含量与a*值显著负相关,其Car/Chla比值与L*和b*值以及Car/Chlb比值与a*值均显著正相关;草绿色系的Chla含量与L*值显著负相关,其Car/Chla比值与L*和b*值以及Car/Chlb比值与a*值均显著正相关;这3个色系叶片的其余指标间以及蓝绿色系叶片的各指标间均无显著相关性。观察结果显示：金黄和浅黄色系的叶绿体基粒片层发育不健全,基粒片层可见但排列较疏松,且无明显垛叠,分布范围小而稀疏;蓝绿和草绿色系叶绿体的基粒类囊体垛叠层数均较多,基粒片层发达且排列紧致、整齐,分布范围大而稠密。综合分析结果表明：‘万年金'4个色系半同胞子代无性系叶片的呈色差异和叶色变化由多种因素控制,其中,Car/Chl和Car/Chla比值高且叶绿体基粒片层发育不健全是叶片呈黄色的主要原因。     

茶树种质叶片色素含量与叶色参数的关系

【目的】探究茶树种质资源叶片色素含量与叶色参数之间的关系,为叶色特异茶树种质资源呈色机理探索和品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】以浙江省茶树种质资源圃中143份黄化、白化和紫化叶色特异茶树种质春季新梢为材料,比较分析各种质叶片叶色参数L^*、a^*、b^*值和花青素、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量差异。通过主成分分析、聚类分析、相关性分析、多元逐步回归分析和通径分析探讨叶片色素含量和叶色参数关系。【结果】（1）紫化茶树种质花青素含量和a^*值较高,叶片呈现紫红色;黄化种质类胡萝卜素含量/叶绿素含量比值和b^*值较高,叶片呈黄色,白化种质L^*值较高,叶片呈白色;黄化和白化茶树种质叶绿素含量较低。在叶色表型性状方面,叶色特异茶树种质大体聚为两大类群,白色系和黄色系聚为一大类,紫色系聚为另一大类。（2）叶色特异茶树种质叶片叶色参数a^*值与花青素含量呈极显著正相关,L^*值、b^*值与花青素和叶绿素含量均呈极显著负相关,且b^*值与类胡萝卜素含量呈极显著正相关;花青素、叶绿素对叶片L^*、a^*、b^*值直接作用较大。【结论】a^*值可作为描述叶色特异茶树种质叶片紫红色性状的代表性参数,b^*值可作为描述叶色特异茶树种质叶片黄色性状的代表性参数。