THE MEANINGS OF KINSHIP AMONG THE ESE EJJA OF NORTHERN BOLIVIA

This article focuses on the construction of relatedness among an Amazonian people of northern Bolivia. In analysing the Ese Ejja's kinship terminology and practices, it engages with the widespread stress on the processual nature of relatedness encountered in Amazonian studies. The article shows that, for the Ese Ejja, kinship relations are made through shared practices, although in some important respects kinship is considered to be given at birth. Given kinship is considered fixed, whereas processual kinship is open to contestation. The article argues that processual and given aspects of kinship must be considered together in order to account for local understandings of relatedness. The data presented invite further investigation into Amazonian ideas about the sharing of substance through filiation. This has important implications for the understanding of the conceptualization of cross- and parallel cousins. The article also suggests that in Amazonia otherness is not always given, as has been extensively argued, and that, in the context of Ese Ejja kinship relations, it is created through marriage and it is constantly made and undone.     

Cogealing divinity: time, worship and kinship in South Indian Hinduism

Daily worship in Hindu temples is characterized by regular repetition. This article juxtaposes iconography and mythology; field data on worship in a Murukan temple in Kalugumalai, South India; and analytic concepts from western and Indian metaphysics, to examine what Gell termed the 'ritual manipulation of time'. In Hindu cosmology, the materialization of divinity – a prerequisite for worship – is inseparably linked not only to the emergence of time but also to the devolution of divinity into gendered forms. Because gender differences play a central role in iconography, mythology and worship, Hinduism provides a rich cultural resource for debating the morality and practice of human kinship, sexuality and procreation. Not only are there significant homologies between human and divine kinship behaviour, but human marriage patterns in South India display the same blend of repetitive yet changing oscillation as do daily and annual temple liturgies.     

LÉVI-STRAUSS AND THE POLITICAL: THE ELEMENTARY STRUCTURES OF KINSHIP AND THE RESOLUTION OF RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND SETTLER STATES

This article addresses the contribution of Lévi-Strauss's The elementary structures of kinship to resolving political relations between indigenous peoples and the settler states. To this end, it explores his discussion of the origins of society within the context of Enlightenment-inspired political thought and concludes that he provides a unique, counter-hegemonic alternative to conventional narratives. It then shows how this argument thwarts the presumption in Canadian jurisprudence that indigenous peoples were automatically incorporated into the state through European settlement, and fosters an understanding that a relationship based on the concept of 'Treaty' as understood in indigenous political thought promotes a political relationship that affirms the integrity of all parties.     

FACTORY, FAMILY AND NEIGHBOURHOOD: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INFORMAL LABOUR IN SHEFFIELD

This article explores the experience of formal and informal steel labour in the contexts of the factory, the family, and the neighbourhood in 'Endcliffe', an ex-industrial district of Sheffield, UK. The article reiterates Claude Meillassoux's claim, in his book Maidens , meal and money , that the informal economy is an ideological space for the cheap reproduction of labour in the interests of capital. Nevertheless, it also examines subjective and ethnographic understandings of the meanings of 'capital' and 'labour' and of the political nature of their shifting boundaries. In Endcliffe, capitalist subcontracting, state welfare, and economic policies of local regeneration have increased the informalization and casualization of steel labour and blurred the social spaces of the factory, the family, and the neighbourhood. The increased permeability between formal and informal economic processes and the re-embeddedness of production in the social and political texture of the neighbourhood tangles idioms of kinship and capitalist ideologies of production and turns the structural conflict between 'capital' and 'labour' into a generational and gender conflict within the working class. The article shows that the 'New Labour' government's attempt to transform Britain into a post-industrial and classless society has paradoxically fostered the re-emergence of ancient modes of production and forms of bonded labour.     

Cognitive Aspects of Step- Terms in American Kinship

In this article we extend the study of judged similarity among kinship terms from consanguineal to stepterms. Based on a sample of college students, we present a Euclidean representation of American kinship terms that shows that the distinction between consanguineal terms and step- terms is crucial. This representation matches predictions from the componential analysis paradigm and is shared by respondents of both genders with different ethnicities and first languages spoken. [American kinship, stepfamilies, correspondence analysis, consanguinity]     

The Purity of Spirit and the Power of Blood: A Comparative Perspective on Nation, Gender and Kinship in Cyprus

This article argues that the kinship relations of the national 'family' are not simply a direct appropriation of 'natural' kinship relations but involve a transformation of those relations that also takes into account some gendered image of the land as a member of that family. Using comparative research in the Turkish and Greek communities of Cyprus, I propose that what is centrally important in images of national kinship is the common substance that land and people are imagined to share. Moreover, this common substance is regarded as so 'natural' that it constitutes an important axiom that is central to understanding the logic of nationalisms.     

Runa realism: Upper Amazonian attitudes to nature knowing

Stories about the forest recounted in a Quichua-speaking Runa village in Ecuador's Upper Amazon point to an element of ecological understandings that is rarely studied; these are primarily about capturing and sharing the experience of the process of knowing rather than trafficking in stabilized tokens of ecological knowledge. Runa understanding of nature is achieved through a poetic language rich in what philosopher Charles S. Peirce terms iconic and indexical signs. This way of talking about forest experience is advantageous because these forms of representation can capture qualities and events in the world in ways that what Peirce terms symbols cannot. Iconic and indexical signs mediate the world in distinctive ways. Accordingly, this article suggests some implications that iconically and indexically rich modes of communicating experience have for engaging with the nonhuman realm, acquiring knowledge of the world, and establishing a certain kind of interpersonal social intimacy.     

The problems of odontogenic kinship analysis in prehistoric anthropology in the example of aplasia/hypodontia

Prehistorians have been seeking information about kinship in burial complexes for decades. During the last few years paleoanthropologists have once again applied themselves to the resolution of that problem. Many of them favour epigenetic variants as the basis for their kinship analyses. Teeth and maxillary bones seem well suited to be investigated in view to this question. The author discusses whether hypodontia and numerical variants of teeth still meet the criteria demanded of epigenetic variants today. Using the complex odontological feature of hypodontia and its variants as a model, the article shows that by including and interpreting new and little-known facts the amount of information gained from this feature can be increased considerably, as can its value towards kinship analysis. More odontological features have to be added and suitable methods have to be developed. The employment of odontological features for kinship analyses is then likely to be a success.     

Kinship and Mode of Production

This article links the basic elements of kinship and marriage to the division of labor between the sexes. The concept of a mode of production is used to analyze the distinctive features of this organization of the labor process. These features include the categorization of persons by generation and sex and a specification of reciprocal rights and obligations. It is thus argued that kinship pertains to a particular form of production rather than to an irreducible and unchangeable human nature . [kinship, division of labor by sex, mode of production]     

THE VISIBILITY AND INVISIBILITY OF PRODUCTION AMONG SENEGALESE CRAFTSMEN

This article examines three social contexts of the production and exchange of craft objects in Senegal. In each context, the extent to which the production of craft items is visible or invisible varies, and these variations in turn affect the ways in which value is construed. These examples are understood as different 'regimes of value' (Appadurai), in whose constitution the production of craft objects, whether this is visible or invisible, plays a crucial role. The argument is that the concept of 'regime of value' needs to address more than simply the 'flow' of commodities, and must have regard for the organization of the relations between production, distribution, and consumption of craft objects. The article also frames these West African examples within a broader argument about the importance of the concept of production in order to redress the over-reliance of contemporary social theories on notions of consumption.     

Making Kin Out Of Others In Amazonia

This article analyses the process of producing kinship among various Amazonian peoples, focusing primarily on the Wari', a Txapakura-speaking people living in Western Amazonia (Brazil). It argues that the production of kin cannot be related exclusively to the domestic or intra-tribal domain, since kinship emerges through a constant dialogue with non-human entities. By examining the significance of alimentary taboos associated with couvade practices in a number of groups, it shows that the new-born is made human by means of the production of its body as a human body in contraposition to animal bodies.     

KINSHIP MATTERS: WOMEN's LAND CLAIMS IN THE SANTAL PARGANAS, JHARKHAND

This article discusses the strengthening of kinship ties amongst the Santal community in a village in Jharkhand state in India. The context of progressive marginalization from the state and markets has resulted in the Santals asserting their adivasi identity by recourse to customary institutions as well as rigidifying patrilineal rules of inheritance. While this leads generally to an erosion of women's rights to inherit land, under certain circumstances women are supported by kin elders when they bring grievances to the legal courts. Women's relationship to their kinship group thus seems ambiguous: kinship can simultaneously be not only a source of deprivation and suppression but also a way of staking claims to resources, especially in the face of the inadequacies of formal state mechanisms.     

POPULATION STRUCTURE AND KINSHIP IN POLISTES (HYMENOPTERA,VESPIDAE): AN ANALYSIS USING RIBOSOMAL DNA AND PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS

Six variable protein loci and one variable ribosomal DNA restriction site were used for an analysis of population structure in five species of Polistes from Texas. A sample-reuse algorithm was developed that estimated F_ST, F_IS, and ø (the coefficient of kinship) from probabilities of identity. Of the four species analyzed in detail only one, Polistes exclamans, had statistically significant values of F_ST. These values may reflect natural constraints on successful nesting for migrants of this species. Three of the four species had significant values of F_IS and three of the four species had significant values of ø. In many cases ø also differed from the expected value under haplodiploidy and random mating. Values of ø did not differ from expectations under haplodiploidy and local inbreeding. These results emphasize that theories of social behavior and evolution based on coefficients of kinship should include some explicit consideration of population structure.     

'Knowing where you've come from': Ruptures and continuities of time and kinship in narratives of adoption reunions

This article, based on research in Scotland, discusses reunions between adults who have been adopted in infancy, and their birth kin. Although the distinction between 'biological' and 'social' kinship, which is central to the anthropological analysis of kinship, is clearly relevant to experiences of reunions, as it is to adoption more generally, this analytic focus is disrupted by issues of temporality, biographical completion, and memory, which both motivate and are raised by reunions. Narratives about adoption reunions can be used to illuminate the connections between these different themes. I explore the implications of these both for experiences of kinship in the West more generally and for the anthropological analysis of kinship.     

Clarification of genetic terms and their use in the management of captive populations

Some of the concepts, terms, and methods used in the genetic management of captive populations have not been defined precisely in the scientific literature and consequently have been misunderstood and misused. The definitions and interrelationships among gene diversity, effective population size, founder genome equivalents, inbreeding, allelic diversity, mean kinship, and kinship value are presented here. It is important to understand what populations and generations are used as the baselines against which losses of genetic variation are measured. Gene diversity and founder genome equivalents are defined relative to a source population from which founders of the captive population were randomly sampled. Inbreeding and allelic diversity are assessed relative to the founders. The potential gene diversity that would result from an equalization of frequencies of founder alleles retained in the population can never be achieved because, among other limitations, the random process of gene transmission will prevent equalization of allele frequencies even if animals are bred optimally. The gene diversity achievable with the population can be determined by iterative production of hypothetical offspring from the pairs with lowest mean kinship. The long-term objective for offspring production from each animal is also thereby generated. Mean kinships should be recalculated with each real or hypothetical birth and death, because offspring objectives based on current mean kinships might correlate poorly with the optimal long-term offspring objectives. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Extending pedigree analysis for uncertain parentage and diverse breeding systems

Breeding programs aimed at conserving genetic diversity in populations of wildlife or rare domestic breeds rely on detailed pedigree analysis for selection of breeders that will minimize the loss of alleles, reduce the accumulation of inbreeding, and maintain gene diversity. Commonly, techniques use a matrix of kinship coefficients to derive measures of genetic variation, inbreeding, and the value of individuals as breeders. Although these techniques were first developed for use on known pedigrees of diploid individuals, the concepts and methods can be extended to apply to any entity that contains genes derived from definable sources (e.g., individual parents, social groups, colonies, gene banks) via a definable mechanism of heredity (e.g., sexual reproduction between separate sexes, hermaphroditic selfing, autozygous production of homozygous or haploid offspring, cloning). Individuals with partly unknown ancestry or multiple possible parents can also be incorporated into kinship calculations, based on probabilistic assignment of parental contributions. This paper presents the algorithms used in new PMx software to extend traditional pedigree analysis techniques used for complete pedigrees of sexually reproducing, diploid species to deal with missing information due to unknown or uncertain parentage, and other breeding systems such as clones, selfing hermaphrodites, and haploid offspring or autogamy.     

ALGAL TRANSGENICS IN THE GENOMIC ERA1

The last few years have witnessed significant advances in the field of algal genomics. Complete genome sequences from the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae and the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana have been published, the genomes for two more algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Ostreococcus tauri) are nearing completion, and several others are in progress or at the planning stage. In addition, large‐scale cDNA sequencing projects are being carried out for numerous algal species. This wealth of genome data is serving as a powerful catalyst for the development and application of recombinant techniques for these species. The data provide a rich resource of DNA elements such as promoters that can be used for transgene expression as well as an inventory of genes that are possible targets for genetic engineering programs aimed at manipulating algal metabolism. It is not surprising therefore that significant progress in the genetic engineering of eukaryotic algae is being made. Nuclear transformation of various microalgal species is now routine, and progress is being made on the transformation of macroalgae. Chloroplast transformation has been achieved for green, red, and euglenoid algae, and further success in organelle transformation is likely as the number of sequenced plastid, mitochondrial, and nucleomorph genomes continues to grow. Importantly, the commercial application of algal transgenics is beginning to be realized, and algal biotechnology companies are being established. Recent work has shown that recombinant proteins of therapeutic value can be produced in microalgal species, and it is now realistic to envisage the genetic engineering of commercially important species to improve production of valuable algal products. In this article we review the recent progress in algal transgenics and consider possible future developments now that phycology has entered the genomic era.     

New useful and colourfully-bracted species of Calathea (Marantaceae) from Ecuador

Two new species from Ecuador are described: Calathea utilis and C. roseobracteata. Calathea utilis , known from Napo and Pastaza Provinces, may be introduced near Sardinas, Napo Province, where the leaves are used for thatch. Calathea roseobracteata , known from a single locality near the border of Pinchincha and Los Rios Provinces, is distinguished by its bright pink bracts.     

PARSIMONY, HOMOLOGY AND THE ANALYSIS OF MULTISTATE CHARACTERS

Abstract— The order of states in a transformation series describes an internested set of synapomorphies. States adjacent to each other in the transformation series thus share a degree of homology not found in the other states. Whether the level of homology is relatively apomorphic is determined by rooting the order with outgroup comparison. The analysis of state order is a homology problem and is solved with a two-step process using similarity and congruence with other characters as criteria. Other methods that have been proposed (e.g. transformation series analysis, non-additive analysis, morphocline analysis, ontogenetic analysis) fail to apply both similarity and congruence, and thus cannot be used independently for determining character state order.