酵母细胞中Pil1的磷酸化与细胞压力抵抗的关系

在外界因素处理下,细胞将启动一系列保护措施以适应各种环境改变,磷酸化调节是蛋白功能调节的主要方式. 为了探讨酵母细胞中Pil1的磷酸化与细胞压力抵抗的关系,实验应用Pil1突变细胞检测在过氧化氢或热处理后细胞的生长情况,用免疫印记法检测热处理后Pil1的表达. 结果表明,相比野生细胞,Pil1突变细胞对抗过氧化氢和热的能力强,热处理后 Pil1的磷酸化水平增高, Pil1的丝氨酸273对于其磷酸化发生至关重要.     

用酵母双杂交系统鉴定DNA-PKcs磷酸化簇区域和DNA-PKcs单链抗体anti-DPK3-scFv间的相互作用

目的:构建DNA依赖蛋白激酶催化亚单位(DNA-PKcs)磷酸化簇区域的酵母双杂交诱饵载体及针对该区域的单链抗体anti-DPK3-scFv的猎物蛋白的表达载体,并进行活性和相互作用鉴定。方法:应用PCR方法扩增DNA-PKcs磷酸化簇区域和anti-DPK3-scFv并将它们分别克隆至诱饵载体p GBKT7和猎物载体p GADT7中,经酶切和测序鉴定正确后,用LiAc法转化到酵母菌株AH109中,鉴定诱饵蛋白和猎物蛋白的毒性和自激活活性,并通过酵母双杂交方法验证DNA-PKcs磷酸化簇区域和anti-DPK3-scFv的相互作用。结果:扩增出DNA-PKcs磷酸化簇区域和anti-DPK3-scFv并分别将它们克隆至p GBKT7和p GADT7载体中,转化酵母细胞发现它们对酵母细胞的生长均无毒害作用,自激活活性分析显示诱饵质粒和猎物质粒均无自激活活性,并证实DNA-PKcs磷酸化簇区域能够与anti-DPK3-scFv在体外直接相互作用。结论:构建了DNA-PKcs磷酸化簇的诱饵质粒p GBKT7-DPC,为后续筛选与DNA-PKcs磷酸化簇区域相互作用的蛋白奠定了实验基础。     

Mxr1磷酸化水平受Ptp调控机理的初步研究

通过PULL-DOWN找到与巴斯德毕赤酵母转录激活因子Mxr1相互作用的小分子酪氨酸磷酸酶Ptp,并验证其去磷酸化功能,可以使磷酸化的Mxr1第215位丝氨酸的磷酸基团水解。用Mxr1第215位特定位点磷酸化抗体Western blot检测Mxr1S215在不同培养基中磷酸化情况。发现野生菌株中Mxr1在甘油培养基没有磷酸化,在甲醇培养基发生磷酸化。在Ptp高表达菌株中,无论在甘油还是甲醇培养基Mxr1都没有发生磷酸化,而在Ptp敲除菌株中磷酸化明显高于野生型菌株,说明Ptp调控Mxr1磷酸化。在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化,测定了Ptp酶学性质。构建了巴斯德毕赤酵母Mxr1S215A突变株,发现多个与甲醇代谢相关的基因在转录水平发生变化,推测其可能受S215位点磷酸化Mxr1的调控。     

金黄色葡萄球菌RNaseH Ⅰ、RNaseH Ⅱ和RNaseH Ⅲ突变菌株的构建及功能研究

目的:在金黄色葡萄球菌中分别构建RNaseHⅠ、RNaseHⅡ和RNaseHⅢ的突变菌株,并研究它们在金黄色葡萄球菌中的生物学功能。方法:利用同源重组的方法在金黄色葡萄球菌中分别构建RNaseHⅠ、RNaseHⅡ和RNaseHⅢ的插入突变菌株,检测突变株生长速度、溶血活性及外分泌蛋白表达水平与野生型的差异,进一步通过流式细胞术检测突变株外分泌蛋白细胞毒性的改变,同时在体外检测突变株在全血中的存活能力。结果:构建了金黄色葡萄球菌RNaseHⅠ、RNaseHⅡ和RNaseHⅢ的插入突变菌株;表型检测结果显示,与野生型菌株相比,3种突变株的生长速度减慢,溶血素和外分泌蛋白明显减少;流式细胞术检测结果显示3种突变株毒性比野生型菌株减弱;全血杀伤实验结果显示3种突变株在全血中的存活率低于野生型菌株。结论:RNaseHⅠ、RNaseHⅡ和RNaseHⅢ在金黄色葡萄球菌生长繁殖、毒素产生和侵袭机体的过程中有重要作用,它们可能与金黄色葡萄球菌的致病性相关。     

玉米Rab1B基因功能的初步研究

在酿酒酵母中,GTP结合蛋白YPTl调节蛋白质从内质网到高尔基体的运输.YPT1温敏突变株ASY01等在26℃能正常生长,但在高温(37℃)条件下,细胞死亡.经鉴定,YPT1温敏突变是由于第136位的丙氨酸突变为天冬氨酸.克隆一个玉米Rab基因,分子进化研究表明它是一个Rab1基因,命名为ZmRab1B.与酵母YPT1温敏突变体的功能互补实验结果表明,ZmRab1B基因能恢复酵母YPT1温敏突变株的正常生长,说明ZmRab1B基因的功能是调节蛋白质从内质网到高尔基体的运输.     

不同温度下酿酒酵母细胞分裂周期蛋白Cdc5在有丝分裂中的分子动力学研究

[目的] 探究不同温度下酿酒酵母细胞分裂周期蛋白Cdc5蛋白在有丝分裂中的分子动力学变化。[方法] 本研究以酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）为材料,采用活细胞成像的方法,探究Cdc5蛋白在不同温度下在酿酒酵母有丝分裂过程中的精细分子动力学变化;通过测量OD₅₉₅绘制生长曲线图,看其宏观的分裂情况是否与微观下Cdc5蛋白的分子动力学变化一致;利用流式细胞术检测细胞的细胞周期变化的情况。[结果] 在胞质分裂时,Cdc5蛋白从母细胞进入子细胞,并在芽颈处发生聚集。25℃条件下细胞中Cdc5蛋白在芽颈处的聚集时间长,37℃条件下Cdc5蛋白在芽颈处聚集时间短,两者间存在显著差异;但两个温度下,细胞中Cdc5蛋白的表达量没有显著性差异。同时,温度也会影响Cdc5蛋白在降解过程中的动力学行为,包括Cdc5蛋白在母细胞与子细胞中荧光强度峰值出现的次数和时间。生长曲线结果显示,酿酒酵母单一细胞分裂周期的变化影响了其宏观的细胞生长,且酵母分裂速度越快,子细胞长宽比越小;细胞周期结果表明,37℃下Cdc5蛋白的动力学变化与酿酒酵母细胞周期变化一致,酿酒酵母细胞周期从G₀/G₁期进入S期,亦加速了酿酒酵母的分裂。[结论] 本研究首次探究了不同温度下酿酒酵母有丝分裂中Cdc5蛋白的精细分子动力学及对应的酵母的宏观生长情况,结果表明温度会对Cdc5蛋白的动力学产生影响,且其精细分子动力学与酿酒酵母的分裂速度成正相关,该结果为进一步研究其在细胞有丝分裂中的功能提供了前期研究基础。     

拟南芥Rab1家族基因的克隆和功能研究

Yptl蛋白是酵母唯一的Rab1 GTP酶,调控囊泡从内质网到高尔基体的运输.酵母温敏突变株 ASY01是一个Ypt1基因功能部分缺失菌株,在26℃可以正常生长,但在37℃不能生长.拟南芥有4个Rab1基因,分别是AtRab1A1、AtRab1B1、AtRab1B2、AtRab1C1.克隆了所有4个AtRab1基因,构建酵母表达载体,转化温敏突变型酵母ASY01.温度敏感性实验结果表明,所有转基因菌株在37℃都恢复正常生长.说明拟南芥4个Rab1基因都与酵母Ypt1基因功能互补,都具有调节囊泡从内质网到高尔基体运输的功能.     

酵母过氧化物体生物合成缺陷突变株的诱变、筛选和鉴定

过氧化物体对生物的生长和发育非常重要,人类很多疾病就是由于过氧化物体生物合成缺陷引起。以解脂耶氏酵母E122为出发菌,采用硫酸二乙酯诱变,获得了两株过氧化物体生物合成缺陷突变株,其中一株为温度敏感的突变株。在正常生长条件下,突变株的免疫荧光分析显示弥散的染色模式,且在电镜下观察不到过氧化物体的形态结构。将克隆于表达载体pINA445上的目前所发现的与过氧化物体生物合成有关的基因转化这两株突变株,发现它们均不能恢复其在含油酸的培养基上的生长,表明这两个突变株是由与过氧化物体生物合成相关的新基因的突变引起。这两个突变株的获得为参与过氧化物体生物合成的新基因的发现奠定了基础。     

多巴胺能神经可能与调节性磷酸蛋白有功能联系

大鼠新皮质(NC)和新纹状体(NS)组织匀浆中存在内源性蛋白质磷酸化系统。无论有无cAMP,先将匀浆用[r-~(32)P]ATP和Mg~(2+)孵育,再用电泳分离和干乳胶放射自显影方法,得到一种磷酸蛋白,分子量为32000(32K)。多巴胺(DP)敏感性神经元(具有D-1受体——与腺苷酸环化酶相关的DP受体)中富含这种磷酸蛋白,其磷酸化过程受DP和cAMP调节,作者称之为多巴胺-和cAMP-调节性磷酸蛋白(DARPP—32)。分离过程中,作者发现DARPP-32可通过改良的酸提取技术,从NS匀浆中得到。有cAMP依赖式蛋白激酶催化亚基存在,运用上述技术也可获得DARPP-32和另一种磷酸蛋白Synapsin I(SI,即蛋白质I)。     

质粒pBR322的温度敏感突变株

携带质拉pBR322的大肠杆菌8021经亚硝基胍诱变后,获得一批温度敏感突变株。携带这些质粒的宿主细胞在含药(氨基苄青霉素、四环素)培养基中,于30℃能正常生长,而于42℃则不能正常繁殖;接种于无药培养基中,即使42℃亦能正常生长。这些突变株中,有四株在37℃亦能表现温度敏感性。对其中一株进行了高温(42℃)敏感细胞分离的观察,在42℃时,耐药细胞数目基本稳定,而敏感细胞数目明显增加。 通过这些突变株对药物抗性的温度敏感性观察、突变质粒DNA的转化及高温分离现象,证明宿主对药物抗性的温度敏感性是由于质粒复制部分发生突变所致。 从它们的电泳及Eco RI酶解图谱来看,在突变质粒的分子量及切点数目上未看到与出发株的差异。     

Phosphorylation status of the SCR homeodomain determines its functional activity: essential role for protein phosphatase 2A,B'

Sex combs reduced (SCR) is a DROSOPHILA: Hox protein that determines the identity of the labial and prothoracic segments. In search of factors that might associate with SCR to control its activity and/or specificity, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen. A DROSOPHILA: homologue of the regulatory subunit (B'/PR61) of serine-threonine protein phosphatase 2A (dPP2A,B') specifically interacted with the SCR homeodomain. The N-terminal arm within the SCR homeodomain was shown to be a target of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and protein phosphatase 2A, respectively. In vivo analyses revealed that mutant forms of SCR mimicking constitutively dephosphorylated or phosphorylated states of the homeodomain were active or inactive, respectively. Inactivity of the phosphorylated mimic form was attributed to impaired DNA binding. Specific ablation of dPP2A,B' gene activity by double-stranded RNA-mediated genetic interference resulted in embryos without salivary glands, an SCR null phenotype. Our data demonstrate an essential role for DROSOPHILA: PP2A,B' in positively modulating SCR function.     

Consequences of lysine 72 mutation on the phosphorylation and activation state of cAMP-dependent kinase

General strategies to obtain inactive kinases have utilized mutation of key conserved residues in the kinase core, and the equivalent Lys72 in cAMP-dependent kinase has often been used to generate a "dead" kinase. Here, we have analyzed the consequences of this mutation on kinase structure and function. Mutation of Lys72 to histidine (K72H) generated an inactive enzyme, which was unphosphorylated. Treatment with an exogenous kinase (PDK-1) resulted in a mutant that was phosphorylated only at Thr197 and remained inactive but nevertheless capable of binding ATP. Ser338 in K72H cannot be autophosphorylated, nor can it be phosphorylated in an intermolecular process by active wild type C-subunit. The Lys72 mutant, once phosphorylated on Thr197, can bind with high affinity to the RIalpha subunits. Thus a dead kinase can still act as a scaffold for binding substrates and inhibitors; it is only phosphoryl transfer that is defective. Using a potent inhibitor of C-subunit activity, H-89, Escherichia coli-expressed C-subunit was also obtained in its unphosphorylated state. This protein is able to mature into its active form in the presence of PDK-1 and is able to undergo secondary autophosphorylation on Ser338. Unlike the H-89-treated wild type protein, the mutant protein (K72H) cannot undergo the subsequent cis autophosphorylation following phosphorylation at Thr197. Using these two substrates and mammalian-expressed PDK-1, we can elucidate a possible two-step process for the activation of the C-subunit: initial phosphorylation on the activation loop at Thr197 by PDK-1, or a PDK-1-like enzyme, followed by second cis autophosphorylation step at Ser338.     

Regulation of NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase by protein kinases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The active NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase of wild type yeast cells fractionated by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography was inactivated in vitro by the addition of either the cAMP-dependent or cAMP-independent protein kinases obtained from wild type cells. cAMP-dependent inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase activity was not observed in the crude extract of bcy1 mutant cells which were deficient in the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase of CYR3 mutant cells, which has a high K alpha value for cAMP in the phosphorylation reaction, required a high cAMP concentration for the inactivation of NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. An increased inactivation of partially purified active NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (Mr = 450,000) was observed to correlate with increased phosphorylation of a protein subunit (Mr = 100,000) of glutamate dehydrogenase. The phosphorylated protein was labeled by an NADH analog, 5'-p-fluorosulfonyl[14C]benzoyladenosine. Activation and dephosphorylation of inactive NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase fractions were observed in vitro by treatment with bovine alkaline phosphatase or crude yeast cell extracts. These results suggested that the conversion of the active form of NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase to an inactive form is regulated by phosphorylation through cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent protein kinases.     

Characterization of cyclic AMP-requiring yeast mutants altered in the catalytic subunit of protein kinase

The cyr2 mutant of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, required cAMP for growth at 35 degrees C. The cyr2 mutation was suppressed by the bcy1 mutation which resulted in deficiency of the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The DEAE-Sephacel elution profile of cyr2 cAMP-dependent protein kinase was markedly different from that observed for the wild-type enzyme. With histone as substrate, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity of cyr2 cells showed 100-fold greater Ka value for activation by cAMP at 35 degrees C than that of the wild-type cells, while the Kd value for cAMP of the mutant enzyme was not altered. The electrophoretic character, molecular weight, and pI value of the regulatory subunit of the mutant enzyme were the same as those of the wild-type enzyme. When histone, trehalase, and glutamate dehydrogenase were used as substrate, the free catalytic subunit of the mutant enzyme showed a markedly decreased affinity for ATP and was more thermolabile compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. The results indicated that the cyr2 phenotype was produced by a structural mutation in the cyr2 gene coding for the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in yeast.     

Identification of Ser424 as the protein kinase A phosphorylation site in CTP synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The URA7-encoded CTP synthetase [EC 6.3.4.2, UTP:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)] in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is phosphorylated on a serine residue and stimulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) in vitro. In vivo, the phosphorylation of CTP synthetase is mediated by the RAS/cAMP pathway. In this work, we examined the hypothesis that amino acid residue Ser424 contained in a protein kinase A sequence motif in the URA7-encoded CTP synthetase is the target site for protein kinase A. A CTP synthetase synthetic peptide (SLGRKDSHSA) containing the protein kinase A motif was a substrate (Km = 30 microM) for protein kinase A. This peptide also inhibited (IC50 = 45 microM) the phosphorylation of purified wild-type CTP synthetase by protein kinase A. CTP synthetase with a Ser424 --> Ala (S424A) mutation was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutated enzyme was not phosphorylated in response to the activation of protein kinase A activity in vivo. Purified S424A mutant CTP synthetase was not phosphorylated and stimulated by protein kinase A. The S424A mutant CTP synthetase had reduced Vmax and elevated Km values for ATP and UTP when compared with the protein kinase A-phosphorylated wild-type enzyme. The specificity constants for ATP and UTP for the S424A mutant CTP synthetase were 4.2- and 2.9-fold lower, respectively, when compared with that of the phosphorylated enzyme. In addition, the S424A mutant enzyme was 2.7-fold more sensitive to CTP product inhibition when compared with the phosphorylated wild-type enzyme. These data indicated that the protein kinase A target site in CTP synthetase was Ser424 and that the phosphorylation of this site played a role in the regulation of CTP synthetase activity.     

Dephosphorylation of the focal adhesion protein VASP in vitro and in intact human platelets

The focal adhesion protein VASP, a possible link between signal transduction pathways and the microfilament system, is phosphorylated by both cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases in vitro and in intact cells. Here, the analysis of VASP dephosphorylation by the serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PP) PP1, PP2A, PP2B and PP2C in vitro is reported. The phosphatases differed in their selectivity with respect to the dephosphorylation of individual VASP phosphorylation sites. Incubation of human platelets with okadaic acid, a potent inhibitor of PP1 and PP2A, caused the accumulation of phosphorylated VASP indicating that the phosphorylation status of VASP in intact cells is regulated to a major extent by serine/ threonine protein phosphatases. Furthermore, the accumulation of phosphorylated cAMP-dependent protein kinase substrate(s) appears to account for inhibitory effects of okadaic acid on platelet function.     

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue YPA1 of the mammalian phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator of protein phosphatase 2A controls progression through the G1 phase of the yeast cell cycle

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene YPA1 encodes a protein homologous to the phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator, PTPA, of the mammalian protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A). In order to examine the biological role of PTPA, we disrupted YPA1 and characterised the phenotype of the ypa1Delta mutant. Comparison of the growth rate of the wild-type strain and the ypa1Delta mutant on glucose-rich medium after nutrient depletion showed that the ypa1Delta mutant traversed the lag period more rapidly. This accelerated progression through "Start" was also observed after release from alpha-factor-induced G1 arrest as evidenced by a higher number of budding cells, a faster increase in CLN2 mRNA expression and a more rapid reactivation of Cdc28 kinase activity. This phenotype was specific for deletion of YPA1 since it was not observed when YPA2, the second PTPA gene in budding yeast was deleted. Reintroduction of YPA1 or the human PTPA cDNA in the ypa1Delta mutant suppressed this phenotype as opposed to overexpression of YPA2. Disruption of both YPA genes is lethal, since sporulation of heterozygous diploids resulted in at most three viable spores, none of them with a ypa1Delta ypa2Delta genotype. This observation indicates that YPA1 and YPA2 share some essential functions. We compared the ypa1Delta mutant phenotype with a PP2A double deletion mutant and a PP2A temperature-sensitive mutant. The PP2A-deficient yeast strain also showed accelerated progression through the G1 phase. In addition, both PP2A and ypa1Delta mutants show similar aberrant bud morphology. This would support the notion that YPA1 may act as a positive regulator of PP2A in vivo.     

Phosphorylation of phosphatase inhibitor-2 at centrosomes during mitosis

Inhibitor-2 (I-2) is a regulator of protein phosphatase type-1 (PP1), known to be phosphorylated in vitro by multiple kinases. In particular Thr72 is a Thr-Pro phosphorylation site conserved from yeast to human, but there is no evidence that this phosphorylation responds to any physiological signals. Here, we used electrophoretic mobility shift and immunoblotting with a site-specific phospho-Thr72 antibody to establish Thr72 phosphorylation in HeLa cells and show a 25-fold increase in phosphorylation during mitosis. Mass spectrometry demonstrated I-2 in actively growing HeLa cells was also phosphorylated at three other sites, Ser120, Ser121, and an additional Ser located between residues 70 and 90. In vitro kinase assays using recombinant I-2 as a substrate showed that the Thr72 kinase(s) was activated during mitosis, and sensitivity to kinase inhibitors indicated that the principal I-2 Thr72 kinase was not GSK3 but instead a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase family. Immunocytochemistry confirmed Thr72 phosphorylation of I-2 during mitosis, with peak intensity at prophase, and revealed subcellular concentration of the phospho-Thr72 I-2 at centrosomes. Together, the data show dynamic changes in I-2 phosphorylation during mitosis and localization of phosphorylated I-2 at centrosomes, suggesting involvement in mammalian cell division.     

Protein phosphatase 2Calpha inhibits the human stress-responsive p38 and JNK MAPK pathways.

MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades are common eukaryotic signaling modules that consist of a MAPK, a MAPK kinase (MAPKK) and a MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK). Because phosphorylation is essential for the activation of both MAPKKs and MAPKs, protein phosphatases are likely to be important regulators of signaling through MAPK cascades. To identify protein phosphatases that negatively regulate the stress-responsive p38 and JNK MAPK cascades, we screened human cDNA libraries for genes that down-regulated the yeast HOG1 MAPK pathway, which shares similarities with the p38 and JNK pathways, using a hyperactivating yeast mutant. In this screen, the human protein phosphatase type 2Calpha (PP2Calpha) was found to negatively regulate the HOG1 pathway in yeast. Moreover, when expressed in mammalian cells, PP2Calpha inhibited the activation of the p38 and JNK cascades induced by environmental stresses. Both in vivo and in vitro observations indicated that PP2Calpha dephosphorylated and inactivated MAPKKs (MKK6 and SEK1) and a MAPK (p38) in the stress-responsive MAPK cascades. Furthermore, a direct interaction of PP2Calpha and p38 was demonstrated by a co-immunoprecipitation assay. This interaction was observed only when cells were stimulated with stresses or when a catalytically inactive PP2Calpha mutant was used, suggesting that only the phosphorylated form of p38 interacts with PP2Calpha.     

cAMP-dependent phosphoprotein changes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract cAMP-dependent phosphoprotein changes were determined using 1-dimensional SDS-gel electrophoresis in a cAMP-requiring yeast mutant ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae AM18). During cAMP starvation, the yeast cells accumulated 3 ³²P-labeled bands with M _r/ 72000, 54000, and 37000. The M _r/ 72000 protein was the most prominent phosphorylated protein. After the readdition of cAMP, these phosphoproteins lost their ³²P-label while phosphoproteins with M _r/ 76000, 65000, 56000 and 30000 were accumulated. Similar phosphoprotein changes were also detected in cdc35 at the nonpermissive temperature, but not in wildtype (A363A) or cdc7 strains of S. cerevisiae .