鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干流的养分特征

对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流中的5种养分元素K、Ca、Mg、N、P进行了测定,结合水量分配规律,研究了森林降雨过程中养分在水相中的含量变化特征和输入规律。结果表明:(1)所有离子浓度均为大气降水穿透雨树干流,且增幅较大,而平均浓度以K+和总氮(TN)含量最高;总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(HPO42-)、总有机磷(TOP)含量均最低。(2)大气降雨中的离子平均浓度中以总有机氮(TON)的变异系数最大,为1.282;最小的是NO3-(0.502);穿透雨中变异系数最大的是TOP(2.357);最小的是TN(0.621)。树干流中各养分元素浓度与树种的相关性不显著(P0.05)。(3)季风常绿阔叶林树干流和穿透雨各养分对森林土壤的年输入量为TNK+Ca2+Mg2+TP,树干流和穿透雨对森林土壤层Ca2+的输入大于凋落物分解输入。因此,大气降雨是养分从林冠层转移到土壤层的重要因素。     

茂兰喀斯特地区森林降水分配的水化学特征

于2007年9月—2009年8月对中国西南茂兰喀斯特地区亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林大气降水、林冠穿透雨和树干茎流进行观测,分析了各降水分配中的养分离子(Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、NH4+、SO42-、NO3-、Cl-)浓度动态变化规律及年养分元素输入量。结果表明:7—9月,林外雨、林冠穿透雨和树干茎流中各养分离子浓度相对较低,12月—翌年2月,各降水分配中各养分离子浓度相对较高;降水通过林冠或树干后,除了Na+浓度无显著变化外,NH4+浓度表现下降趋势,Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Cl-、NO3-和SO42-均表现增加趋势;林外雨的养分元素输入量顺序为Ca2+SO42--SNH4+-NCl-K+Na+Mg2+NO3--N。在林冠穿透雨+树干茎流中的养分元素输入量顺序为K+Ca2+Cl-SO42--SMg2+NH4+-NNO3--NNa+。与非喀斯特地区相比,林外雨中的各养分离子浓度较低,林冠穿透雨、树干茎流中的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+增加幅度较大。总体来看,独特的立地特征决定了该地区Ca2+、Mg2+的积极参与生态系统养分循环和K+高效循环的特征。     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干流的养分特征研究

对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流中的5种养分元素K、Ca、Mg、N、P进行了测定,结合水量分配规律,研究了森林降雨过程中养分在水相中的含量变化特征和输入规律。结果表明：(1)所有离子浓度均为大气降水<穿透雨<树干流,且增幅较大,而平均浓度以K+和总氮(TN)含量最高;总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(HPO42-)、总有机磷(TOP)含量均最低。(2) 大气降雨中的离子平均浓度中以总有机氮(TON)的变异系数最大,为1.282;最小的是NO3-(0.502);穿透雨中变异系数最大的是TOP(2.357);最小的是TN(0.621)。树干流中各养分元素浓度与树种的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。(3) 季风常绿阔叶林树干流和穿透雨各养分对森林土壤的年输入量为TN>K+>Ca2+>Mg2+>TP,树干流和穿透雨对森林土壤层Ca2+的输入大于凋落物分解输入。因此,大气降雨是养分从林冠层转移到土壤层的重要因素。     

云南中山湿性常绿阔叶林中降雨对养分淋溶的影响

 作者在云南哀牢山生态站对中山湿性常绿阔叶林进行了定位研究,根据1990～1992年所取得的观测资料,对林外大气降雨,林内雨及树干茎流的养分浓度,养分季节变化及养分贡献进行了分析和讨论,探讨了大气降雨对养分淋溶的影响。结果表明：N、P、K、Ca、Mg浓度在林外降雨、林内降雨及树干流中有很大的差异。其养分浓度和养分输入均为雨季>干季,且养分浓度除林外降雨中N浓度外,均表现树干茎流>林内雨>林外降雨。此外,对降雨和淋溶作用对林地养分物质输入的贡献也进行了分析和讨论。     

南亚热带三种主要森林降雨及其再分配过程中的养分差异规律

马尾松林、针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林是南亚热带鼎湖山地区由演替初期到成熟森林过程的典型代表,对3种林地的降雨量及其再分配过程进行观测,并测定该过程中养分(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)浓度。结果表明,大气降雨经过冠层再分配后,除Ca外,各养分浓度在穿透雨和树干流中都有所增加,树干流增加的幅度更大。穿透雨中Ca元素浓度低于大气降水,这一现象在3种林型均有表现。穿透雨和树干流中养分浓度在演替系列上没有显示出一致的规律,但比较不同演替阶段的输入量可以看出,树干流养分输入量随演替进行呈增加趋势。经过冠层作用后,雨水带来的养分输入量大于凋落物分解输入量,这种现象在马尾松林和混交林尤为明显。表明大气降雨不仅促使养分元素从冠层向地表迁移,而且提供了演替初期植物生长所需的重要养分。     

鼎湖山酸沉降背景下主要森林类型水化学特征初步研究

雨水的水质在通过森林后会发生变化．如果雨水是酸性的,这种变化会更加明显．通过一年多时间在鼎湖山主要森林类型采样分析发现,鼎湖山大气降水pH值低,酸雨频率高;阔叶林穿透雨pH值比大气降水高,树干径流和地表水pH值比大气降水低,土壤自然酸化非常严重;混交林穿透雨和地表水酸度比大气降水低,树干径流酸度则大于大气降水;针叶林穿透雨和树干径流都有进一步酸化趋势,但地表水pH值比大气降水高．3种林型比较,阔叶林林冠缓冲能力最强,针叶林土壤缓冲能力最大．3种林型,林内降水和地表水养分N、P、K、Ca、Mg和Na含量除N外都明显高于大气降水．各林型树干径流对养分富集能力强于穿透水,养分在大气降水中的浓度低于在地表水中的浓度．针叶林林内降水比混交林和阔叶林养分含量高,但地表水中养分浓度比后两者低．从地表水的养分浓度看,阔叶林和混交林养分亏损更为严重．     

辽东山区次生林生态系统不同林型树干茎流的理化性质

为明确森林对降雨水质的影响,于2011年6-8月,对辽东山区次生林生态系统5种主要林型:落叶松人工林(Larix olgensis)(Lo)、花曲柳林(Fraxinus rhynchophulla)(Fr)、杂木林(Mb)、红松人工林(Pinus koraiensis(Pk)和蒙古栎林(Querus mongolica)(Om)中树干茎流和林外雨理化性质进行了监测.与林外雨相比,5种林型树干茎流均出现明显酸化(P＜0.05),酸化程度为:Pk＞ Lo＞ Fr＞ Om＞ Mb;各林型树干茎流的电导率、总溶解固体含量、氯离子浓度、硝酸根离子浓度、铵根离子浓度浓度和总磷浓度显著升高(P＜0.05),溶解氧浓度明显下降(P＜0.05).林型间相比,Lo与Pk的电导率和总溶解固体含量和Lo的氯离子浓度较高;Lo和Pk的硝酸根离子浓度和总磷浓度明显低于其它林型(P＜0.05);Mb的硝酸根离子浓度和总磷浓度显著高于其它林型(P＜0.05).各林型树干茎流的硝酸根离子浓度和胸径与树高的乘积呈显著正相关.上述结果主要受降雨因素(降雨前干沉降时间长度等)、林分特征(叶面积指数、树皮特征)、树木枝叶表层积累物质的理化性质等影响.结论:各林型树干茎流水质均明显下降,其中Mb树干茎流对雨水化学性质影响较大;Pk和Lo树干茎流水体纯度下降最为显著.     

暖温带两种针叶林生态系统中茎流和穿透雨的养分特征研究

通过对暖温带地区两种典型人工针叶林生态系统内树干茎流和穿透雨的收集,对其中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｓ和Ａｌ等７种元素进行了测定。研究发现这些养分元素在树干茎流和穿透雨中的含量在年内有明显的时间动态变化,这些变化主要受元素在水分中的含量和它们在植物生命活动中的活跃程度等影响,甚至在不同的针叶林生态系统之间都有一定的差异,其中表现为明显的是Ｎ、Ｋ和Ｓ。     

酸雨胁迫下樟树林降水中无机阴离子变化特征

对城市大气降水及城市樟树林穿透水、树干茎流、地表径流中的SO2-4、NO-3、Cl-、NO-2、F-、Br-、PO3-47种水溶性无机阴离子进行了定位测定,Br-、PO3-4未检出;主要的阴离子为SO2-4、NO-3,二者占总阴离子含量比例最大,占到75.6%—89.0%,且在水文学各分量中变异系数均值都很稳定,变动幅度在0.40—0.47;在各分量中SO2-4、NO-3、Cl-、NO-2、F-含量变化较大:大气降水、树干茎流中均为SO2-4NO-3Cl-F-NO-2,穿透水为SO2-4NO-3Cl-NO-2F-,地表径流为NO-3SO2-4Cl-F-NO-2;穿透水SO2-4、NO-3、Cl-、F-、NO-2淋溶系数分别为3.83、2.61、4.18、4.32、16.06,树干茎流SO2-4、NO-3、Cl-、F-、NO-2淋溶系数分别为7.52、3.55、4.29、2.76、3.10,地表径流SO2-4、NO-3、Cl-、F-、NO-2淋溶系数分别为2.60、4.74、5.00、3.01、3.56,表明阴离子在樟树林水文学过程中均表现出不同程度的富集效应;大气降水中PH均值为4.77,SO2-4/NO-3当量比值为1.1,属于硫酸-硝酸混合型酸雨;大气降水SO2-4、NO-3、Cl-、F-与穿透水中SO2-4、NO-3、Cl-、F-对应呈显著性正相关(P0.01),大气降水NO-3与树干茎流NO-3呈显著性正相关(P0.01),地表径流中SO2-4、Cl-与穿透水、树干茎流中SO2-4、Cl-对应呈显著性正相关(P0.01),说明樟树林能够吸附大气中的酸性物,让酸性养分于自身系统内部吸收、迁移、络合,从而起到净化大气的效用;穿透水p H与地表径流NO-3、NO-2呈显著性负相关(P0.01),与地表径流SO2-4呈显著性正相关(P0.05),表明NO-3、NO-2有助于促进地表水的酸化,而SO2-4有利于缓解地表水的酸化;穿透水p H均值5.62,对酸雨起到中和作用,树干茎流p H均值4.61,有被酸化趋势,地表径流p H均值7.19,接近中性。     

大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松林穿透雨延滞效应

以黑龙江漠河生态站兴安落叶松天然林为研究对象,对林外雨、穿透雨和树干茎流进行定位观测,分析大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松林穿透雨延滞效应.结果表明： 穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别占同期降雨总量的76.5%、2.6%和20.9%.降雨发生后,穿透雨与林外雨在产生和终止时间上均存在一定延滞性;随降雨量级增大,穿透雨滞后时间表现出逐渐缩短的趋势,变动范围为（67.8±7.8）～（17.2±3.9） min（穿透雨）和（112.0±38.8）～（48.3±10.6） min（树干茎流）;相同降雨量级下,穿透雨滞后时间随降雨强度增大而逐渐降低,且降雨强度>2 mm·h^-1时延滞时间显著缩短,同时随雨前干燥期的增加而增长,而当雨前干燥期≥48 h时,降雨量则是影响滞后时间的主要因素;降雨终止时,降雨量>5.0 mm,穿透雨终止时间也存在延滞性,且随降雨强度增加而增大,但与雨前干燥期关系不明显;树干茎流终止时间先于林外雨终止时间,且主要与降雨量级有关,降雨量级越小,终止时间越早.     

Nutrient content of incident rainfall,throughfall and stemflow in a Nigerian secondary lowland rainforest

Abstract. Nutrient content of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow was studied over one year in the open and under the crowns of three tree species in a secondary rain forest at Ile‐Ife, Nigeria. Throughfall and stemflow comprised 78.8 % and 5.2 % respectively; 16.0 % of the incident rainfall was intercepted by the forest canopy. The concentrations of various nutrient elements in throughfall and stemflow were higher than those of incident rainfall. In throughfall and stemflow potassium concentration was highest and that of ammonium nitrogen was the lowest. Only calcium and sodium concentrations showed significant monthly variation in incident rainfall. Ca, Mg, K. Cu and P showed significant monthly variation in throughfall and stemflow. The concentrations of the elements were highest during the heavy‐rain months (May‐September). High concentrations of some of the elements were recorded also in November, the last rain month and the beginning of the dry season. The concentration of these elements in stemflow and throughfall was affected by tree species. The highest quantity of each element was deposited in the forest via throughfall followed by incident precipitation and the lowest via stemflow. The tree species affected the quantities of these elements by the volume of their stemflow and throughfall and the concentration of the various elements herein. Total nutrient concentration was much higher than available (dissolved) nutrient concentration. This was very pronounced with micronutrients.     

Solute fluxes in throughfall and stemflow in four forest ecosystems in northwest Amazonia

The contribution of throughfall and stemflow as pathways for solute inputs into the forest floor in four mature forests in northwest Amazonia was investigated. Total solute inputs, resulting from the changes of atmospheric deposition after rainfall passes through the forest canopy, are presented in the form of throughfall and stemflow nutrient inputs and their possible sources are discussed. Throughfall is by far the most important solute input into the forest floor of the forests studied. On average, it represents about 98% of the total solute inputs. Although trends in solute enrichment varied among the forests, there is a general tendency in all ecosystems towards a distinct enrichment of SO₄, K, Cl, NO₃ and NH₄ in throughfall and stemflow and a small increase of protons, Mn, orthoP and Fe. When comparing the net enrichment between the forests, the relative increase of solutes in throughfall and stemflow was higher in the flood plain and low terrace than in the high terrace and sedimentary plain forests. While highest values for total cation inputs were observed in the flood plain, the low terrace showed the highest value for total inorganic anions. The length of the antecedent dry period was the main factor affecting throughfall and stemflow composition, concentrations increasing with increasing length. A second, less important factor was the amount of throughfall and stemflow, which showed a poor and negative correlation with solute concentrations. The increased activity of frugivores in the canopy during fruiting periods seemed to lead to temporary increased solute concentrations in throughfall and stemflow as a result of the wash off of deposited faecal materials and detritus in the canopy. Leaching from leaves and wash off of exudes, of solutes deposited on the foliage after evaporation of intercepted rainfall and of dry deposited materials were all found to contribute to the concentration of solutes in the throughfall and stemflow. Gross rainfall enrichment after passing the forest canopy, mainly by nutrient leaching, is considerably lower than the amounts of nutrients released in litterfall implying a tight nutrient cycling and nutrient conserving mechanisms by forests studied.     

北京西山地区油松林水文过程中营养元素迁移特征

对北京西山地区31a油松林降水化学进行定位监测与分析.结果表明：（1）大气降水流经油松林过程中,其营养元素（除Na^＋外）的浓度出现梯度变化：树干茎流高于穿透雨高于大气降水,并且有明显的月际变化,表明从林冠、树干淋洗大量的营养元素,林冠和树干中养分元素迁移是森林生态系统养分循环重要的组成部分.（2）营养元素变化中,浓度差异变化较大的元素是NO3^--N和K^＋,NO3^--N在穿透雨和树干茎流的浓度分别是大气降水的4.4倍、9.9倍,它们中的K^＋浓度分别为大气降水的4.1倍和8.1倍.（3）降水经过油松林,养分淋溶总量为54.12kg hm^-2,淋溶量较多的元素是Ca和K,淋溶强度最大的元素是K^＋.（4）北京西山地区大气降水输入林地的养分66.38kg hm^-2,较多的元素是Ca、N.降水经过油松林输入林地养分总量为120.50kg hm^-2,Ca元素最高,为61.22kg hm^-2,其次是N元素（NH4^＋-N＋N3^--N）,为31.34kg hm^-2,K元素为16.49kg hm^-2,Mg元素为8.11kg hm^-2,Na元素最少,为3.34kg hm^-2.     

The effect of forest type on throughfall deposition and seepage flux: a review

Converting deciduous forests to coniferous plantations and vice versa causes environmental changes, but till now insight into the overall effect is lacking. This review, based on 38 case studies, aims to find out how coniferous and deciduous forests differ in terms of throughfall (+stemflow) deposition and seepage flux to groundwater. From the comparison of coniferous and deciduous stands at comparable sites, it can be inferred that deciduous forests receive less N and S via throughfall (+stemflow) deposition on the forest floor. In regions with relatively low open field deposition of atmospheric N (<10 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), lower NH₄⁺ mean throughfall (+stemflow) deposition was, however, reported under conifers compared to deciduous forest, while in regions with high atmospheric N pollution (>10 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), the opposite could be concluded. The higher the open field deposition of NH₄⁺, the bigger the difference between the coniferous and deciduous throughfall (+stemflow) deposition. Furthermore, it can be concluded that canopy exchange of K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ is on average higher in deciduous stands. The significantly higher stand deposition flux of N and S in coniferous forests is reflected in a higher soil seepage flux of NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Al(III). Considering a subset of papers for which all necessary data were available, a close relationship between throughfall (+stemflow) deposition and seepage was found for N, irrespective of the forest type, while this was not the case for S. This review shows that the higher input flux of N and S in coniferous forests clearly involves a higher seepage of NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ and accompanying cations K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Al(III) into the groundwater, making this forest type more vulnerable to acidification and eutrophication compared to the deciduous forest type.     

川西亚高山白桦林穿透雨和茎流特征观测研究

观测了川西亚高山白桦次生林一个生长季节内的穿透雨和茎流的特征。结果表明 ,幂函数方程能较好地拟合林冠截留量、茎流量与总降雨量之间的关系 ,而线性方程能较好地拟合穿透雨量和总降雨量之间的关系 ;平均林冠截留量占总降雨量的 1 8 9% ,穿透雨量占总降雨量的 80 9% ,茎流量占总降雨量的 0 3%。     

Interception, pH and solid content of rainfall in a Nigerian lowland rain forest

Rainfall interception by forest trees, pH, alkalinity, total suspended and dissolved solids of incident rainfall, stemflow and throughfall and the effect of tree species in these parameters were investigated in three open sites and a secondary rain forest at Ile-Ife, Nigeria, in 1994 and 1995. The tree species Blighia sapida , Holarrhena floribunda and Piptadeniastrum africanum intercepted different proportions of incident rainfall, 1.6, 39.4, and 7.4%, respectively. The pH of stemflow was higher than that of throughfall and the pH of both was always higher than that of incident rainfall. The total suspended solids were higher at the beginning and towards the end of the rainy season. The total dissolved solids concentration in all rainfall fractions was highest at the early rains and during the heavy rain months, especially in throughfall and stemflow. The total suspended and dissolved solids concentration of stemflow was higher than that of throughfall and those of both were higher than that of the incident rain. Total alkalinity of incident rainfall and throughfall decreased, while that of stemflow increased with increase in rainfall. There were significant differences in the alkalinity of stemflow and throughfall under the crowns of the tree species.