The cydD gene product, component of a heterodimeric ABC transporter, is required for assembly of periplasmic cytochrome c and of cytochrome bd in Escherichia coli

Abstract The cydD gene of Escherichia coli encodes a protein which, together with the CydC protein, probably constitutes a heterodimeric, ABC-family membrane transporter, necessary for biosynthesis of the cytochrome bd quinol oxidase. Here, we demonstrate that a cydD mutant also fails to synthesise periplasmic c -type cytochrome(s), suggesting that the transporter exports haem or some other component involved in assembly of cytochromes that are found in, or exposed to, the periplasm. The CydDC system appears to be the first example of a transporter required for periplasmic cytochrome assembly processes requiring more than one type of haem. A mutant defective in trxB (adjacent to the cydDC operon, and encoding thioredoxin reductase) was unaffected in cytochrome c or bd assembly.     

Cloning and sequences of inducible and constitutive macrolide resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus that correspond to an ABC transporter

A restriction map was made and the DNA sequence was determined for a plasmid, pMC38, derived from the inducible macrolide resistance plasmid pEP2104, that showed constitutive resistance to PMS antibiotics (partial macrolide and streptogramin B antibiotics). A 5. 04 kb SalI-PstI fragment (fragment C) of pMC38, which encoded PMS resistance, was cloned into a shuttle vector, pRIT5, to yield pMR504. The transformant Staphylococcus aureus 4220 (pMR504) exhibited constitutive PMS resistance. Fragment C was subcloned to pUC19 in order to determine the DNA sequence. This sequence was consequently found to contain three open reading frames (ORF1-3), of which ORF3 corresponded to the 63 kDa membrane protein (MsrSA) that expressed PMS resistance. According to DNA sequence comparison of the control region of ORF3 in pMC38 and pEP2104, 44 nucleotides including RBS1 and the leader peptide (MTASMRLK) were deleted on plasmid pMC38. This suggests that the leader peptide is essential for the inducible expression of PMS resistance.     

The metD D-methionine transporter locus of Escherichia coli is an ABC transporter gene cluster

The metD D-methionine transporter locus of Escherichia coli was identified as the abc-yaeE-yaeC cluster (now renamed metNIQ genes). The abc open reading frame is preceded by tandem MET boxes bracketed by the -10 and -35 boxes of a promoter. The expression driven by this promoter is controlled by the MetJ repressor and the level of methionine.     

Cloning of genes that encode a new heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli.

The genes for a new enterotoxin were cloned from Escherichia coli SA53. The new toxin was heat labile and activated adenylate cyclase but was not neutralized by antisera against cholera toxin or E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Subcloning and minicell experiments indicated that the toxin is composed of two polypeptide subunits that are encoded by two genes. The two toxin subunits exhibited mobilities on polyacrylamide gels that are similar to those of cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin subunits. A 0.8-kilobase DNA probe for the new enterotoxin failed to hybridize with the cloned structural genes for E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin.     

ABC转运蛋白基因slnTI和slnTII与盐霉素生物合成的相关性

【目的】slnTI和slnTII是盐霉素生物合成基因簇中可能的两个转运蛋白基因,根据生物信息学的分析推测它们属于ABC转运蛋白家族。其中,slnTI编码ABC转运蛋白的ATP结合亚基,slnTII编码ABC转运蛋白的跨膜亚基,推测它们可能与盐霉素的外排有关。通过slnTI和slnTII的基因中断与超量表达研究它们对盐霉素生物合成产量和抗性的影响。【方法】利用REDIRECT?技术,在盐霉素产生菌白色链霉菌XM211中分别构建了slnTI和slnTII的基因置换突变株LJ01和LJ02,并通过基因回补对突变株进行了验证。利用整合型表达载体pPM927在白色链霉菌XM211中对slnTI和slnTII进行串联超量表达。将slnTI和slnTII导入变铅青链霉菌1326中进行异源表达,通过液体培养实验检测衍生菌株对盐霉素的抗性。【结果】相比出发菌株XM211,突变株LJ01中盐霉素的产量下降了27.2%,LJ02下降了45.4%,LJ01和LJ02中结构基因slnA3和调控基因slnR的转录水平都有明显降低。超量表达菌株LJ03中盐霉素的产量提高了14.6%,转录结果显示LJ03中不仅slnTI和slnTII自身转录水平有大幅提高,而且slnA3和slnR转录水平也显著升高。抗性检测结果表明,异源表达菌株变铅青链霉菌LJ04对盐霉素的抗性水平略有提高。【结论】slnTI和slnTII是与盐霉素生物合成和外排有关的ABC转运蛋白基因,但并不是白色链霉菌XM211对盐霉素的主要抗性基因。     

The Escherichia coli CydX Protein Is a Member of the CydAB Cytochrome bd Oxidase Complex and Is Required for Cytochrome bd Oxidase Activity

Cytochrome bd oxidase operons from more than 50 species of bacteria contain a short gene encoding a small protein that ranges from ∼30 to 50 amino acids and is predicted to localize to the cell membrane. Although cytochrome bd oxidases have been studied for more than 70 years, little is known about the role of this small protein, denoted CydX, in oxidase activity. Here we report that Escherichia coli mutants lacking CydX exhibit phenotypes associated with reduced oxidase activity. In addition, cell membrane extracts from ΔcydX mutant strains have reduced oxidase activity in vitro. Consistent with data showing that CydX is required for cytochrome bd oxidase activity, copurification experiments indicate that CydX interacts with the CydAB cytochrome bd oxidase complex. Together, these data support the hypothesis that CydX is a subunit of the CydAB cytochrome bd oxidase complex that is required for complex activity. The results of mutation analysis of CydX suggest that few individual amino acids in the small protein are essential for function, at least in the context of protein overexpression. In addition, the results of analysis of the paralogous small transmembrane protein AppX show that the two proteins could have some overlapping functionality in the cell and that both have the potential to interact with the CydAB complex.     

Export of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli using ABC transporter with an attached lipase ABC transporter recognition domain (LARD)

Background  

ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter secretes the protein through inner and outer membranes simultaneously in gram negative bacteria. Thermostable lipase (TliA) of Pseudomonas fluorescens SIK W1 is secreted through the ABC transporter. TliA has four glycine-rich repeats (GGXGXD) in its C-terminus, which appear in many ABC transporter-secreted proteins. From a homology model of TliA derived from the structure of P. aeruginosa alkaline protease (AprA), lipase ABC transporter domains (LARDs) were designed for the secretion of fusion proteins.     

Expression of the fibronectin-binding components of Streptococcus pyogenes in Escherichia coli demonstrates that they are proteins

The fibronectin-binding components (fbcs) of two clinical isolates and a culture collection strain of Streptococcus pyogenes have been analysed. Western immunoblotting of bacterial lysates which had been fractionated on polyacrylamide gels revealed trypsin-sensitive fibronectin-binding species. The genes specifying the fbcs were cloned from all three strains and expressed in Escherichia coli using a lambda EMBL3 vector. An fbc gene from the culture collection strain was subcloned and expressed in the E. coli expression vector pJLA601, and subjected to deletion analysis. The fibronectin-binding domain was thereby localized within a 40 kDa truncated peptide encoded by the 1000 bp C-terminal region of the gene. Southern hybridization experiments demonstrated that the analysed gene was present in the parental S. pyogenes chromosome, but not in the DNA of fbc expressing lambda clones obtained from the two clinical isolates. Further evidence for the existence of at least two different types of fbcs in group A streptococci was provided by Western blot analysis of recombinant phage lysates which revealed a complex series of fibronectin-binding species ranging from 120 to 200 kDa in size and showing strain-dependent variation in their patterns. As was the case with parental streptococcal strains all of the recombinant fbcs were protease-sensitive, and treatment with trypsin or pronase resulted in a total loss of fibronectin-binding activity. Competitive inhibition experiments indicated that lipoteichoic acid was not a significant fbc in the tested streptococcal strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Four genes from Pseudomonas fluorescens that encode the biosynthesis of pyrrolnitrin.

Pyrrolnitrin is a secondary metabolite of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia sp. strains with strong antifungal activity. Production of pyrrolnitrin has been correlated with the ability of some bacteria to control plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens, including the damping-off pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Pseudomonas fluorescens BL915 has been reported to produce pyrrolnitrin and to be an effective biocontrol agent for this pathogen. We have isolated a 32-kb genomic DNA fragment from this strain that contains genes involved in the biosynthesis of pyrrolnitrin. Marker-exchange mutagenesis of this DNA with Tn5 revealed the presence of a 6.2-kb region that contains genes required for the synthesis of pyrrolnitrin. The nucleotide sequence of the 6.2-kb region was determined and found to contain a cluster of four genes that are required for the production of pyrrolnitrin. Deletion mutations in any of the four genes resulted in a pyrrolnitrin-nonproducing phenotype. The putative coding sequences of the four individual genes were cloned by PCR and fused to the tac promoter from Escherichia coli. In each case, the appropriate tac promoter-pyrrolnitrin gene fusion was shown to complement the pyrrolnitrin-negative phenotype of the corresponding deletion mutant. Transfer of the four gene cluster to E. coli resulted in the production of pyrrolnitrin by this organism, thereby demonstrating that the four genes are sufficient for the production of this metabolite and represent all of the genes required to encode the pathway for pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis.     

Tight linkage of genes that encode the two glutamate synthase subunits of Escherichia coli K-12.

A hybrid deoxyribonucleic acid molecule, plasmid pRSP20, which was isolated from the Clarke and Carbon Escherichia coli gene bank, was shown to complement the gltB31 mutation, which affects the synthesis of glutamate synthase in E. coli strain PA340. We present evidence which demonstrates that plasmid pRSP20 carries an 8-megadalton E. coli chromosomal fragment, including the genes encoding the two unequal glutamate synthase subunits. Polypeptides with molecular weights of about 135,000 and 53,000, which comigrated with purified E. coli glutamate synthase subunit polypeptides and immunoprecipitated with antibodies to E. coli glutamate synthase, were synthesized by minicells carrying the pRSP20 plasmid.     

Functional reconstitution and osmoregulatory properties of the ProU ABC transporter from Escherichia coli

Abstract

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ProU from Escherichia coli translocates a wide range of compatible solutes and contributes to the regulation of cell volume, which is particularly important when the osmolality of the environment fluctuates. We have purified the components of ProU, i.e., the substrate-binding protein ProX, the nucleotide-binding protein ProV and the transmembrane protein ProW, and reconstituted the full transporter complex in liposomes. We engineered a lipid anchor to ProX for surface tethering of this protein to ProVW-containing proteoliposomes. We show that glycine betaine binds to ProX with high-affinity and is transported via ProXVW in an ATP-dependent manner. The activity ProU is salt and anionic lipid-dependent and mimics the ionic strength-gating of transport of the homologous OpuA system.     

Cloning of genes for proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

Restriction map of Escherichia coli chromosome fragment (7.4 MD) carrying proAB genes was constructed. Localization of proA and proB genes on the cloned chromosome fragment was determined by complementation test and the measuring of glutamylkinase activity (proB gene product). ProA and proB genes were cloned separately on multicopy plasmids of alternative orientation and their expression being, probably, under the control of their own regulatory regions, studied.     

Synthesis of the heteropolysaccharide O antigen of Escherichia coli O52 requires an ABC transporter: structural and genetic evidence

The structural and genetic organization of the Escherichia coli O52 O antigen was studied. As identified by sugar and methylation analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the O antigen of E. coli O52 has a partially O-acetylated disaccharide repeating unit (O unit) containing D-fucofuranose and 6-deoxy-D-manno-heptopyranose, as well as a minor 6-deoxy-3-O-methylhexose (most likely, 3-O-methylfucose). The O-antigen gene cluster of E. coli O52, which is located between the galF and gnd genes, was found to contain putative genes for the synthesis of the O-antigen constituents, sugar transferase genes, and ABC-2 transporter genes. Further analysis confirmed that O52 employs an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-dependent pathway for translocation and polymerization of the O unit. This is the first report of an ABC transporter being involved in translocation of a heteropolysaccharide O antigen in E. coli. Genes specific for E. coli O52 were also identified.     

SetB: an integral membrane protein that affects chromosome segregation in Escherichia coli

SetB was identified as a high-copy suppressor of the partition defect of a mutation in parC, encoding one of the subunits of topoisomerase IV. Deletion of this integral inner membrane protein causes a delay in chromosome segregation, whereas its overproduction causes nucleoid disintegration and stretching, leading to a cell division defect. setB deletion mutants also exhibit a synthetic phenotype when combined with mutations that delete the C-terminal motor domain of the septal ring protein FtsK. SetB localizes in the cell as a helix and interacts with MreB, the bacterial actin homologue, which also forms a helix. These observations suggest that there may be a link between chromosome segregation and cellular infrastructure.     

Validation of inhibitors of an ABC transporter required to transport lipopolysaccharide to the cell surface in Escherichia coli

The presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria creates a permeability barrier that prevents the entry of most currently available antibiotics. The seven lipopolysaccharide transport (Lpt) proteins involved in transporting and assembling this glycolipid are essential for growth and division in Escherichia coli; therefore, inhibiting their functions leads to cell death. LptB, the ATPase that provides energy for LPS transport and assembly, forms a complex with three other inner membrane (IM) components, LptC, F, and G. We demonstrate that inhibitors of pure LptB can also inhibit the full IM complex, LptBFGC, purified in detergent. We also compare inhibition of LptB and the LptBFGC complex with the antibiotic activity of these compounds. Our long-term goal is to develop tools to study inhibitors of LPS biogenesis that could serve as potentiators by disrupting the OM permeability barrier, facilitating entry of clinically used antibiotics not normally used to treat Gram-negative infections, or that can serve as antibiotics themselves.