蛋白质组学的研究方法

近年来,蛋白质组学的研究在生物医学领域正逐步深入,研究方法也正逐步完善。本文综述了蛋白质组学的几种研究方法,指出了各种方法的优点及局限性,并且对蛋白质组学的研究方法和前景进行了展望。     

基于物种的大尺度生物多样性热点研究方法

生物多样性热点是建立保护区、制定保护决策的依据,是生物保护研究的热点问题之一。基于物种的研究方法是大尺度陆地生物多样性热点的主要研究方法,但数据的缺乏限制了直接根据物种丰富度确定热点的方法,因此研究中经常采用其他方法间接的反映物种情况,介绍了4种主要的基于物种的替代方法:指示种、高级分类单元、环境模型和景观异质性,详细阐述了各种方法存在的利弊,并从数据的可获取性、操作的便捷性和对物种特征的反映3个方面对各种方法进行了评价。任何单一的方法都无法准确反映出生物多样性热点的真实分布。合适的研究方法是权衡研究目的、时间和资金的结果,建议选择优势互补的多种方法。     

中药药效物质的研究方法

中药药效物质的研究是中药现代化研究的核心,科学阐明中药临床治疗的物质基础,是中药药效学研究的最终目标。现阶段中药药效物质基础研究方法主要有化学分离分析、生物色谱法和虚拟筛选等方法。本文对现有中药药效物质基础的几种研究方法进行了分类,并对其特点进行了介绍。     

昆虫的联合复合体微铺展技术

研究昆虫的ＳＣ结构对促进细胞遗传学研究富有重要意义。但由于早期制备ＳＣ的技术方法复杂繁锁制约了ＳＣ研究的深入。近年来,随着制备ＳＣ标本技术方法的完善,促使ＳＣ研究的更深入发展。本文以昆虫的ＳＣ为研究对象讨论微铺展技术方法。     

蛋白质与脂质相互作用的研究技术

蛋白质与脂质的相互作用是细胞内多种生命现象的基础之一,两者相互作用的研究方法以及相互作用的机制都是当前生物化学研究的热点之一。该文介绍两者相互作用的不同研究方法,并比较了各种方法的优缺点和适用范围。     

多肽固相合成的研究进展

多肽固相化学合成法是蛋白质研究领域非常重要的研究方法之一,主要可以分为Boc方法和Fmoc方法,在生物药物、蛋白质工程、免疫学等研究中得到了广泛的应用。该文论述了多肽固相合成法的原理,比较了两种典型合成方法的优缺点,介绍了适用于该方法的多肽种类,提出了多肽合成过程中存在的问题与解决策略,最后展望了多肽合成法的应用前景,以供相关领域的研究人员参考。     

从一般系统论到后基因组时代的系统生物学

论述了贝塔朗菲的一般系统论的思想起源、主要内容,基于一般系统论的系统生物学的产生、研究思路和方法,阐述了生物学由还原论的研究方法过渡到系统论的研究方法,以及系统生物学未来的发展进行了评价。     

蛋白质相互作用的研究方法

随着基因组测序工程数量的增加,未知功能蛋白质测序工作也呈现指数式增长。生物学进程主要是由蛋白质执行和控制的,因此,阐明未知或已知蛋白质的生物学功能和从细胞水平上确定细胞机制,已成为蛋白质组学研究的主要目标。目前,随着酵母[1]、果蝇[2]、线虫[3]相互作用图谱的相继完成,蛋白质相互作用研究方法也不断发展和完善。综述了当前研究蛋白质相互作用的主要技术方法,包括酵母双杂交技术,GSTpull-down技术,免疫共沉淀技术和串联亲和纯化技术等多种研究方法,分析了各种技术方法的优缺点以及各种方法的改进,在试验中可根据不同的要求和目的选择适宜的方法。     

鸡的遗传多样性的研究方法及研究进展

遗传多样性是生物学研究中的一个重要领域,研究鸡的遗传多样性,不仅能加强生物多样性的保护。同时对起源进化、分类鉴定及遗传育种等都有重要的意义。本文对目前DNA水平鸡的遗传多样性的研究方法和研究进展进行了详细的阐述。重点介绍了DNA分子标记的特征;概括了在鸡遗传多样性分子标记的方法,包括微卫星分子标记(SSR)、扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)、随机扩增多态性标记(RAPD)、限制性片段长度多态性标记(RFLP)和单核苷酸多态性标记(SNP)。本文综述了最近有关鸡DNA水平的遗传多样性的研究方法在系统学、遗传结构、生物地理等研究中的应用情况;提出在研究鸡遗传多样性时,可根据研究的目的,选择合适的方法。     

植物根系分泌物的研究方法

根系分泌物是植物根系释放到根际环境中的有机物质的总称,对土壤结构形成、土壤养分转化、植物养分吸收、土壤微生物分布、环境胁迫缓解等方面都具有重要作用。但是,由于土壤中微生物对根系分泌物的降解以及根系分泌物本身含量低、成分复杂,根系分泌物的研究方法一直是植物营养学与土壤科学的研究热点和难点。近年来,一些新的实验技术和研究方法被应用到对植物根系分泌物的研究中。本文对目前在根系分泌物研究中应用较多的以及新发展起来的各种收集、分离和鉴定方法进行了综述,希望有助于相关研究者在针对不同的研究对象和目的时选择出可行、合适、高效的根系分泌物研究方法和技术。     

植物-昆虫间的化学通讯及其行为控制

在植物与昆虫间的化学通讯中植物气味物质起着决定性的作用,它调控着昆虫的多种行为,诸如引诱昆虫趋向寄主植物,刺激昆虫取食,引导昆虫选择产卵场所,进行传粉和防御昆虫等。有些植物则当受到食植性昆虫危害时会释出一些引诱害虫天敌的化学信号。这些化学信号是一些挥发性萜类混合物,天敌昆虫就以此来区分受害和未受害植株。尽管目前在害虫综合治理中,昆虫信息素的应用越来越显得比天然植物气味源更受重视,但是必须指出的是,昆虫信息化合物首次成功地使用于植物保护的却是天然植物气味源。在利用植物气味源作害虫测报和防治中,近年来一种简单价廉的粘胶诱捕器己成为多种害虫的标准测报工具。在害虫综合治理中利用植物气味源的技术显然是具有不可估量的潜力。文中提出了利用基因工程技术来改造植物,使植物能释放特定的驱避剂或其它控制昆虫行为的特殊气味物质的新概念。     

Plant volatiles as method of communication

Plants emit volatile compounds that can act as a communication method to insects, neighboring plants and pathogens. Plants respond to leaf and root damage by herbivores and pathogens by emitting these compounds. The volatile compounds can deter the herbivores or pathogens directly or indirectly by attracting their natural enemies to kill them. The simultaneous damage of plants by herbivores and pathogens can influence plant defense. The induced plant volatiles can also make neighboring plants ready for defense or induce defense in parts distant from the damaged area of the same plant. Belowground root herbivory can alter the defense response to aboveground leaf herbivory. In addition, most plants normally emit volatile compounds from their flowers that directly attract foraging mutualistic insects for nectar, which in turn perform the very important function of pollination for subsequent reproduction. The volatile compounds emitted from the floral and vegetative parts of plants belong to three main classes of compounds: terpenoids, phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, and C6-aldehydes (green-leaf volatiles). The volatile phytohormones methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate serve as important signaling molecules for communication purposes, and interact with each other to optimize the plant defense response. Here we discuss and integrate the current knowledge on all types of communication between plants and insects, neighboring plants and pathogens that are mediated through plant volatiles.     

信息化合物对昆虫行为的影响

本文综述了来自寄主植物的挥发性物质和同种昆虫或异种昆虫释放的各种信息素及两者的协同作用的信息化合物对昆虫行为的影响。特别强调了寄主植物的气味物质和昆虫信息素协同作用在昆虫寻找寄主、求偶、交配及天敌在寄主识别过程中的重要地位。昆虫对寄主植物的识别是由于识别了植物气味的由一定组分、按照严格比例组成的化学指纹图。昆虫信息素与植物挥发性物质相结合为昆虫寻找求偶、交配场所提供更复杂或更全面的信息。许多昆虫只有在寄主植物或寄主植物气味存在时 ,才能释放性或聚集信息素。天敌在寄主识别、搜索及定位等一系列过程中 ,来自寄主的食料、寄主本身及两者的互作的信息化合物起重要的作用。研究信息化合物对昆虫行为的影响可以探索昆虫各种行为的内在机理 ,更好的了解寄主—昆虫—天敌三层营养关系的相互作用 ,对利用天然活性化合物防治害虫及生物防治提供理论依据     

植物的防御性萜类挥发信号分子

植物生长发育过程中会合成大量萜类化合物,其中多数具有挥发性。这些挥发性萜类成分除参与保护光合器官免受光合作用产生的热量灼伤之外,还作为信号分子参与了大量的化学生态过程,例如对昆虫和其他动物的吸引以利于花粉和种子的传播。另一方面,自上世纪80年代以来,逐渐有研究工作表明,挥发性萜类化合物也可以作为信号介导植物对植食性昆虫的防御反应,以及在植物．害虫．天敌的三级营养关系中发挥作用。同时,研究工作还显示萜类化合物可以作为信号在同株植物的不同部位之间及邻近植物之间进行有效传递以促进对虫害的防御,并证明了这些萜类分子在细胞和分子水平上的调控作用。这些工作为利用化学生态学手段对虫害进行有效控制提供了新的策略。文章仅就近年来对植物萜类挥发信号分子在合成、识别、传输及其作用等方面的研究进展做简要回顾。     

Chemical mimicry of insect oviposition sites: a global analysis of convergence in angiosperms

Floral mimicry of decaying plant or animal material has evolved in many plant lineages and exploits, for the purpose of pollination, insects seeking oviposition sites. Existing studies suggest that volatile signals play a particularly important role in these mimicry systems. Here, we present the first large‐scale phylogenetically informed study of patterns of evolution in the volatile emissions of plants that mimic insect oviposition sites. Multivariate analyses showed strong convergent evolution, represented by distinct clusters in chemical phenotype space of plants that mimic animal carrion, decaying plant material, herbivore dung and omnivore/carnivore faeces respectively. These plants deploy universal infochemicals that serve as indicators for the main nutrients utilised by saprophagous, coprophagous and necrophagous insects. The emission of oligosulphide‐dominated volatile blends very similar to those emitted by carrion has evolved independently in at least five plant families (Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Araceae, Orchidaceae and Rafflesiaceae) and characterises plants associated mainly with pollination by necrophagous flies and beetles.     

胜红蓟化感作用研究V.挥发油对真菌、昆虫和植物的生物活性及其化学成份

胜红蓟挥发油对真菌、昆虫和植物均具有生物活性,对植物致病真菌和害虫的抑制活性尤其显著。挥发油及其主要成分胜红蓟素不仅具有杀虫活性,而且引起昆虫拒食和延迟蜕皮。用GC/MS详细分析了胜红蓟挥发油的化学成分,共鉴定了27个化合物,胜红蓟素及其衍生物,单萜和倍半萜类化合物是其主要成分。     

Feeding by Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] larvae does not induce plant indirect defences

Abstract.  1. Recent research has addressed the function of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in attracting natural enemies of feeding herbivores. While many types of insect herbivory appear to elicit volatile responses, those triggered by gall insects have received little attention. Previous work indicates that at least one gall insect species induces changes in host-plant volatiles, but no other studies appear to have addressed whether gall insects trigger plant indirect defences.
2. The volatile responses of wheat to feeding by larvae of the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were studied to further explore indirect responses of plants to feeding by gall insects. This specialist gall midge species did not elicit a detectable volatile response from wheat plants, whereas a generalist caterpillar triggered volatile release. Moreover, Hessian fly feeding altered volatile responses to subsequent caterpillar herbivory.
3. These results suggest that Hessian fly larvae exert a degree of control over the defensive responses of their host plants and offer insight into plant-gall insect interactions. Also, the failure of Hessian fly larvae to elicit an indirect defensive response from their host plants may help explain why natural enemies, which often rely on induced volatile cues, fail to inflict significant mortality on M. destructor populations in the field.     

Root herbivores influence the behaviour of an aboveground parasitoid through changes in plant-volatile signals

It is widely reported that plants emit volatile compounds when they are attacked by herbivorous insects, which may be used by parasitoids and predators to locate their host or prey. The study of herbivore-induced plant volatiles and their role in mediating interactions between plants, herbivores and their natural enemies have been primarily based on aboveground systems, generally ignoring the potential interactions between above and belowground infochemical- and food webs. This study examines whether herbivory by Delia radicum feeding on roots of Brassica nigra (black mustard) affects the behaviour of Cotesia glomerata , a parasitoid of the leaf herbivore Pieris brassicae , mediated by changes in plant volatiles. In a semi-field experiment with root-damaged and root-undamaged plants C. glomerata prefers to oviposit in hosts feeding on root-undamaged plants. In addition, in a flight-cage experiment the parasitoid also prefers to search for hosts on plants without root herbivores. Plants exposed to root herbivory were shown to emit a volatile blend characterized by high levels of specific sulphur volatile compounds, which are reported to be highly toxic for insects, combined with low levels of several compounds, i.e. beta-farnesene, reported to act as attractants for herbivorous and carnivorous insects. Our results provide evidence that the foraging behaviour of a parasitoid of an aboveground herbivore can be influenced by belowground herbivores through changes in the plant volatile blend. Such indirect interactions may have profound consequences for the evolution of host selection behaviour in parasitoids, and may play an important role in the structuring and functioning of communities.     

The influence of host and non‐host companion plants on the behaviour of pest insects in field crops

Companion plants grown as ‘trap crops’ or ‘intercrops’ can be used to reduce insect infestations in field crops. The ways in which such reductions are achieved are being described currently using either a chemical approach, based on the ‘push‐pull strategy’, or a biological approach, based on the ‘appropriate/inappropriate landing theory’. The chemical approach suggests that insect numbers are reduced by chemicals from the intercrop ‘repelling’ insects from the main crop, and by chemicals from the trap‐crop ‘attracting’ insects away from the main crop. This approach is based on the assumptions that (1) plants release detectable amounts of volatile chemicals, and (2) insects ‘respond’ while still some distance away from the emitting plant. We discuss whether the above assumptions can be justified using the ‘appropriate/inappropriate landing theory’. Our tenet is that specialist insects respond only to the volatile chemicals released by their host plants and that these are released in such small quantities that, even with a heightened response to such chemicals, specialist insects can only detect them when a few metres from the emitting plant. We can find no robust evidence in the literature that plant chemicals ‘attract’ insects from more than 5 m and believe that ‘trap crops’ function simply as ‘interception barriers’. We can also find no evidence that insects are ‘repelled’ from landing on non‐host plants. Instead, we believe that ‘intercrops’ disrupt host‐plant finding by providing insects with a choice of host (appropriate) and non‐host (inappropriate) plant leaves on which to land, as our research has shown that, for intercropping to be effective, insects must land on the non‐host plants. Work is needed to determine whether non‐host plants are repellent (chemical approach) or ‘non‐stimulating’ (biological approach) to insects.     

关于植物因昆虫取食所诱发的求救信号

虫害会使受害植株释放求救信号 ,后者能招引来致害害虫的天敌。害虫与寄主植物之间这一关系的联因在于致害害虫的唾液酶引起了被害植物代谢过程乃至代谢产物的改变。深入研究植物体的求救信号 ,就会了解昆虫和植物如何协同进化的秘密 ,进而可为寻找害虫防治新资源提供科学的依据。