桑粉虱天敌及其利用研究

本文综述了桑粉虱Pealius mori(Takahashi)的寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌以及一些病原性真菌的研究,并探讨了天敌在桑园中应用的潜在可能。     

Description of a new species of the whitefly genus Pealius Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from China

A new whitefly species, Pealius yunnanensis sp. nov. , collected from Mengzi, Caoba village (Yunnan, China) on Ficus microcarpa Linn. f. (Urticales: Moraceae), is described with morphology, line illustrations, photographs and scanning electron microscope images. In addition, a checklist of Chinese species of Pealius is provided and all Pealius species recorded from Ficus around the world are listed. Specimens have been deposited in the Insect Collection of Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University (ZAFU), Lin'an, China.     

中国新疆地区粉虱种类（半翅目：粉虱科）记述

记述了新疆地区粉虱5属6种,即欧洲甘蓝粉虱Aleyrodes proletella(Linnaeus),葡萄穴粉虱Aleurolobus shantungi Tang,非洲小粉虱Bemisia afer(PriesnerHosny),烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius),桑粉虱Pealius mori(Takahashi),温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood),其中葡萄穴粉虱为新疆新记录种。并且用扫描电镜对其伪蛹进行拍照,并依据玻片标本进行了描述。编制了新疆地区粉虱分类检索表。     

我国桑树五种常见粉虱的超微结构

应用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)对我国桑树5种主要粉虱害虫桑粉虱Pealius mori(Takahashi)、杨梅粉虱Parabemisia myricae Kuwana、珊瑚瘤粉虱Aleuroclava aucubae Kuwana、马氏粉虱Aleurdolobus marlatti(Quaintance)和非洲伯粉虱Bemisia afer(Priesner&Hosny)伪蛹的超微形态结构特征进行了系统观察和描述;并对这5种粉虱的主要形态特征进行了比较研究。     

粉虱类害虫的监测预警与可持续治理技术透视

针对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）、温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum（Westwood）、黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus（Quaintance）、桑粉虱Pealius mori（Takahashi）、禾粉虱Aleurocybotus indicus David etSubramaniam等粉虱害虫在我国暴发危害的现状,公益性行业科研专项＂粉虱类害虫可持续治理技术研究与集成示范＂项目组在华南、华东、华北、华中和西南等地区开展了粉虱类害虫的调查、监测、预警以及综合防控技术研究集成与示范。结果表明,烟粉虱在我国的发生区域超过20个省份,温室白粉虱在华北和西南地区,黑刺粉虱在华南、华东和西南地区也分布较广,桑粉虱在我国南方桑植区危害严重,禾粉虱在福建省闽东稻区发生为害逐年严重。利用mt COI DNA测序、SCAR技术和CAPS等技术对B和Q型烟粉虱的鉴定结果显示,Q型烟粉虱在我国的分布范围正在不断扩大。通过Maxent预测模型和GIS技术,预测了烟粉虱在我国的适生区、自然越冬北线和不同地区的发生世代数量。对烟粉虱的抗药性监测结果表明,阿维菌素和烯啶虫胺是目前华北地区防治烟粉虱较为理想的药剂,而对联苯菊酯、噻虫嗪、啶虫脒和吡虫啉等药剂均产生了不同程度的抗药性。研究了苘麻诱集、黄板诱杀、天敌昆虫和病原微生物对粉虱类害虫的控制作用,并在华南、华东、华北、华中和西南等地区建立了12个示范基地,分别在不同地区开展了粉虱类害虫的综合防治技术的示范和推广,累计印刷技术宣传手册12.4万份,培训各类农民和基层农技人员5.43万人次,累计示范面积4.3千公顷次,技术辐射超过4万公顷次,取得了显著的经济、社会和生态效益。     

桑粉虱形态研究

研究描述了容易与杨梅粉虱混淆的重要害虫桑粉虱Pealius mori(Takahashi)成虫、卵、1～4龄若虫及蛹的形状、分类特征,包括成虫的体长、体色、触角、单眼、复眼、口器、翅、足及雌雄外生殖器;卵的形状、大小、卵色及卵柄;1～4龄若虫及蛹的形状、大小、体色、体周的刚毛、触角、口器、足、管状孔、盖瓣、舌状器及腹沟等。并比较桑粉虱与杨梅粉虱的主要分类特征。     

Taxonomic review of the genus Xenolecanium Takahashi and description of the new genus Takahashilecanium Kondo (Hemiptera: Coccidae; Coccinae, Paralecaniini)

The genus Xenolecanium Takahashi is reviewed and transferred from the subfamily Myzolecaniinae to the Coccinae (tribe Paralecaniini). The type species Xenolecanium mangiferae Takahashi is redescribed, and Xenolecanium takahashii Kondo sp. nov. from Indonesia is described based on the adult female and first instar nymph. A taxonomic key is provided to separate adult females of the two species of Xenolecanium. Xenolecanium rotundum Takahashi is transferred to become the type species of a new monotypic genus, Takahashilecanium Kondo, which is also placed in the Paralecaniini. The morphological justification for placing Xenolecanium and Takahashilecanium in the Paralecaniini is discussed, and we provide a taxonomic key for separating both genera from all other members of the Paralecaniini.     

警惕一种潜在的入侵性有害生物多孔曼粉蚧

【目的】明确北京口岸从泰国进口的红毛丹果实表皮中检出活体粉蚧的种类及其分类地位、分布、潜在入侵危害性等情况。【方法】通过形态特征和DNA条形码技术对截获样本进行比对鉴定,并结合相关文献对其进行综合分析。【结果】该粉蚧为多孔曼粉蚧Maconellicoccus multipori(Takahashi,1951),隶属于半翅目Hemiptera粉蚧科Pseudococcidae蔓粉蚧属Maconellicoccus。同时详细介绍了该粉蚧的形态特征,以及我国口岸对曼粉蚧属的截获情况,讨论了多孔曼粉蚧的检疫意义。【结论】口岸应对该虫引起足够的重视,加强针对该虫的检疫措施,严防该虫入侵我国。     

First interception of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (Q biotype) in Serbia

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a cosmopolitan insect pest and causes great damage to many agricultural crops by direct feeding, and transmitting many plant viruses causing disastrous effects. The global distribution of B. tabaci was previously investigated, but so far, it has not been confirmed in Serbia. Sampling conducted on plants at three localities in Serbia revealed the presence of three whitefly species, one is B. tabaci Mediterranean (MED) species, a quarantine pest. Additionally, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood and an Aleurodes sp. that was not identified to the species level were also confirmed. The last two are common and widespread species in Serbia. Whitefly collections were made from cabbage, kale and oilseed rape plants (Brassica oleracea, B. oleracea var. sabauda, B. napus, respectively) grown in the field, on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) grown in the greenhouse and on potted hibiscus (Hibiscus sp.) and poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) plants grown indoors. DNA sequence analysis from a portion of the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI) revealed the presence of B. tabaci MED species, which is considered to be a very important pest worldwide and has been reported from neighbouring countries, however, not yet from Serbia. Bemisia tabaci MED is recorded here for the first time in Serbia. This first interception suggests its introduction with ornamentals grown indoors, with no outdoor reports and that it is not yet spread. This report is an important alert for local authorities to take the necessary steps in monitoring and preventing its possible expansion.     

Pleosporales in Japan (1): the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lophiostoma</Emphasis>

 Seven species of the genus Lophiostoma were the subject of this study. Among these, Lophiostoma mucosum is described and illustrated as a new species. All other species, L. macrostomum, L. semiliberum, L. arundinis, L. caulium, L. caudatum, and L. winteri, are reported for the first time in Japan. A key to the species of Lophiostoma in Japan is given. Received: August 5, 2002 / Accepted: November 28, 2002 Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr. Hideki Takahashi (curator of SAPA) for the loan of fungal material. Correspondence to:Y. Harada     

Dispersal of the broad mite,Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Heterostigmata: Tarsonemidae), by the greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) was found to disperse the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Heterostigmata: Tarsonemidae). Mite presence on whiteflies was highly aggregated. This is the second whitefly species reported to disperse the broad mite, suggesting some recognition of the insects by P. latus.     

Mitochondrial DNA variability and development of a PCR diagnostic test for populations of the whitefly Bemisia afer (priesner and hosny)

The whitefly, Bemisia afer (Hemiptera; Aleyrodidae), is emerging as a major agricultural pest. The current identification methods based on adult and pupal morphology are laborious and unreliable. A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was developed for the first time in this study to discriminate B. afer from other whitefly species. Primers specific to mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (mtCOI) were designed to amplify a band of approx 650 bp. The PCR products were sequenced from B. afer samples collected from Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zanzibar, and the United Kingdom. Phylogenetic analyses of mtCOI sequences and those of reference B. afer sequences clustered the African B. afer separately from the UK and Chinese populations and from other whitefly species. The African cluster was divided into two clades by parsimony and neighbor-joining methods. This indicates the existence of at least two genotypic clusters of B. afer, which are diverged by 0.8 to 3.2% nucleotide (nt) identities. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that these differences were the result of within population variation but were insufficient to identify discrete populations. Among the whitefly species used in the analysis, B. afer was equally dissimilar to Bemisia tabaci and Bemisia tuberculata (21.3–26.2% nt identities). As is the case for B. tabaci, these data show that mtCOI sequences are informative also for identifying B. afer variants, which lack distinguishing morphological features.     

Heterobasidiomycetous fungi from Aegean Islands (Greece): New annotated records for a neglected group

As part of an inventory of macrofungi in selected islands of the Aegean Archipelago (Greece), 18 species of heterobasidiomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota) belonging to the orders Auriculariales, Cantharellales, Dacrymycetales and Tremellales were collected and identified from the islands of Agios Efstratios, Amorgos, Andros, Crete, Ikaria, Naxos and Nisyros. Among the heterobasidiomycetous fungi collected, Ceratobasidium cornigerum, Dacrymyces lacrymalis, Exidiopsis effusa, E. galzinii, Thanatephorus amygdalisporus, Tremella aurantia, Tulasnella pallida and T. pruinosa constitute first national records, while the genera Ceratobasidium, Thanatephorus and Tulasnella are reported for the first time in Greece. All species are listed with information on their hosts/substrates and occurrence in the investigated islands, while the most interesting records are described, illustrated, and critically discussed in the light of existing taxonomic and distribution data.     

A new whitefly of quarantine importance infesting a native and invasive plant,Rubus ellipticus Sm. (Rosaceae) in the Western Himalaya,India

Puparia of Pealius kufriensis Dubey sp. nov. found infesting a native and highly invasive plant, Rubus ellipticus Sm. (Rosaceae) are described. The host shrub was found highly infested with the new whitefly on the underside of leaves. Puparial characteristics of the genus Pealius Quaintance and Baker shared with Aleyrodes Latreille and Bemisia Quaintance and Baker are discussed.     

First record of the mulberry psyllid Anomoneura mori Schwarz (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae) from Taiwan

The mulberry psyllid Anomoneura mori Schwarz is reported for the first time from Taiwan. This species is associated with the mulberry tree and is a pest of sericulture. Adults and larvae are described and illustrated for identification. The topic of invasive species is further discussed.     

Incidence of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in greenhouse populations of the whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Greece

The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, is an important pest of field and greenhouse crops of horticultural and ornamental plants. In integrated pest management programs its control is mainly based on the release of biological control agents and application of chemical insecticides. Neonicotinoids are relatively new chemicals currently applied for the chemical control of T. vaporariorum. However, cases of development of insecticide resistance to neonicotinoids have already been reported. The state of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides for populations of the greenhouse whitefly in Greece is currently unknown. The objective of our study was to screen a number of whitefly populations for resistance to the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and thiacloprid. Seven whitefly populations were collected from tomato greenhouse crops from different areas of central and northern Greece. LC₅₀ values were estimated for all populations following the method proposed by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC). The development of resistance to both neonicotinoids was confirmed for all tested populations with resistance ratios ranging from 1.5 to 4.4-fold and from 1.4 to 12.2-fold for imidacloprid and thiacloprid, respectively. We discuss our results with regard to the development of neonicotinoid resistance in T. vaporariorum populations and its implications for whitefly control.     

Description of a new genus and species of whitefly (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) infesting Rhynchosia minima (Fabaceae) in Karnataka,India

A new whitefly genus and species, Aleurocryptus rhynchosiae Dubey, are described from Donimalai mining area of Karnataka, India. Habitus, line art and scanning electron microscopic images of the puparium and other immature stages are provided. The puparia of the new genus and species are found to be pit‐forming on their host leaf, Rhynchosia minima (Fabaceae). The cone‐shaped, apically pointed dorsal setae with a smooth surface and fixed in prominent setal alveoli are newly reported from whitefly puparia.     

Three new species of larval Charletonia Oudemans, 1910 (Acari: Prostigmata: Erythraeidae) and the first record of Charletonia krendowskyi (Feider, 1954) from Rhodes,Greece

Three new species of larval Charletonia Oudemans, 1910 from Rhodes, Greece are described: C. dalegori from an undetermined orthopteran, C. glifadaensis from Oedipoda sp. (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) and C. kaliksti from Aiolopus sp. (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae). C. krendowskyi is recorded for the first time from Greece. A key to the European species of larval Charletonia is provided.