核磁共振检测大鼠早期癫痫源性脑损伤的动态发展特征

为探讨癫痫源性脑损伤形成早期不同脑区病理改变和行为发作的动态发展特征 ,本研究对大鼠右背侧海马 (hippocampus,HPC)施加慢性强直电刺激 (6 0Hz,2s,0 .4～ 0 .6mA)诱发癫痫发作 ,1次 /d。每天记录大鼠原发性湿狗样抖动 (wetdogshakes,WEDS)频率 ,分别对大鼠施加电刺激 2、4、6、8和 10d后进行核磁共振成像 (T2 weightedmagneticresonanceimage ,T2 WI)检测 ,并对鼠脑进行了组织学切片鉴定。结果表明 :与空白对照组相比较 ,(1)施加 2d强直电刺激时 ,大鼠双侧背部侧脑室 (lateralventricle,LV)区域呈现对称性T2 WI信号绝对值增加 (n =4,左侧P =0 .0 0 18;右侧P =0 .0 0 10 ) ;施加 6d强直电刺激时 ,大鼠呈现植入电极对侧中、腹部LV区域T2 WI信号值增加 (n =5 ,P =0 .0 0 73;P =0 .0 2 49) ;施加 8d强直电刺激后 ,大鼠仅出现植入电极对侧腹部LV区域T2 WI信号值增加 (n =3,P =0 .0 34 0 ) ;施加 10d强直电刺激后 ,大鼠植入电极同侧腹部LV区域T2 WI信号值增加 (n =4,P =0 .0 10 7) ;(2 )随着强直电刺激天数增加 ,大鼠原发性WEDS频率高峰期出现在第 4个刺激日 ,然后WEDS频率下降 ,与T2 WI信号强度增加之间呈高度负相关关系 (相关系数r =- 0 .987,P <0 .0 2 ) ;(3)组织学切片鉴定 :T2 WI检测LV信号异     

慢性电刺激诱发大鼠癫痫模型中核磁共振检测信号异常的非对称性与特征性行为发作的关系

本文旨在探讨内嗅皮质（EC）－海马环路在颞叶癫痫发生中的作用,慢性强直电刺激大鼠石背海马（DH－PC）或右中部颞叶新皮质（MTNC）,每日一次（60Hz,2s,0.4-0.6mA),加续7－10d,刺激DHPC（57.4%,8/14只）或MTNC（71．42％,10／14只）均能引起电极对侧出现非对称性脑区核磁共振（T2－WI）信号增强,组织学切片证实与扩大的侧脑室吻合,可能涉及脑帝质结构的损伤,DHPC刺激组大鼠对侧脑扣内务 伴有高频原发性湿狗样抖（WEDS）,MTNC刺激组大鼠对侧脑损伤伴有低频原发性WEDS,后者在第2个刺激日开始出现,持续到第10天以后,所有假电极组无脑区T2-WI稚号和行为改变,我们推测,刺激HPC或MTNC所致癫痫性早期脑损伤具有同一种机制,涉及EC－HPC环路,刺激MTNC时,可能由于EC潜在门控作用,削弱了进出EC－HPC环路通往新皮质的信息流,致使脑损伤明显时行为发作频度低,另外,非对称非脑扣内务 提示了颞叶癫痫的致痫灶的对侧易感特征。     

刺激大鼠右侧胼胝体激活对侧尾壳核-海马癫痫相关性神经网络

目的：探讨慢性激活右侧胼胝体(corpus callosum,CC)重建对侧尾壳核(caudate-putamen,CPu)-海马(hippocam-pus,HPC)癫痫网络的跨半球机制。方法：SD大鼠50只。慢性强直电刺激(60Hz,0．4～0．6mA,2s)右侧CC(chronic tetanization of the rignt CC,CTRCC),一天一次,8d后再次施加强直电刺激,同步记录左侧CPu(LCPu)和左侧HPC(LHPC)电图。结果：CTRCC①引起LCPu和LHPC出现深部电波的交互性抑制现象,LCPu电图出现持续尖波发放时交互抑制现象消失。②诱发LCPu和LHPC电图出现癫痫点燃现象。③未引起大鼠LCPu和LH-PC电图点燃时,急性强直电刺激可诱发LCPu出现高幅失律,压抑LHPC具有频率特征的尖波连续发放。④联合运用慢性和急性强直电刺激可诱导LCPu或LHPC电图出现原发性后放。结论：慢性激活ROC可促进对侧CPu-HPC癫痫网络的重建。形成新的癫痫病灶。     

电刺激右后背海马诱导双侧前背海马网络癫痫

目的 :急性强直电刺激右侧后背HPC诱导双侧HPC癫痫电网络形成的细胞机制。方法 :强直电刺激 (6 0Hz,2s,0 .4～ 0 .6mA)大鼠右后背HPCCA1基树突区 ,每隔 10min刺激一次 ,施加 10个刺激串。结果 :①分别抑制双侧CA1神经元单位放电频率 ,对侧的抑制效应更明显 (对侧 :6 2 .94 %± 3.6 8% ;同侧 :36 .6 1%± 3.14 % ,P <0 .0 1) ,出现抑制后爆发式放电。随着刺激串数的增加 ,抑制作用逐渐减弱。②同步原发性网络和单位后放电 ,以同侧CA1多见 (P<0 .0 1)。③ 90Hz或 12 0Hz原发性或继发性网络后放电仅仅累及同侧CA1。④对侧CA3基树突区网络与下托神经元单位放电出现同步继发性后放电 ,反复发作 ,持续约数小时。结论 :电刺激诱导的对侧HPC抑制后爆发式放电和长时程、反复发作的网络与单个神经元同步继发性后放电可能是跨半球癫痫网络形成的重要表现形式。     

急性神经损伤引起脊髓背角C-纤维诱发电位长时程增强

神经损伤引起神经病性疼痛,表现为持续性痛超敏和痛觉过敏。目前对神经病性疼痛的机制尚缺乏了解。我们以往的工作表明强直电刺激坐骨神经可引起脊髓背角C-纤维诱发电位的长时程增强(long-term potentiation,LTP),该LTP被认为是病理性疼痛的突触模型。本研究的目的在于探讨急性神经损伤是否能在完整动物的脊髓背角诱发出C-纤维诱发电位LTP。在以测试刺激(10～20V,0．5ms)电刺激坐骨神经的同时在脊髓背角用微电极记录C一纤维诱发电位。分别用强直刺激、剪断或夹捏坐骨神经诱导LTP。结果发现：(1)剪断或夹捏坐骨神经都可以诱导脊髓背角C-纤维诱发电位的LTP,该LTP可持续到实验结束(3～9h),在剪断神经前10min用利多卡因局部阻滞坐骨神经则可完全阻断LTP的产生;(2)神经损伤诱导的LTP可被NMDA受体阻断剂AP5所阻断;(3)用单次强直刺激引起LTP后,切断坐骨神经可使LTP的幅度进一步增大,而用多次强直电刺激使LTP饱和后,损伤神经则不能使LTP进一步增大。切断神经引起LTP后,强直电刺激也不能使LTP进一步增大。这些结果表明,急性神经损伤可以诱导脊髓背角C纤维诱发电位LTP,且切断神经能更有效地诱导LTP。该试验进一步支持我们的设想,即脊髓背角C-纤维诱发电位LTP可能在病理性疼痛的形成中起重要作用。     

慢性强直电刺激右侧尾壳核诱导大鼠癫痫样电图和行为发作特征

目的 :慢性强直电刺激右侧尾壳核 (CPu)诱导大鼠电图和行为癫痫点燃样现象 ,观察CPu或海马 (HPC)网络异常的靶向癫痫样行为表达特征。方法 :共用雄性SD大鼠 58只。强直电刺激 ( 60Hz ,0 .4～ 0 .6mA ,2s)大鼠右侧CPu或右侧前背HPC ,1time/d ,连续刺激 7～ 12d。结果 :①CPu电图节律性尖波样发放或HPC电图阵发性高幅失律。②CPu或HPC刺激组大鼠均可以出现原发性、继发性或点燃样湿狗样抖动 (wetdogshakes ,WEDS)、直立、洗面、好静、咀嚼和节律性点头等行为发作。③CPu刺激组大鼠原发性WEDS频率明显低于HPC刺激组大鼠( 2 .10± 0 .12和 2 .89± 0 .2 0times/min ,P <0 .0 1) ,继发性WEDS频率明显高于HPC刺激组大鼠 ( 1.2 3± 0 .11和0 .78± 0 .0 6times/min ,P <0 .0 1)。④CPu刺激组大鼠点燃样效应出现之前的行为静止天数较长。结论 :如同刺激HPC一样 ,慢性电刺激大鼠CPu可以出现类似的癫痫样行为发作。结果提示 :CPu功能异常有可能成为癫痫发作的起源病灶 ,与HPC类似 ,参与了颞叶癫痫电网络的重建 ,具有特征性的癫痫样靶行为表达     

齿状回在慢性电刺激诱发大鼠颞叶癫痫中的可能作用

本文探讨了齿状回（DG）及海马（HPC）在颞叶癫痫发生中的可能作用,分别强直电刺激（60Hz,0.4-0.6mA,2s)大鼠右背侧海马（DHPC）和DG制作慢性癫痫模型,观察大鼠行为,深部电图及脑区T2加权核磁共振成像（T2－WI)的改变,发现DG刺激组大鼠的原发性湿狗样抖频率明显低于HPC刺激组（P＜0．05）,其深部电图脑波的平均最高振幅也明显低于HPC刺激组大鼠（P＜0．05）,而PC电图的电振荡发生率增加,另外,HPC刺激组大鼠呈现T2－WI高信号强度,而DG刺激组大鼠T2－WI信号强度无明显改变（P＜0．05）,结果表明,DG在内嗅皮质（EC）－HPC环路中可能起着某种“过滤器”的作用,限制来自于大脑皮层通过EC到达HPC的神经信息,一旦丧失该作用可以导致HPC的损害并发生颞叶癫痫。     

强直电刺激右侧尾壳核对大鼠海马、中部颞叶新皮质电图的影响

目的 :探讨尾壳核 (caudate putamen ,CPu) 海马 (hippocampus,HPC) 中部颞叶新皮质 (Medialtemporallobeneocortex ,MTNC)通路在癫痫相关性病理神经网络重建中的作用。方法 :4 5只SD大鼠。用不锈钢双极同芯电极记录右侧HPC、右侧MTNC、左、右侧HPC、右侧HPC和右侧MTNC深部电图 ,重复强直电刺激 (6 0Hz ,2s,0 .4～0 .6mA)大鼠右侧CPu 10次 ,每次刺激间隔时间约 10min ,观察上述脑区深部电图的改变。结果 :强直电刺激右侧CPu可以诱发植入电极同侧或双侧HPC出现原发性后放和继发性电图癫痫样点燃效应 ,也可以表现为HPC深部电图脑电波出现压抑 反弹 癫痫样点燃发作 ;诱发同侧HPC与MTNC出现部分同步性阵发癫痫样电活动 ;腹腔注射东莨菪碱 (0 .0 5mg/kg)后 ,重复上述电刺激右侧CPu实验 ,可以诱发双侧HPC电图出现 3Hz慢波电振荡长时程增强现象 ,也可以诱发同侧HPC与MTNC出现完全同步的阵发性癫痫样电活动。结论 :过度激活CPu功能可以促进CPu HPC MTNC通路癫痫相关性病理生理性神经网络重新的建立 ,该效应累及对侧大脑半球 ,有利于颞叶癫痫的发生     

强直电刺激嗅内皮质-海马环路诱发CA1神经元的癫痫同步性膜电位振荡行为

目的和方法 :4 0 0～ 5 0 0 μm大鼠水平脑切片含有封闭的EC 海马环路。强直电刺激 (60Hz ,2s)海马Schaeffer侧支诱发癫痫放电 ,全细胞记录CA1胞体层单个神经元电活动 ,同步记录相应树突区细胞外场电位 ,探讨单个神经元膜电位振荡特性与细胞外癫痫电活动之间的关系。结果 :①强直电刺激诱发CA1神经元膜电位后放性振荡行为呈宽频特征 (3～ 10 0Hz)。以θ节律多见 ,跟随在刺激引起的膜电位去极化或超极化偏移 (paroxysmaldepolarizingorhyperpolaringshift,PDSorPHS)之后 ,振荡波的上升支和下降支分别由膜电位去极化 超极化或超极化 去极化成分构成 ;②逐渐增强的IPSP构成了膜电位振荡的起搏成分 ,继而反弹形成锋电位和阈下振荡 ,与细胞外癫痫样电活动同步 ,并促成癫痫放电由紧张性向阵挛性形式转变 ;③发现了电偶联电位 (spikelets)以及细胞之间的染料偶联现象。结论 :单个神经元作为振荡器可以启动群体神经元超同步化癫痫样电活动 ;缝隙连接可能参与了膜电位振荡的启动与场电位癫痫样电活动的同步作用。     

ATP敏感性钾通道开放剂埃他卡林对大鼠低氧性肺动脉高压的影响

目的 :探讨新型ATP敏感性钾通道开放剂 (KATPCO)埃他卡林 (iptkalim ,Ipt)对低氧性肺动脉高压 (HPH)大鼠肺血管重构的影响。方法 :将大鼠置于常压低氧舱内 (O2 1 0 %± 0 .5 % ) ,8h/d ,每周 6d ,4周后测定平均肺动脉压(mPAP)、RV/ (LV +S) ;用图象分析仪测量与呼吸性细支气管伴行的肺小动脉外径 (ED)、动脉中层壁厚 (MT)、动脉管壁中层面积 (MA)、动脉管腔面积 (VA)和血管总面积 (TAA)。结果 :慢性低氧组大鼠的mPAP和RV/ (LV +S)显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;图象分析显示低氧组大鼠肺小动脉中层壁厚与动脉外径百分比 (MT % )、动脉壁中层面积与血管总面积百分比 (MA % )均显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;慢性低氧组大鼠肺小动脉管腔面积 (VA)与血管总面积 (TAA)百分比显著低于正常组 (P <0 .0 1 )。Ipt 0 .75mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 和 1 .50mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 均可显著抑制低氧性肺血管壁重构 ,降低肺动脉压 ,减少右心室肥厚 ,1 .50mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 则可逆转持续低氧所致的所有病理性变化。结论 :新型KATPCO埃他卡林是一个富有潜力的治疗HPH药物     

Anabolic steroids induce cardiac renin-angiotensin system and impair the beneficial effects of aerobic training in rats

We evaluated the effects of swimming and anabolic steroids (AS) on ventricular function, collagen synthesis, and the local renin-angiotensin system in rats. Male Wistar rats were randomized into control (C), steroid (S; nandrolone decanoate; 5 mg/kg sc, 2x/wk), steroid + losartan (SL; 20 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), trained (T), trained + steroid (T+S), and trained + steroid + losartan (T+SL; n = 14/group) groups. Swimming was performed 5 times/wk for 10 wk. Serum testosterone increased in S and T+S. Resting heart rate was lower in T and T+S. Percent change in left ventricular (LV) weight-to-body weight ratio increased in S, T, and T+S. LV systolic pressure declined in S and T+S. LV contractility increased in T (P < 0.05). LV relaxation increased in T (P < 0.05). It was significantly lower in T+S compared with C. Collagen volumetric fraction (CVF) and hydroxyproline were higher in S and T+S than in C and T (P < 0.05), and the CVF and LV hypertrophy were prevented by losartan treatment. LV-ANG I-converting enzyme activity increased (28%) in the S group (33%), and type III collagen synthesis increased (56%) in T+S but not in T group. A positive correlation existed between LV-ANG I-converting enzyme activity and collagen type III expression (r(2) = 0.88; P < 0.05, for all groups). The ANG II and angiotensin type 1a receptor expression increased in the S and T+S groups but not in T group. Supraphysiological doses of AS exacerbated the cardiac hypertrophy in exercise-trained rats. Exercise training associated with AS induces maladaptive remodeling and further deterioration in cardiac performance. Exercise training associated with AS causes loss of the beneficial effects in LV function induced by exercising. These results suggest that aerobic exercise plus AS increases cardiac collagen content associated with activation of the local renin-angiotensin system.     

Heart rate reduction with ivabradine prevents the global phenotype of left ventricular remodeling

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic heart rate (HR) reduction with the hyperpolarization-activated current inhibitor ivabradine on the global phenotype of left ventricular (LV) remodeling in a ligated rat model. Seven days after coronary artery ligation, Wistar rats received ivabradine (10 mg · kg(-1) · day(-1) administered in drinking water) [myocardial infarction + ivabradine (MI+IVA), n = 22] or vehicle only (drinking water) (MI, n = 20) for 90 days. A sham group (n = 20) was included for model validation. MI+IVA rats had 12% lower HR (P < 0.01), improved LV volumes, 15% higher LV ejection fraction (LVEF, P < 0.01) than MI rats, and 33% reductions in both plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, P = 0.052) and cardiac hydroxyproline. Using patch-clamp, action potential duration was reduced and transient outward current density increased (P < 0.05). Cardiac energy metabolism was also improved (+33% creatine phosphate, P < 0.001; +15% ATP; and +9% energy charge, P < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between HR and parameters of cardiac metabolism, ANP, and LVEF (all P < 0.05). The HR-reducing properties of ivabradine prevent changes in the global phenotype of LV remodeling in the rat, optimize energy consumption, and avoid electrophysiological and structural remodeling.     

Polymorphism in gene coding for ACE determines different development of myocardial fibrosis in rats

In humans, the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms in cardiovascular disease is still controversial. In the rat, a microsatellite marker in the ACE gene allows differentiation of the ACE gene polymorphism among strains with different ACE levels. We tested the hypothesis that this ACE gene polymorphism determines the extent of cardiac fibrosis induced by isoproterenol (Iso) in the rat. We used a male F(2) generation (homozygous LL and BB ACE genotypes determined by polymerase chain reaction) derived from two rat strains [Brown-Norway (BB) and Lewis (LL)] that differ with respect to their plasma ACE activities. For induction of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) and cardiac fibrosis, rats were infused with Iso (5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) or saline (control) for 10 days and euthanized at day 1 after the last injection. The interstitial collagen volumetric fraction (ICVF), collagen I, and fibronectin content, but not collagen III content, were significantly higher in the homozygous BB rats than in homozygous LL rats. Differences in metalloprotease (MMP)-9, but not in MMP-2 activities as well as in cardiac cell proliferation, were also detected between LL and BB rats treated with Iso. LV ACE activity was higher in BB rats than LL rats and correlated with ICVF (r = 0.61, P < 0.002). No changes were observed in plasma ACE activities, ANG II plasma or LV levels, plasma renin activity, and ACE and ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) mRNA levels in the LV of rats with the two different ACE polymorphisms. Iso induced a similar degree of LVH [assessed by an increase in LV weight 100 per body weight, LV-to-right ventricle (RV) ratio, and LV protein content] in LL and BB rats. We concluded that rats in the F(2) generation with high plasma ACE activity developed more fibrosis but to a similar degree of LVH compared with rats with low plasma ACE activity.     

慢性颞叶癫痫大鼠行为、电图发作和核磁共振研究--海马-内嗅皮质-颞叶新皮质通路

目的和方法：强直电刺激（６０Ｈｚ,０．４￣０．６ｍＡ,２ｓ）左、右侧背侧海马或中部颞叶新皮质制作慢性大鼠癫痫模型,观察大鼠行为、ＥＥＧ、深部电图以及各脑区Ｔ２（质子横向驰豫时间）加权核磁共振成象（Ｔ２－ＭＲＩ）结构改变,研究海马－内嗅皮质－颞叶新皮质、大脑皮层神经通路在诱发颞叶癫痫中的可能作用。结果：右侧海马刺激组的原发性、继发性湿狗样抖动及癫痫“点燃”效应的发生率明显高于左海马和左、右颞叶新皮质     

Cardiac dysfunction in aging conscious rats: altered cardiac cytoskeletal proteins as a potential mechanism

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the mechanism mediating left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in the aging rat heart involves, in part, changes in cardiac cytoskeletal components. Our results show that there were no significant differences in heart rate, LV pressure, or LV diameter between conscious, instrumented young [5.9 +/- 0.3 mo (n = 9)] and old rats [30.6 +/- 0.1 mo (n = 10)]. However, the first derivative of LV pressure (LV dP/dt) was reduced (8,309 +/- 790 vs. 11,106 +/- 555 mmHg/s, P < 0.05) and isovolumic relaxation time (tau) was increased (8.7 +/- 0.7 vs. 6.3 +/- 0.6 ms, P < 0.05) in old vs. young rats, respectively. The differences in baseline LV function in young and old rats, which were modest, were accentuated after beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation with dobutamine (20 mug/kg), which increased LV dP/dt by 170 +/- 9% in young rats, significantly more (P < 0.05) than observed in old rats (115 +/- 5%). Volume loading in anesthetized rats demonstrated significantly impaired LV compliance in old rats, as measured by the LV end-diastolic pressure and dimension relationship. In old rat hearts, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the percentage of LV collagen (2.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.2%), alpha-tubulin (92%), and beta-tubulin (2.3-fold), whereas intact desmin decreased by 51%. Thus the cardiomyopathy of aging in old, conscious rats may be due not only to increases in collagen but also to alterations in cytoskeletal proteins.     

Leptin fails to reduce ethanol intake in Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats

Leptin, a hormone secreted by the adipocytes and involved in feeding and energy balance control, has been proposed to modulate alcohol craving in mice and humans. This study evaluated whether leptin modulates alcohol intake in Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats. Rats were offered 10% ethanol either 2h per day at the beginning of dark period of the 12:12h light/dark cycle, or 24h per day. Leptin was injected into the lateral ventricle (LV), the third ventricle (3V), or intraperitoneally (IP) once a day, 1h before the onset of the dark period. Neither acute nor chronic (9 days) leptin injections (1 or 8microg per rat) into the LV or 3V modified ethanol intake in male msP rats, offered ethanol 2h per day. Chronic LV injection of leptin (8 or 32 microg per rat in male rats and 8 or 16 microg per rat in female rats for 7 days), or chronic IP injections of leptin (1mg/kg in male rats for 5 days) failed to modify the intake of ethanol, offered 24h per day. Finally, chronic LV leptin injections (8 or 32 microg per rat for 12 days) did not modify ethanol intake in male msP rats, adapted to ad libitum access to ethanol and then tested after a 6-day period of ethanol deprivation. In contrast, in most of these conditions leptin significantly reduced food intake. These data do not support a role for leptin in alcohol intake, preference, or craving in msP rats.