对青霉素酰化酶发酵生产影响因素的考察

采用巨大芽孢杆菌发酵生产青霉素酰化酶比较理想,但是巨大芽孢杆菌保藏时间短、易变异、发酵周期短,在生产中巨大芽孢杆菌正常的生长代谢,受原料质量、工艺条件影响较大。哈药厂经过一年多的中试,两年大规模生产基本掌握了发酵生产工艺,并能控制发酵生产状态。平均酶活４５０ｕ／１００ｍｌ以上。     

固定化青霉素酰化酶的研究

将巨大芽孢杆菌胞外青霉素酰化酶通过共价键连接到醋酸纤维素载体上,制成的固定化青霉素酰化酶的表观活力达2000 u／g左右(PDAB法)。水解lO％(w／v)的青霉素G钾盐落液,使用30批,保留活力70％以上。6-氨基青毒烷酸(6-APA)总收率平均达88．37％。固定化青霉素酰化酶水解青霉素G的最适pH为9．95,最适温度为55℃,表观米氏常数为1.093×10-2mol／L,在pH 5．8-10．7,温度45℃以下酶的活力稳定。     

一步法纯化青霉素G酰化酶

本文报导了用水平等电聚焦电泳技术由粗酶液一步纯化制得纯青霉素G酰化酶.     

青霉素酰化酶高产菌株的快速筛选方法

采用青霉素梯度琼脂平皿筛选法,利用对青霉素G高抗性表型,专一筛选大肠杆菌青霉素酰化酶高产突变株。一次涂皿可淘汰绝大部分未突变株。我们从青霉素G梯度琼脂平皿上获得528株,从中得到32株产酰化酶活性高于出发菌株的正突变株,正突变率为6.06%,最高突变幅度为96.6%。     

青霉素酰化酶高产菌株的快速筛选方法

采用青霉素梯度琼脂平皿筛选法,利用对青霉素G高抗性表型,专一筛选大肠杆菌青毒素酰化酶高产突变株。一次涂皿可淘汰绝大部分未突变株。我们从青霉素G梯度琼脂平皿上获得528株,从中得到32株产酰化酶活性高于出发菌株的正突变株,正突变率为6.06%,最高突变幅度为96.6%。     

青霉素酰化酶基因的克隆与表达I．青霉素酰化酶基因的克隆

用EcoR I—Pst I双酶解的pBR322作为克隆载体,从大肠杆菌D816染色体克隆了青霉素酰化酶基因,这个基陶位于9．1Kb EcoRI片段上。所得克隆株整体细胞酶学特性与大肠杆菌D816一致,酶反应最适温度为55℃,最适pH为7．8—8．0。以青霉素G作为底物时Km为10．3mM,转化产物为6一氨基青霉烷酸。克隆株大肠杆菌c600(pPAl)合成青霉索酰化酶仍需苯乙酸诱导并被葡萄糖阻遏,细胞青霉素酰化酶的活性比大肠杆菌c P1(高2—4倍。     

青霉素酰化酶固定化前后动力学行为的比较

在优化的固定化条件下,通过戊二醛交联直接将青霉素酰化酶固定化。在优化的环境条件下测定游离酶和两种固定化酶的动力学常数。结果表明,尽管固定化酶的米氏常数增大,但产物抑制作用减弱,裂解青霉素的实验结果表明,固定化酶更适合在工业上应用。     

青霉素酰化酶的研究进展

青霉素酰化酶（penicillin acylase)是合成半合成青霉素的重要酶。近年来,对该酶的结构,分离纯化方法,稳定性,固定化及介质工程等方面进行了大量的研究。本文综述了以上研究的进展。     

硅藻土在青霉素G酰化酶提纯中的应用

国产硅藻土经氢氧化铵处理后可用于从发酰液中直接取青霉素Ｇ酰化酶,平均吸附量为９０Ｕ／ｇ。吸附的酶可用２２％硫酸胺－０．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＰＢＳ（ｐＨ８．０）溶液洗脱。平均比活１８Ｕ／ｍｇ蛋白（ＮＩＰＡＢ法）。硅藻土可反复使用。苯乙酰胺－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４Ｂ树脂可对酶作进一步的纯化。     

Fluorogenic assay for penicillin G acylase activity

A simple, highly sensitive, and rapid assay for high-throughput screening of penicillin G acylase-producing bacteria is presented. The method is based on the specific release of fluorescent 7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin through cleavage of phenylacetyl-4-methyl-coumaryl-7-amide by penicillin G acylase. The present method is suitable for screening pure enzymes as well as various penicillin G acylases like those from Escherichia coli, Proteus rettgeri, and Kluyvera citrophila in cell extracts. In addition, the new substrate was used for rapid assay of amidase activity in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels.     

A new method for spectrophotometric assay of activity of cross-linked penicillin acylase aggregates

A new method for monitoring reactions catalyzed by an immobilized enzyme, cross-linked penicillin acylase aggregates (PA CLEA), is suggested. Appropriate chromogenic substrates for spectrophotometric assay of catalytic activity of immobilized enzyme were chosen and their kinetic parameters determined. Active sites in PA CLEA preparations were titrated by the suggested method; it is shown that almost all active sites are retained during immobilization. This method is characterized as highly expressive, simple, and precise and may be used for control of PA immobilization efficiency as well as for study of operational, thermal, and pH stability of immobilized enzyme preparations.     

An improved method to clone penicillin acylase genes: Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of penicillin G acylase from Kluyvera citrophila

A simple and versatile procedure to clone penicillin acylase genes has been developed. It involves the construction of a plasmid library in a host presenting an amino acid auxotrophy. Recombinant clones carrying the acylase gene were selected on a minimal medium containing instead of the required amino acid its phenylacetyl derivative. Penicillin acylase genes from Escherichia coli ATCC 11105 and Kluyvera citrophila ATCC 21285 have been cloned in E. coli using this technique. The restriction map of the region containing the E. coli penicillin acylase gene was found to be similar to that described by H. Mayer et al. (in: Plasmids of Medical, Environmental and Commercial Importance (Timmis, K.M. and Paler, A., eds.), pp. 459–470, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1979). K. citrophila acylase gene was located within a 3.0 kb Hind III-PvuI fragment. Some differences were observed between the partial restriction maps of both genes. In addition, the production of those clones carrying the E. coli acylase was more sensitive to the growth temperature than that of the clones containing the K. citrophila gene. Bacteria harbouring plasmids containing the K. citrophila acylase sequence were able to produce about 30 fold more enzyme than the parental strain. A 60 000 dalton polypeptide corresponding to the K. citrophila acylase has been detected in a maxicell system. The industrial applications of the procedure are discussed.     

Measurement of penicillin acylase and cephalosporin acylase in fermentation broths

Summary The p-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde method of Bomstein and Evans, the ninhydrin method of Marrelli and the new p-dimethyl-amino-benzaldehyde method of Kornfeld were evaluated for analysis of penicillin-V acylase and cephalosporin-V acylase in fermentation broths. The ninhydrin method was the method of choice for cephalosporin-V acylase, whereas the Kornfeld method had certain advantages with respect to penicillin-V acylase.     

Optimization of a pseudo-affinity process for penicillin acylase purification

A pseudo-affinity process for penicillin acylase (EC 3.5.1.11) purification using an affinity ligand (Ampicillin) attached on Sepharose 4B-CNBr was optimized. The enzyme adsorption on this affiant (Amp-Seph) is independent of pH between 5.5 and 8.8, in 100?mM phosphate containing 22% (w/v) ammonium sulphate. The desorption of the penicillin acylase from the affinity gels was carried out, the best desorption results being obtained through a non specific eluent, 100?mM phosphate pH 4.6 with 15% (w/v) ammonium sulphate. The best purification results were obtained with an enzymatic extract, produced through osmotic shock of Escherichia coli cells (3.7?IU/mg prot). With this extract and an affinity gel of Sepharose 4B-CNBr derivatized with ampicillin (3.8?μmol/cm³?gel), a maximum activity capacity adsorbed of 20?IU/cm³?gel was obtained for initial values of activity and protein concentration of 1.7?IU/cm³ and 0.4?mg prot/cm³, respectively. With the optimized eluent it was possible to obtain penicillin acylase in only one purification step with a desorption yield of enzyme activity higher than 90%. The penicillin acylase produced with this process was characterized by a maximum purity of 34?IU/mg prot, corresponding to a purification degree higher than 150 in relation to the lowest pure enzymatic extract. The enzyme purity of the eluted fractions was certified by SDS gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography through a Mono Q column in a FPLC apparatus. The gel electrophoresis presented 4 main stained bands with 2 corresponding to α and β subunits of the penicillin acylase with equivalent molecular weights of 27 and 63?kDa. No external diffusion resistance on penicillin acylase and total protein adsorption on this affiant (Amp-Seph 3.8?μmol/cm³?gel) were observed for continuous adsorption processes performed at two different agitation speeds (120 and 400?rpm).     

Assay of penicillin acylase in organic media

Summary The synthetic substrate 6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido) benzoic acid (NIPAB) is an appropriate substrate for assaying penicillin acylase activity in reversed micellar systems of Aerosol - OT in isooctane. Accumulation of 6-nitro-3-aminobenzoic acid (NABA) produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of NIPAB, followed by the increase in absorbance at 405 nm, was linear at 4 to 20 mM for up to 30 minutes and 15 °C to 40 °C.Abbreviations PA penicillin acylase (penicillin amidohydrolase EC 3.5.1.11) - AOT Aerosol OT (sodium bis- (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate) - NIPAB 6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)-benzoic acid - NABA 6-nitro-3-aminobenzoic acid - BSA bovine serum albumin     

Purification of penicillin acylase of Bacillus megaterium

Penicillin acylase from Bacillus megaterium was purified 6.22 fold using ultrafiltration followed by ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex G-100. The final specific activity was 2.62 U/mg protein and was free from interfering proteases.     

Newly discovered penicillin acylase activity of aculeacin A acylase from Actinoplanes utahensis

Aculeacin A acylase from Actinoplanes utahensis produced by Streptomyces lividans revealed acylase activities that are able to hydrolyze penicillin V and several natural aliphatic penicillins. Penicillin K was the best substrate, showing a catalytic efficiency of 34.79 mM(-1) s(-1). Furthermore, aculeacin A acylase was highly thermostable, with a midpoint transition temperature of 81.5 degrees C.     

Deacylation of benzylpenicillin by immobilized penicillin acylase

Immobilized penicillin acylase preparations have much higher activities per unit volume than immobilized cell preparations. Many parameters of the deacylation reaction are dependent on pH and both reactant and one of the products, 6-aminopenicillanic acid, are acid and alkali labile. Acid is produced as result of the deacylation reaction and must be neutralised. The influence of these pH effects on the design of the catalyst and the reactor is discussed.     

Immobilization of penicillin acylase on acrylic carriers

Penicillin acylase obtained from E. Coli (E. C. 3.5.1.11) was covalently bound via glutaric aldehyde to acrylic carriers crosslinked with divinylbenzene or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The best enzymatic preparation was obtained by using ethyl acrylate/ ethylene glycol dimethacrylate copolymer. 1 cm³ of the carrier bound 6.4 mg of protein, having 72% activity in relation to the native enzyme. The preparation lost only 10% of its initial activity after 100 d of storage at 4°C. A negligible effect of immobilization on the enzyme activity at different temperatures or pH as well as significant increase of the stability of the immobilized enzyme at elevated temperatures were observed.Abbreviations BA butyl acrylate - AE ethyl acrylate - PA penicillin acylase - 6-APA 6-aminopenicillanic acid - EGDMA ethylene glycol dimethacrylate - DVB divinylbenzene