通过矿盐浓度的调整筛选小麦花药培养基

近年来,利用作物花药离体培养法诱导花粉植株,为进行单倍体育种提供了一种新的技术方法,并在某些作物的育种方面取得了一定成绩。就小麦的花粉单倍体培养来说,提高花粉愈伤组织诱导频率和分化频率是关系到这一方法能否应用于育种实践的关键,而培养基筛选的研究,又是提高花粉愈伤组织诱导频率和花粉植株分化频率的重要因素之一。朱至清等通过氮源调整试     

影响冬小麦花药培养诱导率及幼苗分化率的几个因素

本试验拟运用花培技术培育出冬小麦优良 新品种,同时探索提高花培效率的一些因素,以 进一步完善单倍体育种技术。本文重点分析有 关影响提高花药愈伤组织诱导率及幼苗分化率 的几个问题。     

从一粒花粉到一棵植株

花粉单倍体育种中,花药离体培养能否成功的关键之一是花粉的年龄。自然条件下花粉最初只有一个核,称为单核花粉,以后经过一次有丝分裂产生一个营养核和一个生殖核,称为两核花粉。营养核不再分裂,生殖核再经一次有丝分裂成两个精子,称为三核花粉。诱导单倍体最好用单核中晚期(单核靠近质膜时)的花粉。取下合适的花蕾或幼穗先经消毒灭菌,再在无菌条件下取出花药,接种到培养基上,培养条件对花粉的发育有十分明显的影响,一般进行花药培养的温度约在23—28℃之间,需给于适当的光照。由花粉长成单倍体植株一般有两条途径:一是由花粉分裂形成愈伤组织,再将愈伤组     

大豆生物工程研究进展

本文概述了大豆的细胞组织培养、原生质体培养以及遗传转化等方面的研究进展。1.细胞、组织培养尹光初等通过花药培养诱导出完整的花粉植株,并对离体花药的雄核发育进行了研究,认为大豆花粉植株的诱导频率受遗传型、发育状况、培养基、培养条件等因素的影响,低温预处理(3—5℃)5天左右有助于花粉的启动。值得注意的是大豆离体花药的愈伤组织大都起源于体细胞。用 PFP(对氟苯丙氨酸)或活性碳能抑制这些愈伤组织的产生,但几乎也抑制了     

被子植物未受精胚珠与子房离体培养的研究进展

介绍被子植物未受精胚珠与子房离体培养诱导单倍体植株的研究进展。迄今已有9个科21种植物用这一方法诱导出单倍体植株,植物的基因型、外植体的发育程度、接种前的预处理、培养基和培养条件等均能影响诱导率的高低。胚胎学观察揭示大孢子与胚囊内的卵细胞、助细胞和反足细胞均有可能在培养中启动分裂,通过胚状体或愈伤组织形成单倍体植株。本项技术在植物单倍体育种中可发挥重要作用。     

从未受精的玉米子房培养出单倍体植株

本实验用Ms和N_6两种不同培养基,对未受精的成熟的玉米子房(已抽出花丝)和未受精的未成熟的玉米子房(雄穗的花粉发育到单核靠边期)进行了离体培养,不经愈伤组织直接获得了单倍体植株,成苗率达2％。实验结果表明,未受精的玉米子房的发育时期对培养出单倍体植株比培养基的选择显得更为重要。     

小麦(Triticum aestivum)雄核发育的细胞学研究

本工作对小麦花粉胚和愈伤组织的诱导条件和雄核发育的细胞学现象作了研究。结果如下:(1)N_6培养基诱导花粉愈伤组织的效果显著优于 MS 培养基。外源激素对于雄核发育的启动不是必需的,但对愈伤组织进一步的生长却是不可缺少的。(2)用花药整体制片法研究了雄核发育的各种途径,结果表明,不均等分裂和均等分裂的小孢子都能形成花粉胚,但前者占较大比例。(3)在部分多细胞花粉和白化苗中观察到染色体断片和微核,推测白化或畸形的花粉植株可能起源于具微核的花粉。(4)细胞的核内再复制和游离核的融合是产生二倍体和多倍体花粉植株的重要原因。     

石刁柏花粉离体培养及再生植株的研究

对石刁柏花粉粒进行离体培养,用ＭＳ基本培养基,激素ＮＡＡ０．５ｐｐｍ／Ｌ,花粉粒开始启动,形成细胞团,产生了愈伤组织,经去分化而形成单倍体植株（ｎ＝１０）。同时对花药壁,植物激素在花粉粒发育中的作用及再生植物染色体倍性问题进行研究。本文为选育超雄株在理论与实践方面均进行了探讨。     

从大麦雌配子体诱导单倍体植株

近年来,应用离体培养花药的方法诱导花粉单倍体植物的研究得到迅速发展,但从雌配子体系统诱导单倍体植物的研究却作得很少,进展也不大。在裸子植物上,Tulecke曾离体培养未受精的银杏雌配子体,得到单倍体愈伤组织,但没有分化成植株。在被子植物上,用未受精的胚珠或子房进行培养,Uchimica 得到茄子胚珠的单倍体愈伤组织,Jensen 则在棉花的胚珠中看到极核的融合及二倍体胚乳的分裂,但都没有进一步的结     

高羊茅和黑麦草农杆菌介导转化体系的研究

利用C58C1农杆菌菌系（携带的表达载体上含GUS基因和nptII基因）感染4个草坪草品种追寻者、爱神特、腾跃和守门员成熟胚来源的愈伤组织,共培养后部分愈伤组织进行X-Gluc组织化学染色检测,其余愈伤组织在含G418 10-25 mg/L的MS改良培养上先后筛选抗性愈伤组织和分化抗性再生植株,对移栽成活的144棵抗性再生植株分别进行了ELISA检测、PCR检测和组织化学染色检测。愈伤组织阶段X-Gluc染色检测结果表明,4个草坪草品种GUS基因瞬间表达率8.6%～46.9%,爱神特愈伤组织对农杆菌侵染最为敏感,其次是腾跃和守门员,追寻者最不敏感;ELISA检测结果表明,45株呈现阳性,证明nptII基因已转入草坪草并已表达;PCR检测结果与ELISA检测结果一致,表明nptII基因确实已经整合到了草坪草基因组中,且没有发生沉默现象;转基因植株X-Gluc染色检测结果表明,GUS基因在43株中得到了稳定表达,在2株中发生了沉默现象。4个草坪草品种抗性再生植株分化率0～43.5%,转化率0～21.5 %。结果还表明,GUS基因瞬间表达率与稳定转化率在草坪草上很不一致,不能作为衡量基因型转化效果的指标。     

Androgenesis,gynogenesis, and parthenogenesis haploids in cucurbit species

Haploids and doubled haploids are critical components of plant breeding. This review is focused on studies on haploids and double haploids inducted in cucurbits through in vitro pollination with irradiated pollen, unfertilized ovule/ovary culture, and anther/microspore culture during the last 30 years, as well as comprehensive analysis of the main factors of each process and comparison between chromosome doubling and ploidy identification methods, with special focus on the application of double haploids in plant breeding and genetics. This review identifies existing problems affecting the efficiency of androgenesis, gynogenesis, and parthenogenesis in cucurbit species. Donor plant genotypes and surrounding environments, developmental stages of explants, culture media, stress factors, and chromosome doubling and ploidy identification are compared at length and discussed as methodologies and protocols for androgenesis, gynogenesis, and parthenogenesis in haploid and double haploid production technologies.     

Pathways to doubled haploidy: chromosome doubling during androgenesis

Production of doubled haploid (DH) plants through androgenesis induction is a promising and convenient alternative to conventional selfing techniques for the generation of pure lines for breeding programs. This process comprises two main steps: induction of androgenesis and duplication of the haploid genome. Such duplication is sometimes indirectly induced by the treatments used to promote androgenic development. But usually, an additional step of direct chromosome doubling must be included in the protocol. Duplication of the haploid genome of androgenic individuals has been thought to occur through three mechanisms: endoreduplication, nuclear fusion and c-mitosis. In this review we will revise and analyze the evidences supporting each of the proposed mechanisms and their relevance during androgenesis induction, embryo/callus development and plant regeneration. Special attention will be devoted to nuclear fusion, whose evidences are accumulating in the last years.     

Research Advances in Mechanisms of Turfgrass Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses: From Physiology to Molecular Biology

Turgrfass used on landscapes, parks, sports fields, and golf courses has significant ecological, environmental, and economic impacts. The economic value of seed production of turfgrasses is second to hybrid corn. The land area cultivated with turfgrass is increasing due to rapid urban development. Turfgrass is often subjected to various abiotic stresses, which cause declines in aesthetic quality, functionality and seed yield. Among abiotic stresses, drought, salinity, heat, and low temperature are the most common detrimental factors for turfgrass growth in various regions. Thorough understanding of mechanisms of turfgrass stress responses is vital for the development of superior stress-tolerant germplasm through breeding and biotechnology. Significant progress has been made in turfgrass stress physiology and molecular biology in recent decades, but research for turfgrasses generally lags behind that of the major Poaceae crops, particularly at the molecular and genomic levels. This review focuses on research advances in turfgrass stress physiology and provides an overview of limited information on gene discovery, genetic transformation, and molecular marker development for improving stress tolerance, with emphasis on drought, salinity, heat, and low temperature stress. Major growth and physiological traits associated with these stresses, as well as metabolic and molecular factors regulating various traits for turfgrass tolerance to each stress are discussed. Future research at the systems biology level and through genomic sequencing is paramount for further insights on fundamental mechanisms of turfgrass stress tolerance and for improving turfgrass tolerance to various environmental stresses.     

禾本科三倍体: 形成、鉴定与利用

禾本科三倍体的形成途径包括2n配子融合、倍性间杂交、多精受精和胚乳培养。其中, 2n配子融合和倍性间杂交分别为自然界和人工合成三倍体的主要途径。该文介绍了形态学观测、染色体分析、流式细胞术和分子标记等倍性鉴定方法在禾本科三倍体中的应用及其优缺点。目前, 三倍体在禾谷类作物中无直接应用价值, 但可作为通往多倍体、非整倍体和转移异源基因的遗传桥梁。多年生禾本科三倍体(特别是异源三倍体)在饲草或能源作物中已得到广泛应用, 在该类型禾本科作物中均可直接尝试三倍体育种。多倍体的三倍体育种和无融合生殖三倍体育种可作为未来禾本科三倍体的研究方向。三倍性胚乳培养可以一步合成三倍体, 多精受精可以实现遗传上3个不同基因组的一步融合, 在三倍体研究中应予以重视。鉴于2n配子融合、多精受精的稀有特性和倍性间杂交、胚乳培养频繁的染色体变异, 高通量三倍体鉴定技术的发展将是三倍体研究实现突破的关键。     

Production of androgenetic diploid rainbow trout

Haploid androgenesis was induced in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) when eggs were irradiated with 60Co gamma radiation prior to fertilization. Diploidy was restored to the androgenetic haploid zygotes by suppression of first cleavage division using hydrostatic pressure. Peak survival in the androgenetic diploid lots (32.5-38.9 percent of control) occurred when a pressure shock of 9000 pounds per square inch lasting from one to three minutes was applied to the eggs 345 minutes post-fertilization. Chromosomal analysis confirmed diploidy in the androgenetic individuals and suggested that YY rainbow trout are viable to at least the "eyed stage" of development. Inheritance patterns at two loci confirmed all-paternal inheritance. The relatively high yields of completely homozygous androgenetic rainbow trout and the potential for the use of androgenesis in the production of inbred lines and in genetic studies indicate that androgenesis may become a valuable tool in fish research and breeding.     

Haploid plants from in vitro anther culture of the leguminous tree,Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K. Hayne (Copper pod)

The development of haploid callus, embryos and plantlets from cultured anthers and the various factors affecting androgenesis in Peltophorum pterocarpum (Copper pod), a tropical legume tree is reported. A pretreatment of flower buds at moderate temperature of 14°C for 8 days was most effective for callus production. The colour of the anther was found to be a reliable and efficient indicator for identification of suitable stage of anther for culture. The frequency of anthers which produced callus and shoots was highest when anthers were cultured at mid or late-uninucleate stage. A high sucrose concentration of 10% is a specific media requirement for androgenesis. The haploid nature of the embryos, callus and regenerated plants (n=14) were confirmed by chromosome count.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - KN kinetin - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - BAP bezylaminopurine     

Doubled haploid production via anther culture in annual,winter type of caraway (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Carum carvi</Emphasis> L.)

Caraway (Carum carvi L.) is a traditional medicinal and spice cross-pollinated plant species. Although in vitro techniques are recently extensively applied in plant breeding programmes, these are not commonly utilized in caraway. Therefore, based on the protocol for anther culture in carrot (Daucus carota L., a closely related species of caraway in Daucaceae family), in vitro androgenesis in caraway has been studied with the aim to produce completely homozygous inbred lines. Various induction conditions, such as temperature pretreatments, carbon sources and combination of growth regulators in a culture medium as well as the effect of genotype on in vitro androgenesis were examined. Ten breeding lines of winter caraway representing third generation of forced (artificial) self-pollination were used as donor plant material. Cultured anthers produced embryogenic calli, and subsequently two types of regenerated plants were obtained, namely haploids with evident microspore origin, and diploids which may represent somatic (anther wall) regenerants or spontaneous doubled haploids. The ploidy status of regenerated plants was determined by flow cytometry. This is the first report on androgenic doubled haploid production in caraway.     

水稻游离小孢子培养最新研究进展

水稻小孢子培养技术不但可用来生产单倍体植株和加倍单倍体植株,而且可望成为转基因的理想受体系统。目前转基因技术、分子杂交技术与小孢子培育技术的有机结合已成为加快水稻育种速度的有效途径。本文从水稻小孢子分离纯化、影响愈伤组织或胚状体发生的因素以及植株再生三个方面综述了水稻游离小孢子培养的最新研究进展。最后就水稻小孢子培育技术急需解决的问题进行了讨论,并对小孢子培育技术发展前景进行了展望。     

Albinism in barley androgenesis

Androgenesis is highly useful for plant breeding, significantly reducing breeding cycle times, as well as in a wide range of biological research. However, for widespread use this process must be efficient. Despite several decades of research on the phenomenon of androgenesis, many processes involved are obscure and there is much to be understood about androgenesis. One of the problems inherent in androgenesis, and reducing its efficiency, is albinism. This article reviews albinism in barley anthers and microspores in vitro cultures. Of special interest is the fate of plastids throughout androgenesis, which is important at several levels, including the genes responsible for driving the green-to-albino ratios. We also summarize the external factors that reduce the incidence of albino plants that are regenerated via androgenesis.     

人工诱导泥鳅与大鳞副泥鳅雄核发育单倍体子代的RAPD分析

用３０个经过筛选的随机引物对３组泥鳅雄核发育单倍体、２组大鳞副尼鳅雄核发育单倍体及其相应亲本进行了ＲＡＰＤ分析。结果表明,雄核发育倍体子代与其父本的ＲＡＰＤ谱带相似率为９７．０％－９７．８％,与母本相似率为３０．３％－５９．５％,子代中的非亲本谱眩为０－０．０２９,极少母本特异谱带。这一结果说明雄性发育鱼类单倍体的遗传信息主要来自父本,且存在着个体差异,雄核发育子代存在ＤＮＡ变异和母本ＤＮＡ非特异带,但并非其必要条件。