沙市婴幼儿腹泻中检出3株C群轮状病毒

1987～1988年在沙市165份婴幼儿急性腹泻标本中,用PAGE法检出轮状病毒37株(22.4％),其中3株为少见的轮状病毒,此种病毒经电镜观察,具有典型轮状病毒的形态结构,ELISA证实该病毒不具有A群和B群轮状病毒的群特异性抗原。RNA电泳分析表明,其基因组由11个双链RNA片段组成,电泳图型特殊,呈4:3:2:2的排列模式。上述试验表明,该病毒为世界上罕见的C群轮状病毒。免疫电镜证实,该病毒能被病人恢复期血清所凝集,提示该病毒是腹泻病儿的致病因子。     

在我国患急性腹泻成人中发现一种新轮状病毒

从3例急性成人腹泻患者粪便中,经电镜观察,成人腹泻轮状病毒—酶联免疫吸附试验(ADRV-ELISA)、普通轮状病毒—酶联免疫吸附试验(Rota-ELISA),猪抗C型(组)轮状病毒和鸡抗D型(组)轮状病毒血清分别与本病毒的免疫电镜试验以及RNA电泳等实验结果,发现了一种新轮状病毒,该病毒的形态结构与普通轮状病毒(Rotavirus)、成人腹泻论状病毒(Adult Diarrhoea Rotavirus,简称ADRV)极为相似,但抗原性与普通轮状病毒(A组),成人腹泻轮状病毒(B组),C型轮状病毒(C组),D型轮状病毒(D组)显然无关。基因分析表明,该病毒基因组由11个双链RNA片段组成,但其RNA电泳图型具有独自的特点,与目前公认的A组、B组、C组、D组论状病毒韵RNA电泳图型均不同,免疫电镜证实,该病毒能被人恢复期血清所凝集,表明该病毒可能是腹泻病人的病因。     

Antigenic relationships among five reovirus-like (RVL) agents by complement fixation (CF) and development of new substitute CF antigens for the human RVL agent of infantile gastroenteritis.

The human reovirus-like (HRVL) agent, Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (NCDV), epizootic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM) virus, simian agent (SA)-11, and the "O" (offal) agent were found to be similar, if not identical, in reciprocal complement fixation (CF) tests employing hyperimmune animal sera. In addition, in CF tests with paired sera from 35 diarrhea patients who shed the HRVL agent, 74% developed serologic evidence of infection with the HRVL antigen, 43% with NCDV, 51% with EDIM virus, 57% with SA-11, and 71% with the "O" agent. Thus, in addition to the NCDV, which had previously been described as a suitable substitute CF antigen for the HRVL agent, the SA-11, "O", and EDIM viruses may also be utilized as substitute antigens for the HRVL agent. However, the "O" agent appears to be the most efficient of the four substitute CF antigens and thus should be used preferentially when the HRVL agent is not available. The "O" agent was about as efficient as the HRVL agent and significantly more efficient than the NCDV for detecting seroresponses. The greatest efficiency for detecting infection with the HRVL agent resulted when sera were tested with both the HRVL and "O" agents as 31 (89%) of the patients developed serologic evidence of infection with one or both antigens. The finding of additional substitute CF antigens for the HRVL agent may have implications in the immunoprophylaxis against human disease.     

从绵羊羔和山羊羔腹泻粪样中检出B组轮状病毒

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,从新疆巴里坤县的22份绵、山羊羔腹泻粪样中,检出11份具有B组轮状病毒的RNA电泳图型,联合电泳表明,绵羊羔与山羊羔的B组轮状病毒电泳图型完全相同,电镜观察表明,该病毒与典型轮状病毒(A组)具有相同的形态特征,但易降解破碎,口服接种剥夺初乳的绵羊羔和山羊羔,经11～13小时羔羊发生急性水样腹泻,并排出大量病毒,经A组轮状病毒组抗原ELISA检测,不具有共同组特异抗原,但经对流免疫电泳检测,它与成人腹泻轮状病毒(B组)具有共同组特异抗原,从而证实我国存在与国外报道相同的羊B组轮状病毒,既感染绵羊羔也感染山羊羔。是引起绵,山羊羔急性腹泻的不可忽视的病原之一。     

Efficacy of Clostridium butyricum preparation concomitantly with Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in relation to changes in the intestinal microbiota

Antibiotic associated diarrhea due to human intestinal microbiota abnormalities is a side effect of H. pylori eradication therapy. We examined intestinal microbiota changes during H. pylori eradication therapy and the preventive effect of CBM588 as a probiotic agent. Nineteen patients with gastro-duodenal ulcer were randomly divided into three groups: group A (without probiotics), group B (with regular doses of CBM588) and group C (with double doses of CBM588). The incidence of diarrhea and soft stools during H. pylori eradication therapy was 43% in group A and 14% in group B, while none of the patients in group C reported diarrhea or soft stools. Both bacterial counts and detection rates of bifidobacteria and/or obligate anaerobe were decreased by eradication therapy. However, bacterial counts of obligate anaerobes in group C were significantly higher than in group A ( P  < 0.05). Additionally, during eradication therapy C. difficile toxin A was detected in both group A and group B but not in group C.
In conclusion, these results indicate that H. pylori eradication therapy induces antibiotic associated diarrhea due to abnormalities in intestinal microbiota and/or C. difficile . However, these side effects might be prevented by probiotics.     

中国大庆奶牛中发现轮状病毒G10P[11]

Group A rotavirus are the most frequently detected viral agent associated with the acute diarrhea in calves.In order to investigate the situation of rotavirus strains circulating in diary farms,a total of 117 fecal specimens were collected from diarrhea calves under 4 weeks-age on Yinluo diary farm in Daqing region in China from 2008 to 2009.Ten specimens were detected to be positive by a Rotavirus Group A Diagnostic Kit,which confirmed that the rotavirus was important viral agent associated with diarrhea i...     

VP8* antigen produced in tobacco transplastomic plants confers protection against bovine rotavirus infection in a suckling mouse model

Group A rotavirus is a major leading cause of diarrhea in mammalian species worldwide. In Argentina, bovine rotavirus (BRV) is the main cause of neonatal diarrhea in calves. VP4, one of the outermost capsid proteins, is involved in various virus functions. Rotavirus infectivity requires proteolytic cleavage of VP4, giving an N-terminal non-glycosilated sialic acid-recognizing domain (VP8*), and a C-terminal fragment (VP5*) that remains associated with the virion. VP8* subunit is the major determinant of the viral infectivity and one of the neutralizing antigens.In this work, the C486 BRV VP8* protein was produced in tobacco chloroplasts. Transplastomic plants were obtained and characterized by Southern blot, northern blot and western blot. VP8* was highly stable in the transplastomic leaves, and formed insoluble aggregates that were partially solubilized by sonication. The recombinant protein yield was 600 μg/g of fresh tissue (FT). Both the soluble and insoluble fractions of the VP8* plant extracts were able to induce a strong immune response in female mice as measured by ELISA and virus neutralization test. Most important, suckling mice born to immunized dams were protected against oral challenge with virulent rotavirus. Results presented here contribute to demonstrate the feasibility of using antigens expressed in transplastomic plants for the development of subunit vaccines.     

炎琥宁注射液对小儿轮状病毒腹泻的治疗及对患儿心肌酶的影响

目的探讨炎琥宁注射液对小儿轮状病毒腹泻的疗效及对患儿心肌酶的影响。方法选择2016年1月至2016年12月大兴区妇幼保健院收治的94例小儿轮状病毒腹泻患儿为研究对象,所有患儿按照随机数字表法分为观察组(47例)与对照组(47例)。两组患儿均采用常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上结合炎琥宁注射液治疗。两组患儿疗程均为7d。比较两组患儿的疗效,治疗前后肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶心型同工酶(CK-MB)的变化,止泻时间、腹胀消失时间、退热时间,及不良反应发生情况。结果观察组患儿治疗总有效率(93.62%)高于对照组(74.47%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患儿治疗后CK、LDH、CK-MB水平较治疗前降低(P0.05),且观察组低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患儿止泻时间、腹胀消失时间及退热时间均短于对照组(P0.05)。两组患儿不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论炎琥宁注射液治疗小儿轮状病毒腹泻效果显著,且可明显改善患儿心肌酶水平,具有一定临床应用价值。     

Negative staining in the detection of viruses in clinical specimens

Viruses have unique morphology and are therefore good candidates for negative staining. Negative staining with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) or uranyl acetate has facilitated the detection of many viruses in clinical specimens. Enhancement procedures have included the use of centrifugation and agar diffusion for concentrating virus particles, the use of solid phase capture reagents to trap virus particles and the use of secondary antibodies and electron dense markers to help visualize them. Techniques currently in use and employing negative staining include direct EM, immune electron microscopy (IEM), solid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM), colloidal gold-labeled protein A (PAG), solid phase IEM employing a second decorator antibody (SPIEMDAT), and solid phase IEM using colloided gold-labeled secondary antibodies (SPEIMDAGT). IEM methods assist with the detection of small viruses or viruses present in low numbers while PAG offers increased sensitivity over direct EM and IEM. In our experience the serum-in-agar (SIA) method is the most sensitive of the PAG IEM techniques for detection of rotavirus particles in clinical specimens. SPIEMDAT enhances the detection of small viruses which are often missed by other techniques due to background staining in specimens. SPEIMDAGT employing colloidal gold-labeled secondary antibody has increased sensitivity and offers the advantage of detecting viral antigen when whole virus particles are not visible. IEM techniques have recently been used for typing viruses using either monospecific antisera or monoclonal antibodies and colloidal gold-labeled secondary antibody.     

Use of protein A in the serum-in-agar diffusion method in immune electron microscopy for detection of virus particles in cell culture

A modified technique using protein A in the serum-in-agar (SIA) method for immune electron microscopy (IEM) was presented. Grids coated with staphylococcal protein A were floated on samples mounted on agar containing 2% antiserum and incubated at 37 C, for 60 min. After washing and staining, the grids were observed in an electron microscope. The effects of protein A on virus detection were evaluated using poliovirus and bovine rotavirus infected cell culture fluids. The results showed that the technique using protein A (PA-SIA) had at least 10-fold higher sensitivity for virus detection than the original SIA. The optimal concentration of protein A was 1 to 10 micrograms/ml for coating the grids to trap virus particles. The PA-SIA method was also compared with immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM). The former showed higher or at least the same sensitivity and some advantages in detecting antigen-antibody reaction than the latter method. These results indicate that our PA-SIA method may be superior to other IEM techniques presented previously for the detection and identification of viruses.     

Characterisation and serology of virus-like particles associated with faba bean necrotic yellows

A disease showing chlorosis, leaf rolling and stunting in Vicia faba and other legumes was observed in West Asia and North Africa during 1987–1988. The putative causal agent could not be transmitted mechanically, but could be transmitted by aphids, most efficiently by Acyrthosiphon pisum, in the persistent manner. Further studies revealed isometric virus-like particles (VLPs) closely associated with the disease, although their infectivity could not be demonstrated by membrane feeding. These particles, measuring c. 18 nm in diameter and containing a capsid protein of about 22 kDa and ssDNA of about 1 kb, are hereafter designated faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV). A high proportion of circular nucleic acid molecules of about 0.9 kb were visualised by electron microscopy. Hybridisation analysis of cloned viral DNA suggests that the circular genome is larger than 1 kb and consists of several components of similar size. An antiserum produced against FBNYV was used in ELISA, immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and Western blot experiments for virus detection in aphids and field samples and for serological comparison with other viruses. Weak heterologous reactions between FBNYV and subterranean clover stunt virus (SCSV) were detected in IEM, but could not be confirmed in ELISA or Western blots. No serological relationship to banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) was detected. Using a direct tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA), FBNYV was detected in vascular tissue of infected faba bean leaves and stems.     

BALB/C等乳鼠流行性腹泻(EDIM)的初步研究

本文研究了1986—1989年间BALB/C小鼠发生的两次散发流行和一次有BALB/C及NIH鼠群暴发流行的EDIM(Epizootic diarrhea of infant mice)。经过电镜、PAGE、实验感染、“ABC”组化抗原定位等证实病原为MRV,而且病毒大小、RNA电泳型与国外报道的MRV有差异。观察了本繁育场内7个品系小鼠,均查出有MRV抗体,但发病只见于BALB/C和NIH鼠群。不同鼠龄和胎次发病率亦有差异。还观察了病变组织的病理组织学,扫描电镜和超微结构的改变。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散与蒙托石散间隔联用治疗婴幼儿病毒性腹泻疗效观察

目的观察和评价酪酸梭菌活菌散与蒙脱石散间隔应用治疗婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的临床疗效。方法将130例病毒性腹泻患儿随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组65例,先冲服蒙脱石散,1.5～3 g/次,3次/d,冲服蒙脱石散2 h后再服用酪酸梭菌活菌散,0.5 g/次,3次/d,疗程3～7 d;对照组65例,单独应用蒙脱石散治疗,观察疗效和不良反应。结果观察组总有效率为96.9%,对照组总有效率为72.3%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),观察组在缩短热退时间、大便性状恢复正常时间和平均住院时间及第3天的大便次数减少均优于对照组(P<0.01)。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散与蒙脱石散间隔联用治疗婴幼儿病毒性腹泻疗效显著,且未见不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

Monoclonal antibodies developed for detection of an epizootic virus associated with mass mortalities of cultured scallop Chlamys farreri

Recently, an enveloped, spherical RNA virus was identified as the causative agent of mass mortalities among adult scallop Chlamys farreri, which is cultured on the northern coast of China. Hybridomas were prepared from mice immunized with highly purified virions. Four stable hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of IgG isotype were obtained after screening by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The specificity of the MAbs to this virus was confirmed by immunogold electron microscopy (IEM). All the selected MAbs recognized epitopes on the envelope spikes of the virions. Subsequently, the MAbs were used for in situ immunofluorescent detection of the virus in Davidson's fixed tissue sections. The results showed that the fluorescent cells were mostly observed in epithelia of different organs, but not in the epithelium of the digestive diverticulae. Cytopathological changes and focal lesions corresponding to virus-positive cells were clearly recognized in the affected epithelia, revealing a potential role of this virus in pathogenesis.     

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is a disease of worldwide distribution which occurs in endemic and epidemic form and is transmitted primarily by person-to-person contact through the fecal-oral route. Common source epidemics due to contamination of food are relatively common, and water-borne epidemics have been described less frequently. The presumed etiologic agent of hepatitis A has now been visualized by immune electron microscopic (IEM) techniques in early acute-illness-phase stools of humans with hepatitis A as well as in chimpanzees experimentally infected with material known to contain hepatitis A virus. In addition, several new serologic tests for the detection of antibody against hepatitis A virus have been described. These include complement fixation and immune adherence techniques. Current data suggest that hepatitis A is caused by a single viral agent lacking the morphologic heterogeneity of hepatitis B viral components and that there may be relative antigenic homogeneity between strains of virus recovered from various parts of the world. Serologic studies to date also indicate that hepatitis A virus is not a major contributing cause in post-transfusion hepatitis.     

轮状病毒VP7基因在大肠杆菌中的表达及其免疫原性

轮状病毒是世界范围内引起婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的主要病原体。VP7是轮状病毒的主要外壳蛋白和中和抗原,是发展基因工程疫苗的首选。把包含全部3个主要抗原性区域的轮状病毒SA11 VP7基因片段以谷胱甘肽S转移酶融合蛋白的形式在大肠杆菌中进行表达,表达产物占菌体总蛋白的30%左右。经一步Glutathione Sepharose4B亲和纯化,重组蛋白纯度超过90%。Western blot实验表明,重组蛋白可被抗SA11的多抗特异地识别。动物实验表明,重组抗原可在小鼠和家兔体内诱导VP7特异的抗体和一定水平的SA11中和抗体。     

仔猪副轮状病毒(C群)的检出

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,从某猪场的20份仔猪腹泻标本中检出具有副轮状病毒(C群)RNA电泳图型者11份,其检出率高达55％。该病毒经口服接种未吮初乳的新生仔猪,可致急性水样腹泻,并排出大量病毒。经轮状病毒(A群)ELISA和副轮状病毒(B群)对流免疫电泳检测证明,它与轮状病毒(A群)和副轮状病毒(B群)均无血清学交叉。本文首次证实在我国猪群中存在有与国外报道的相同的猪副轮状病毒(C群),且可引起仔猪爆发流行,是仔猪腹泻不可忽视的病原之一。