宣传和执行《野生动物保护法》 保护国家野生动物资源(二)

二级保护鸟类名录角鸊鷉 赤颈鸊鷉 鹈鹕(所有种) 鲣鸟(所有种) 海鸬鹚黑颈鸬鹚黄嘴白鹭岩鹭海南虎斑(?) 小苇(?) 彩鹳白鹮 黑鹮 彩鹮 白琵鹭黑脸琵鹭红胸黑雁白额雁天鹅(所有种) 鸳鸯一级保护之外(其它鹰类) 隼科(所有种) 黑琴鸡柳雷鸟岩雷鸟镰翅鸡花尾榛鸡雪鸡(所有种) 血雉红腹角雉藏马鸡蓝马鸡黑鹇白鹇原鸡勺鸡白冠长尾雉锦鸡(所有种) 灰鹤沙丘鹤白枕鹤 (竹衰)衣鹤长脚秧鸡姬田     

扎龙国家自然保护区6种雀形目鸟类血液蛋白的遗传多态性

采用SDS-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳法,对扎龙自然保护区6种雀形目鸟类(黄喉鹀、黄眉柳莺、黄胸鹀、虎纹伯劳、麻雀和灰头鹀)的4个血液蛋白位点［血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白（Alb）、转铁蛋白（Tf）和腺苷脱氨酶（Ada）］进行了多态性检测.结果表明：研究区6种鸟类在这4个血液蛋白位点上均存在多态性,这6种鸟在Ada座位上均表现出较大的遗传变异性;黄眉柳莺的群体遗传变异较大,灰头鹀的群体稳定性相对较高;这6种鸟可划分为两大类,黄喉鹀、黄胸鹀、灰头鹀和黄眉柳莺聚为一大类,麻雀和虎纹伯劳聚为另一类,这与6种雀形目鸟类的实际分类地位基本相符;研究区较高的体温调节价和取食压力并未导致6种鸟类血液蛋白的遗传结构产生较大变异,可能是由于该地区雀形目鸟类与外界存在一定的基因交流,从而缩减了其群体遗传上的变异和分化.     

湖北荆州发现红颈苇鹀

红颈苇鹀被IUCN列为全球近危物种,在中国南方比较罕见。2014年3月15日,笔者在湖北省荆州市观音档镇 (30°22′55″N,112°21′27″E,海拔30 m)进行鸟类调查时,发现3-5只红颈苇鹀在油菜从中活动,拍到一组照片,经查阅文献,确定为湖北新纪录,并结合前人的观察,确定为冬候鸟。     

近10年秦皇岛两种鸟类春季迁徙时间变化的差异性

气候变化对鸟类迁徙时间的影响是目前生态学研究的热点问题.本文利用鸟类环志的方法分析了2010至2019年河北秦皇岛两种鸟类春季迁徙时间变化趋势及其差异性,并进一步探讨了差异性的原因.选择环志数量较多的食虫鸟黄眉柳莺(Phylloscopus inornatus)和食谷鸟灰头鹀(Emberiza spodocephala...     

棕眉柳莺鸣唱声谱分析及其地理差异的初步研究

2002、2005、2007年5-8月,在甘肃莲花山、宁夏贺兰山和内蒙阿拉善贺兰山等自然保护区对棕眉柳莺(Phylloscopus armandii)的鸣唱进行了采集,共录到18只108 min的鸣声.通过声谱分析,棕眉柳莺鸣唱的频率范围在2.63-6.32 kHz之间;音素数平均为5.56±2.47(n=124);持续时间为(1.07 4-0.30)s(rg=124).最长可达2.68 s.棕眉柳莺鸣唱音节之间的间隔时间差异较大,范围在2～18 8之间;从18只个体共589个音节中总结出61种音节类型,其中37种为共享音节,24种为特有音节,分别占总数的60.7%和39.3%.不同棕眉柳莺个体的鸣唱音节类型组成不同,没有任何两只棕眉柳莺个体的音节曲目完全一致.莲花山和内蒙贺兰山两个地区内个体之间的音节相似性系数存在显著差异(P=0.001).通过对棕眉柳莺鸣唱的地理变异分析,发现越是邻近分布的个体其鸣唱也越相似.     

黑龙江嫩江高峰林区鸟类环志监测报告

1998～2006年,笔者在黑龙江省嫩江县高峰林场开展了鸟类环志研究工作。这里是候鸟经松嫩平原迁徙途中重要的停歇地和食物补给站。9年共环志鸟类13目37科165种184273只,其中春季135种80366只,秋季140种103907只。环志最多年份为2002年,44633只。环志数量最多的种类是白腰朱顶雀Cardueli sflammea,272日3只,其次是黄雀C.spinus,20163只。在所环志的鸟类中,春季以小鹀Emberiza pusilla、红胁蓝尾鸲Tarsiger cyanurus、黄眉柳莺Phyllosco pusinornatus、栗鹀E.rutila、田鹀E.rustica、黄眉鹀E.chrysophrys、燕雀Fringilla montifringilla、黄雀等8种为优势种:秋季以白腰朱顶雀、黄雀、田鹀、黄眉柳莺、燕雀、北朱雀Carpodacusroseus等6种为优势种,占秋季环志数量的69.3%。系统的环志监测,为深入开展鸟类环志研究,探索鸟类迁徙规律,以及进行鸟类疫情监测提供更为可靠的数据。     

红胸黑雁 Branta ruficollis (Pallas) 在中国的发现

红胸黑雁为雁亚科(Aneerinae)中羽色最幽雅者。头黑,两侧自眼至嘴基间各有一椭圆形白斑,头侧后部色自,其中部缀以肉桂栗色,略成块斑状;后颈黑,颈侧各有一白色带状纵纹,与头侧的白色部分相连接;颈基有自色领状狹纹,向下介于栗胸与黑腹之间,形成圈状。背和腰均黑;尾上复羽白;尾羽亦黑,而具白端:两翅与背同,中和大复羽的先端带棕,因成二道横带。     

武夷山区产鸟类模式种和亚种记述及其资源概况

武夷山是中国东南陆域生物多样性保护的关键地区之一.检索《中国动物志·鸟纲》和《中国鸟类分布名录》(2版),记录有模式种(亚种)产地为武夷山及其邻近区域的鸟类模式种11种,包括单型种5种,即黑眉柳莺(Phylloscopus ricketti)、棕噪鹛(Garrulax berthemyi)、白喉林鹟(Cyornis b...     

湖南省发现红颈苇鹀

正在湖南省长沙市望城区大泽湖湿地(28°19′14″N,112°53′54″E,海拔40 m)的稻田和草丛中先后3次(2014年3月11日,2015年3月12日和11月9日)分别记录到1只雌性红颈苇鹀(Emberiza yessoensis)(图1)。形态特征如下:头顶具细皮黄色纹,耳羽色深,颈背沙皮黄,下体黄白,胸侧和两胁沾棕色细条纹;虹膜深色,嘴峰直,下嘴厚,嘴及脚均为肉色。     

中国鸟种新纪录——红眉金翅雀Callacanthis burtoni

<正>2015年3月25日,在西藏聂拉木县樟木镇立新村外围(27°56′N,85°58′E)海拔2 860 m处见到2只雄性红眉金翅雀(Callacanthis burtoni)在地面觅食,并拍摄到照片。当地环境为原始针叶林,林下生有高山杜鹃并稀疏灌丛及草本植物。红眉金翅雀(雄鸟)的野外识别特征:体型较金翅雀(Carduelis sinica)、高山金翅雀(C.spinoides)、黑头金翅雀(C.ambigua)等为大;通体红褐色;头近黑;眼周裸出,具粗重的红色肉质眉纹;翅黑而具白色翼斑和点斑;嘴厚重,黄色。     

Migratory birds of central Washington as reservoirs of Campylobacter jejuni

Migratory ducks, Canada geese, and sandhill crane from the Pacific North American Flyway have been screened for Campylobacter spp. Samples (298) from these birds were examined and the incidence of Campylobacter spp. in the samples were as follows: sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabida), 81%; ducks (Aythya collaris, Anas carolinensis, Aythya americana, and Anas platyrhynchos), 73%; and Canada geese (Branta canadensis), 5%. All isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni. To our knowledge this is the first report of the isolation of C. jejuni from sandhill crane. The high frequency of isolation in both the sandhill crane and migratory ducks indicated that these bird populations may play a significant role in the dissemination of the bacterium. Because of their migratory habits, these birds may be particularly important in spreading C. jejuni to remote areas.     

Presumed drowning of Aleutian Canada geese on the Pacific coast of California and Oregon

Carcasses of 42 and 17 Aleutian Canada geese (Branta canadensis leucopareia), a federally listed endangered species, were found on ocean beaches near Crescent City, California, and near Pacific City, Oregon, respectively, following severe storms. Necropsies and other information suggest that the birds were flushed during the storms and somehow entered the water where they were washed into the surf and drowned.     

黄眉姬鹟种组的鸣声差异

黄眉姬鹟种组包括白眉姬(Ficedulazanthopygia)和黄眉姬(F.narcissina)。对于该种组内有关类群的分类地位,不同的学者有不同的看法。本文对有分类争议种(亚种)的领域歌曲(录自48只雄鸟)进行了分析,从领域歌曲分化的角度探讨了各种(亚种)的分类地位。结果表明:白眉姬鹟领域歌曲中,句子的结构、单支歌曲的时间和频率特征与其他类群差异显著,为该种组中最独特的一个类群,鸣声的分化支持其为一个独立的种;羽色明显不同的黄眉姬elisae亚种和narcissina亚种,其领域歌曲的差异也非常显著,已经明显地形成2个独立进化的单元,黄眉姬elisae亚种应为一个独立的种———FicedulaelisaeWeigold,1922;羽色上差异明显的elisae的亚成体和成体的鸣唱非常相似,在各个主要特征上均无明显差异,表明亚成体在发声方面的发育已接近成鸟.     

Proventricular impaction associated with nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis and ganglioneuritis in two Canada geese

Two wild Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in an extremely emaciated state and with severe proventricular food impaction also had a nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis and ganglioneuritis. The condition in these two birds was morphologically similar to psittacine proventricular dilatation, a recently identified disease of psittacine birds.     

入侵种加拿大一枝黄花对土壤特性的影响

生物入侵已给人类社会带来了巨大的环境和经济损失,但关于植物入侵对生态系统的影响后果还知之甚少。土壤是生态系统的重要组成部分,植物入侵对土壤特性的影响已引起了生态学家的普遍关注。我们将原产北美的入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花(Solidagocanadensis)和同属土著植物一枝黄花(S.decurrens)种植在具有相同利用历史的土壤中,通过检测生长后期不同植物下土壤特性的差异来研究加拿大一枝黄花的入侵后果。测定的土壤特性包括pH值、总碳、总氮、土壤有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮、净铵化速率、净硝化速率和净矿化速率等。野外选取了加拿大一枝黄花的典型入侵地上海江湾绿地进行土壤特性调查作为辅证。移栽实验和野外调查得到了基本一致的结果:加拿大一枝黄花调节了土壤pH值,增加了总碳、氮库和有机质库,降低了铵氮库和硝氮库。加拿大一枝黄花还促进了微生物的矿化速率和铵化速率,这表明该物种提高了土壤无机氮和铵氮的供给。控制无机氮浓度和无机氮形式的独立实验表明,高氮供给和富铵氮条件有利于加拿大一枝黄花的生长。本研究不仅为外来植物入侵后果的评估提供实验证据,而且为植物成功入侵的机制探索提供思路。     

Experimental infections of waterfowl with Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Digenea)

Sphaeridiotrema globulus in experimentally infected mute swans (Cygnus olor), mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and Canada geese (Branta canadensis) induced ulcerative hemorrhagic enteritis. Sites of infection include the jejunum and ileum. The digeneans ulcerated the intestine. The inflammatory response was primarily lymphocytic with some eosinophils. Severe hemorrhage from damaged submucosal capillaries provided a blood meal for the parasite and caused anemia in the host. Extra-medullary hematopoiesis occurred in the liver, and an erythroid hyperplasia occurred in the bone marrow of infected birds. Infected birds exhibited muscular weakness and died from shock associated with severe blood loss. Mallards and Canada geese were less susceptible to fatal infection than the mute swan as evidenced by survivors in the higher dose groups.     

Isolation of Actinobacillus suis from a Canada goose (Branta canadensis)

Blindness from conjunctivitis caused by Actinobacillus suis was found in a Canada goose (Branta canadensis) from a wildlife refuge in Kentucky. Lesions were not observed elsewhere and other body organs were grossly normal. Actinobacillus spp. in birds is rare and this is apparently the first report of conjunctivitis resulting from this infection in waterfowl.     

Avian pox in Florida sandhill cranes.

Cutaneous elevations were present on the feet, legs and heads of four Florida sandhill cranes, Grus canadensis pratensis, (one free-living, three penreared birds). As a result of examination of the elevations by light- and electron microscopy, it was determined that the lesions were caused by poxvirus. This is the first record of pox in cranes in North America.     

Biologic and molecular characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), Canada goose (Branta canadensis), black-winged lory (Eos cyanogenia), and cats (Felis catus)

Toxoplasma gondii isolates can be grouped into 3 genetic lineages. Type I isolates are considered virulent to outbred mice, whereas Type II and III isolates are not. In the present report, viable T. gondii was isolated for the first time from striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), Canada goose (Branta canadensis), and black-winged lory (Eos cyanogenia). For the isolation of T. gondii, tissues were bioassayed in mice, and genotyping was based on the SAG2 locus. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 3 of 6 skunks, 1 of 4 Canada geese, and 2 of 2 feral cats (Felis catus) from Mississippi. All donor animals were asymptomatic. Viable T. gondii was also isolated from 5 of 5 lories that had died of acute toxoplasmosis in an aviary in South Carolina. Genotypes of T. gondii isolates were Type III (all skunks, lories, and the goose) and Type II (both cats). All 5 Type III isolates from birds and 2 of the 3 isolates from skunks were mouse virulent.     

Mortality of waterfowl on a hypersaline wetland as a result of salt encrustation

Approximately 300 geese, primarily lesser Canada geese (Branta canadensis parvipes) were found unable to fly or dead on a small hypersaline lake (conductivity 77,000-90,000 mumhos/cm) in western Saskatchewan in September 1985. The birds were heavily encrusted with sodium sulfate crystals. Dead birds that were necropsied had aspirated lake water and had evidence of acute muscle degeneration. The live geese (155) were captured and moved to nearby freshwater wetlands where most apparently survived. Some birds died of severe myopathy after translocation. Five northern shovelers (Anas clypeata) were found encrusted with salt and unable to fly on the lake approximately 10 days later. Salt encrustation apparently occurred when rapid cooling of the lake resulted in supersaturation and crystallization of the dissolved salt. A local resident recalled similar events occurring on the lake in autumn on at least two other occasions during the past 50 yr.